Translation is the re-expression of thoughts and motivation of the author or the speaker from the source language into the target language. In translation, the skill of understanding thoughts and motivations is regarded as important as... more
Translation is the re-expression of thoughts and motivation of the author or the speaker from the source language into the target language. In translation, the skill of understanding thoughts and motivations is regarded as important as adherence to style. Translation should be in such a way to affect the listener or reader. Here, as one of the most important elements in understanding text, context plays an important role in understanding the text. According to the theory of language context, meaning is examined based on the relation of proximity and substitution. The proximity relation is defined as the relation between words and the relation of a language element with other elements of the language. The substitution relation is defined as the relation of one word with other words that can be used instead of it, or can replace it. The present article examines the translation of political texts within the theoretical framework of linguistic context based on "Al-Taraf Al-Esraieli, Jazorahva Hesada". It also discusses linguistic context as well as proximity and substitution relations that affect the process of translation.
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Every language has a unique system and its elements build their identity within this system and in association with other elements. Therefore, the translator cannot find equivalents for source language elements without considering this... more
Every language has a unique system and its elements build their identity within this system and in association with other elements. Therefore, the translator cannot find equivalents for source language elements without considering this system. Rather, instead of finding precise equivalents for the elements of the source language, the translator should focus his/her attention on the values and the role of verbal communications, and by implementing essential changes, present a comprehensible translation to the target language readers. Through some practical examples, this article attempts to present strategies that help the fluent and accurate transfer of meaning in translation from Arabic into Persian. These strategies help to provide a translation based on target language norms, which is fluent and tangible to the audience. In line with this, some examples were selected from Al-TarjemahVa Adavateha: Darasaton Fi Nazariah Va Tatbiq, by Ali Al-Ghasemi.These examples were selected during the translation of this book. In order to take a step toward offering a systematic and scientific approach in translation, in this article we introduced the strategies applied for a better translation and the changes made to have a better rendition.
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Translation is one of the most important contemporary cultural issues. Thetranslator's jobis not only to replacewords, butasamediator, to createsome sort of coordination betweenthe national cultureandthe source culture thathasits... more
Translation is one of the most important contemporary cultural issues. Thetranslator's jobis not only to replacewords, butasamediator, to createsome sort of coordination betweenthe national cultureandthe source culture thathasits owncustoms. This makes difficult the work of translator and makes his mission even more complex. Newmark, the American scholar and theorist in the field of translation proposed a method for translating cultural elements thathave been accepted in scientific circles. This study used a descriptive-analytical method, and based on Newmark's theoretical framework, it attempted to criticize and reviewthe translation of cultural concepts inthe novel "El-lis'swal-kilab" by Naguib Mahfouz, which has been translated by two Iranian translators. Despitethe efforts made by the two translators, there can be seen complexities and short comings in the translation of cultural elements.The results show that in the translation, the integrative approach is less used as a method for the successful translation of cultural elements.
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The present study investigates the relationship between language and meaning. In other words, whether it is language that determines the meaning aspects and domains through its special delicacies, or language acts like a palfrey for the... more
The present study investigates the relationship between language and meaning. In other words, whether it is language that determines the meaning aspects and domains through its special delicacies, or language acts like a palfrey for the meaning.
In translation studies, there has been numerous discussions about literal translation, word-for-word translation, communicative translation, semantic translation, free translation, etc. each of which has dealt with translation from a certain point of view.
Besides studying the different language layers—semantic, grammatical, vocabulary—external context and other factors affecting the translation process, the authors seek to show that in order to present a fluent (communicative), accurate (semantic) translation, the translator in addition to being conversant with nuances of three levels of source and target language, should adequately know culture, language and thoughts of the source language so as to think in their language, understand the translated text adequately enough. Then, relying on his competence and closely examining different semantic, lexical, syntactic and grammatical levels he can transfers the language units from the complex and intertwined network of translation and reconstruct them in the target language.
In translation studies, there has been numerous discussions about literal translation, word-for-word translation, communicative translation, semantic translation, free translation, etc. each of which has dealt with translation from a certain point of view.
Besides studying the different language layers—semantic, grammatical, vocabulary—external context and other factors affecting the translation process, the authors seek to show that in order to present a fluent (communicative), accurate (semantic) translation, the translator in addition to being conversant with nuances of three levels of source and target language, should adequately know culture, language and thoughts of the source language so as to think in their language, understand the translated text adequately enough. Then, relying on his competence and closely examining different semantic, lexical, syntactic and grammatical levels he can transfers the language units from the complex and intertwined network of translation and reconstruct them in the target language.
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In addition to proposing some characteristics of a good translator, the current study tries to investigate common errors in the translation of the book al-‘Abarāt which are the consequence of incompetency in the source and target... more
In addition to proposing some characteristics of a good translator, the current study tries to investigate common errors in the translation of the book al-‘Abarāt which are the consequence of incompetency in the source and target languages. This book was translated by Qasem Mokhtari, Mahmoud Dehnavi and Nozar Abbasi. In general, the study comprises two parts. The first part discusses mastery over target language and the resultant errors due to its absence (inappropriate translation with regard to the source text style, structure transition from the source to the target language, inappropriate application of words and expressions, and word order problems), and the second part handles the issue of mastery over the source language and errors occurring due to the lack of mastery over it (wrong translation, deletion, forgery, literal and negative transfer).
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The Holy Qur’an is a multilayered fantastic text and the translation of its verses requires great care and attention. This is why many translations of the Holy Qur’an have been criticized on different grounds. Due to the high frequency of... more
The Holy Qur’an is a multilayered fantastic text and the translation of its verses requires great care and attention. This is why many translations of the Holy Qur’an have been criticized on different grounds. Due to the high frequency of the instances of figurative language in the Holy Qur’an, these types of phrases need special consideration in related research. The purpose of the present study is to explore some of the translations offered for the figurative language of the Holy Qur’an within the scope limits of an article. Four translations of the same text have been selected, including those by Ayati, Elahi, Fooladvand, and Khorramshahi. They are famous translators of the Holy Qur’an and, at the same time, differ in their methods of translation. Works on Quranic interpretation like al-Mīzan, Jawame’ al-Jame’, and Mafātīh al-Ghaib and others have been used to look at the language of the first ten chapters of the Holy Qur’an. The results of this study indicate that the four translators offer very different translations of the same figurative language. They seem not to have followed any particular translation style. Sometimes, they have used figurative language of the target forms and sometimes they have tried to offer explanations instead. In some other cases, some of the nuances of the meanings of the figurative language have been ignored and the translations have become literal, not expressing the meaning intended by the verses.
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Jamaluddin Ibn Hisham Ansari has an important role in the history, development, progress and revival of Arabic syntax. He is the creator of a masterpiece titled “Mughnī al-Labīb ‘An Kutub al-A’ārib. He is an innovative linguist and an... more
Jamaluddin Ibn Hisham Ansari has an important role in the history, development, progress and revival of Arabic syntax. He is the creator of a masterpiece titled “Mughnī al-Labīb ‘An Kutub al-A’ārib. He is an innovative linguist and an expert who uses novel methods and unique styles in understanding, discussing, comparing, deducting, expressing syntactic problems, and linguistic theories. The preposition “bā” has fourteen meanings from the viewpoint of Ibn Hisham, one of which is redundant and other meanings are non-redundant. These meanings include ilsāq, ta’dīyah, isti’ānat, sababīyat, musāhibat, zarfīyat, badal, muqābilah, mujāvizat, isti’lā’, tab’īz, qasam, ghayat, tafdīyah, and ta’kīd. In this paper, we have tried to investigate the preposition “ba” via quoted and observed evidence from the viewpoint of Ibn Hisham.
Research Interests: Syntax and Ibn Hisham
Translation, as a complex process, requires a comprehensive knowledge of both source and target languages. Understanding language through formalist linguistics and semantics in traditional or modern approach is a necessary but not... more
Translation, as a complex process, requires a comprehensive knowledge of both source and target languages. Understanding language through formalist linguistics and semantics in traditional or modern approach is a necessary but not sufficient condition. In this regard, functional linguistics, besides formalist linguistics, may be helpful. Functional approach defines language as a discourse, not a text. Knowledge of non-linguistic context especially the situational kind from a pragmatic angle provides a further and deeper understanding of language for the translator. With the knowledge of situational context of the source language, the translator can turn such a context into an appropriate style and vocabulary in the target language; and finally, the translator, as the creator of a new text and sender of message, would reach a translational equivalence. In the present paper the researcher has tried to investigate Arabic into Persian translation utilizing a pragmatic approach. To this end, the given example sentences are more of pedagogical value and the problem was addressed practically. Finally it was concluded that the traditional approach (formalist) compels the translator to adopt a minimalist approach and be confined in the text. It in turn stops him/her to understand and transfer the source message fully while in discourse approach, extra-textual aspects of the message are also transferable.
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Although translation reduces lexical beauties and expressive settings, it is a science with its principles and rules whose application may help translators to convey the beauty of text. Intertextuality is an artistic tool at the creator’s... more
Although translation reduces lexical beauties and expressive settings, it is a science with its principles and rules whose application may help translators to convey the beauty of text. Intertextuality is an artistic tool at the creator’s hands that makes the text formally beautiful and meaningfully rich. But, how is it possible in translation to transfer the meaning while keeping such artistic device? Because in translation, lexical signs, being the most conspicuous realization of intertextuality and semantic reception, are almost lost. The problem is intensified once intertextuality regards the most remarkable texts such as the Qur’an or other holy books.
Appling an analytical-descriptive method and considering Leppihalme’s model and theory of intertextuality, this study tries to examine two kinds of intertextuality, being intertextuality of proper names and lexical intertextuality in Ahmad Mattar's poems. It is concluded that in the intertextuality of proper names, the strategy to keep proper names with the least change, and explicit explanation in the lexical intertextuality convey the meaning of intertextuality better than other strategies.
Appling an analytical-descriptive method and considering Leppihalme’s model and theory of intertextuality, this study tries to examine two kinds of intertextuality, being intertextuality of proper names and lexical intertextuality in Ahmad Mattar's poems. It is concluded that in the intertextuality of proper names, the strategy to keep proper names with the least change, and explicit explanation in the lexical intertextuality convey the meaning of intertextuality better than other strategies.
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Translating poetry has always been a significant subject in translation studies. Mixture of the language of poetry with the poet’s feelings and its benefit from ambiguity and complexity as well as presence of elements such as rhythm,... more
Translating poetry has always been a significant subject in translation studies. Mixture of the language of poetry with the poet’s feelings and its benefit from ambiguity and complexity as well as presence of elements such as rhythm, sentiments, and fantasy puts poetry at a higher position than prose, and accordingly adds more importance to its translation.
The translator of a poem should be privileged with more freedom. An efficient translation of poetry is the outcome of recreation rather than mere rendition, as it is the case with rhythmic translations. Not only should poetry translators have all proficiencies of literary translators, they should also be familiar with contemporary poetry and its specifications, including dominant themes and tones in poetry, functions of allegory, repetition elements, internal rhythm of the poem, and application of proper nouns.
The purpose of this research was to investigate the difficulties and complexities of translating poetry and in particular translating contemporary Arabic poetry regarding the theoretical and functional aspects. For this purpose, a descriptive-analytical method has been employed in this library research. Translatable and untranslatable elements were studied from a theoretical perspective, findings of which then indicated the importance of diction, meaning, rhythm, sentiments and fantasy. The difficulties of translating poetry were furthermore pointed out. From a functional approach, the most significant challenges with which the translators of contemporary Arabic poetry have to deal were then discussed by citing excerpts from poetry by Arab poets including Nizar Qabbani, Badr Shakir al-Sayyab and Nazik al-Malaika.
The translator of a poem should be privileged with more freedom. An efficient translation of poetry is the outcome of recreation rather than mere rendition, as it is the case with rhythmic translations. Not only should poetry translators have all proficiencies of literary translators, they should also be familiar with contemporary poetry and its specifications, including dominant themes and tones in poetry, functions of allegory, repetition elements, internal rhythm of the poem, and application of proper nouns.
The purpose of this research was to investigate the difficulties and complexities of translating poetry and in particular translating contemporary Arabic poetry regarding the theoretical and functional aspects. For this purpose, a descriptive-analytical method has been employed in this library research. Translatable and untranslatable elements were studied from a theoretical perspective, findings of which then indicated the importance of diction, meaning, rhythm, sentiments and fantasy. The difficulties of translating poetry were furthermore pointed out. From a functional approach, the most significant challenges with which the translators of contemporary Arabic poetry have to deal were then discussed by citing excerpts from poetry by Arab poets including Nizar Qabbani, Badr Shakir al-Sayyab and Nazik al-Malaika.
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The translation of the Qur'an by Ataollah Farhang Ghahremani is a free text-bound translation published in India by Amana Publications in 2007. It also has recently been distributed in Iran. According to the translator, the new... more
The translation of the Qur'an by Ataollah Farhang Ghahremani is a free text-bound translation published in India by Amana Publications in 2007. It also has recently been distributed in Iran. According to the translator, the new translation has been based on the translations of Ayati, Payandeh, and Qomshei. The bias in this translation is in favor of the Sunnis, especially in the verses related to Ahl al-Bayt. The translator has done his best to render the meanings of the verses into fluent Persian, making the translation somewhat consistent with the modern language. However, there are shortcomings in the translation, including inappropriate word-selection, improper use of parentheses, unnecessary omissions and additions, spelling, punctuation, and layout errors, grammatical mistakes, textual inconsistency, and mistranslations in some verses.
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Naguib Mahfouz (1911-2006) is one of the greatest writers of the Arab world and the only Muslim winner of the Nobel Prize (1988). Novel, short story, autobiography, and scenario are his areas of writing, and many of his stories have been... more
Naguib Mahfouz (1911-2006) is one of the greatest writers of the Arab world and the only Muslim winner of the Nobel Prize (1988). Novel, short story, autobiography, and scenario are his areas of writing, and many of his stories have been translated into many of the world languages. The Pub of the Black Cat is one of his valuable works which can be considered as a snapshot of a historical moment of his country, i.e. Egypt. The characters and characterizations as well as symbols used in this story are located together beautifully. The reader, even if unfamiliar with the conditions of that time and place, enjoys reading an interesting story. He also becomes familiar with the contemporary history of Egypt. The flips of these symbols cause him to contemplate and then he praises the accuracy and elegance of Mahfouz. In the present paper, Muhammad Reza Mar’ashipour’s translation of this story was assessed. Before assessing the translation, the status of the symbols used in this story were investigated in order to provide a solution to the problems of translating mysterious stories. Mistranslations, use of unfamiliar words, ambiguity, inaccurate translation of poems, and unfamiliarity with the popular culture and language of modern Egypt are among the shortcomings of the translation of this symbolic story.
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One of the important issues in Persian grammar that has an important role in the process of translation between Arabic and Persian is the diversity and variety of ‘Ya’ in Persian language. Perhaps, in no other language in the world there... more
One of the important issues in Persian grammar that has an important role in the process of translation between Arabic and Persian is the diversity and variety of ‘Ya’ in Persian language. Perhaps, in no other language in the world there exists such a letter with so many functions. These functions rarely overlap and are completely different.
The study intends to highlight the difficulties of translating ‘Ya’ in actual translations, mentioning its types and determining its equivalent in Arabic, something that has been neglected to date.
The main findings of this study, which has used an analytic-descriptive method, show that the difficulties of translating ‘Ya’ in Persian are due to confusing and not distinguishing between its multiple types.
The study intends to highlight the difficulties of translating ‘Ya’ in actual translations, mentioning its types and determining its equivalent in Arabic, something that has been neglected to date.
The main findings of this study, which has used an analytic-descriptive method, show that the difficulties of translating ‘Ya’ in Persian are due to confusing and not distinguishing between its multiple types.
Research Interests:
Metonymy is an important and influential expressive device and structure in rhetoric and plays an important role in the aesthetics and sense of the Quranic context. Thus, the translation of it is also very important. In the paper, a... more
Metonymy is an important and influential expressive device and structure in rhetoric and plays an important role in the aesthetics and sense of the Quranic context. Thus, the translation of it is also very important. In the paper, a methodology of translating types of metonymy is provided and the performances of translators of the Qur'an are reviewed.
Scholars have identified two methods of translating metonymy - and all other texts. One is ‘semantic’ (translation to metonymy) and the other is ‘communicative’ (translation to reality). However, the authors of the present paper propose an integrated ‘semantic-communicative’ method for translating metonymies in the Qur'an. It seems that the said method, which is a combination of the semantic and communicative method, is the proper and effective method for translating metonymy. However, a review of different translations of the Qur'an shows that translators have used different methods, which has led to a high level of coherence in their translations. Therefore, these translations are based on preference rather than scientific approach.
Scholars have identified two methods of translating metonymy - and all other texts. One is ‘semantic’ (translation to metonymy) and the other is ‘communicative’ (translation to reality). However, the authors of the present paper propose an integrated ‘semantic-communicative’ method for translating metonymies in the Qur'an. It seems that the said method, which is a combination of the semantic and communicative method, is the proper and effective method for translating metonymy. However, a review of different translations of the Qur'an shows that translators have used different methods, which has led to a high level of coherence in their translations. Therefore, these translations are based on preference rather than scientific approach.
Research Interests:
Abstract Relevance Theory is one of the most efficient approaches in examining the relationship between texts and the way they are perceived by the audience. Considering the fact that religious texts address a general audience, the... more
Abstract
Relevance Theory is one of the most efficient approaches in examining the relationship between texts and the way they are perceived by the audience. Considering the fact that religious texts address a general audience, the present paper aims to study the factors which increase or decrease the relevance level of the religious texts translated to Persian as well as the procedures of enhancing the relevance level for Persian-speaking audiences. To this end, 5 context-based Quranic verses as well as their corresponding translations were analyzed. This qualitative study was conducted in the framework of discourse analysis and contextual analysis. The analysis included seven questions which revealed key concepts in each verse. All translations were analyzed based on those key concepts and, therefore, the factors influencing the extent of processing efforts were identified. Thus, through a pathology of the necessity of high processing efforts by the audience in perceiving religious texts, the study analyzed the performance of translators in providing necessary assumptions to the audience in order to decrease the processing efforts and increase the relevance of the text.
Relevance Theory is one of the most efficient approaches in examining the relationship between texts and the way they are perceived by the audience. Considering the fact that religious texts address a general audience, the present paper aims to study the factors which increase or decrease the relevance level of the religious texts translated to Persian as well as the procedures of enhancing the relevance level for Persian-speaking audiences. To this end, 5 context-based Quranic verses as well as their corresponding translations were analyzed. This qualitative study was conducted in the framework of discourse analysis and contextual analysis. The analysis included seven questions which revealed key concepts in each verse. All translations were analyzed based on those key concepts and, therefore, the factors influencing the extent of processing efforts were identified. Thus, through a pathology of the necessity of high processing efforts by the audience in perceiving religious texts, the study analyzed the performance of translators in providing necessary assumptions to the audience in order to decrease the processing efforts and increase the relevance of the text.
Research Interests:
Different languages have different systems and any language has its own specific lexical elements, grammatical structures, expressions, and idioms. This implies that not all elements can be literally reproduced in another language.... more
Different languages have different systems and any language has its own specific lexical elements, grammatical structures, expressions, and idioms. This implies that not all elements can be literally reproduced in another language. Therefore, for our translation to be natural and understandable in the target language, we should make changes and transformations to the source text. One of the most important principles to be observed in such translations is finding exact and proper lexical, structural, and contextual equivalents in the process of transferring message from the source to the target language. To understand shifts present in the process of finding equivalents in the target language, the concept of equivalence is studied in the translation of a story on the three levels of similarity, shift, and transfer. Inspired by these shifts and techniques, the study aims to explore the methods of finding equivalents in the translation of Arabic stories into Persian on three levels, including: lexicon (colloquial, slang, loan, and communicative words), structure (literary writings, rhyming, and communicative and expressive translation), and context (paralinguistic elements, presuppositions, and semantic elements). A number of the stories by Naguib Mahfouz, including The Honeymoon, Midaq Alley, Under the Umbrella, The Thief and the Dogs, and The Beggar, are analyzed as the sample translations of the study.
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The translators and commentators of the Qur'an since long ago have translated the phrase ‘Akadu Ukhfiha’ [I Almost Conceal It] in various and even contradictory ways. Most of such translators and commentators have translated the... more
The translators and commentators of the Qur'an since long ago have translated the phrase ‘Akadu Ukhfiha’ [I Almost Conceal It] in various and even contradictory ways. Most of such translators and commentators have translated the above-mentioned phrase as ‘I want to conceal’. They assume that ‘Kaad’ here indicates the intensity of the action of ‘concealing’ (Ukhfiha). By the same token, another group of such commentators have adopted an opposite view in their translations. They believe that within this very phrase, ‘Kaad’ neutralizes the overall meaning of ‘concealing’ and, accordingly, the acceptable meaning of the phrase is ‘to reveal’. Based on an analysis of the various uses and functions of ‘kaad’ in Arabic and the Glorious Qur'an, this present paper attempts to take a look into this issue with the purpose of further elaborating upon the exact meaning of this Quranic phrase. In other words, the research intends to indentify the right interpretation of this verse; the one which is consistent with other verses of the Holy Qur'an. The results indicate that the verb ‘Kaad’ in this verse has the same common meaning of ‘Kaad’ in Arabic. In positive form, it refers to nonoccurence of a verb, and in negative form, it shows that a verb hardly occurs. Considering the uses of this verb in Arabic and the Holy Qur'an, far-fetched interpretations of this verse is not justifiable and is not consistent with the language of the Qur'an.
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At this age which is an era of speed,science and technology the necessity for communication with other communities in order to advance in scientific, cultural, political,social etc… areas is felt more than before. Translation is one of... more
At this age which is an era of speed,science and technology the necessity for communication with other communities in order to advance in scientific, cultural, political,social etc… areas is felt more than before. Translation is one of such communication means in its various modes. Written translation as a kind of translation is assigned to converting a message from the original language to the target language in writing. Obviously translation of written works plays a remarkable role in communicating the archaic and contemporary works of other nations into our literature. Therefore knowledge of its principles and regulations is so significant as a tool for proper understanding of the thoughts of the author.
Given the fact that in various references, the basics of the written translation has been elaborated on intermittently and the appropriate knowledge and use are essential for delivering an acceptable translation.
In this essay an attempt is made to analyze and define an array of the most significant fundamentals and rules of written translation including mastery of the original and target languages, understanding of the translation subject, loyalty to the meaning, and the ample knowledge of particular terms etc.
Given the fact that in various references, the basics of the written translation has been elaborated on intermittently and the appropriate knowledge and use are essential for delivering an acceptable translation.
In this essay an attempt is made to analyze and define an array of the most significant fundamentals and rules of written translation including mastery of the original and target languages, understanding of the translation subject, loyalty to the meaning, and the ample knowledge of particular terms etc.
Research Interests:
Religious heritage in all its forms and for all nations is considered as one of the most important sources of poetic inspiration. Poets, in many of their literary works, have benefited from their religious heritage significantly;... more
Religious heritage in all its forms and for all nations is considered as one of the most important sources of poetic inspiration.
Poets, in many of their literary works, have benefited from their religious heritage significantly; meanwhile the holy prophets are one of the most widely used religious symbols.
In symbolic application of prophets’ personalities, poets highlight the salient features of their life such as the passions of Jesus Christ (PBUH) and the patience of Job (PBUH) while referring to these religious figures, they use them as a means to explain and interpret poets’ own lives in contemporary era.
However, sometimes the contemporary Arab poets, while using accepted and known symbols, resort to deconstructing the symbolic application of religious figures and utilize unusual forms as the highest occurrence of such innovations can be observed in Jesus Christ (PBUH), as well as in Job (PBUH), Moses (PBUH), Adam (PBUH), and Noah (PBUH)’s stories.
By using a descriptive-analytic approach in a complete and precise study of Badr Shakir al-Sayyab, Nazik al-Malaika, Fadawi Tawqan, Mahmoud Darwish, Samih al-Qasim, AmalDanghal andNizar Qabbani’s diwans and by using all the extracted examples, this paper aims to analyze the innovations in applying prophets’ religious personalities.
Poets, in many of their literary works, have benefited from their religious heritage significantly; meanwhile the holy prophets are one of the most widely used religious symbols.
In symbolic application of prophets’ personalities, poets highlight the salient features of their life such as the passions of Jesus Christ (PBUH) and the patience of Job (PBUH) while referring to these religious figures, they use them as a means to explain and interpret poets’ own lives in contemporary era.
However, sometimes the contemporary Arab poets, while using accepted and known symbols, resort to deconstructing the symbolic application of religious figures and utilize unusual forms as the highest occurrence of such innovations can be observed in Jesus Christ (PBUH), as well as in Job (PBUH), Moses (PBUH), Adam (PBUH), and Noah (PBUH)’s stories.
By using a descriptive-analytic approach in a complete and precise study of Badr Shakir al-Sayyab, Nazik al-Malaika, Fadawi Tawqan, Mahmoud Darwish, Samih al-Qasim, AmalDanghal andNizar Qabbani’s diwans and by using all the extracted examples, this paper aims to analyze the innovations in applying prophets’ religious personalities.
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Ahmed Waeli, a famous contemporary Iraqi Shiite poet and orator, has used the phonemenon of quranic intertextuality abundantly in hisreligious poetry. In his poetry, the literal and spiritual impact of the Qur'an can be found manifestly.... more
Ahmed Waeli, a famous contemporary Iraqi Shiite poet and orator, has used the phonemenon of quranic intertextuality abundantly in hisreligious poetry. In his poetry, the literal and spiritual impact of the Qur'an can be found manifestly. He usesthe teachings of the Qur'an in two methods: in the first one, like many classical Arab poets, he uses somequranic words and concepts in poetry without any changes and creativity. This method has the highest frequency in his poetry; another method he has used is intertextuality. In this method, Waeli's inspiration from the Qur'an is indirect and hidden mixed with technical dexterity and capability.
Research Interests:
"Proverb" is considered as a literary-lingual topic that has outstanding status in Iranian and Arabic culture.Iranian and Arab proverb writers have tried to collect and record proverbs. The method of proverb research andcompilation is... more
"Proverb" is considered as a literary-lingual topic that has outstanding status in Iranian and Arabic culture.Iranian and Arab proverb writers have tried to collect and record proverbs. The method of proverb research andcompilation is mainly based on "alphabetical classification" and there seems to be no logical and semantic relationship between proverbs.
The authorbelieves that classification of proverbs based on "semantic fields" can help,on the one hand,proverb researchers in anthropological studies and discovery of cultural and civilizational elements; and on the other hand, it will enable them to access related proverbs in different fields.
In this study, an attempt is made to examine proverbs related to the concept of "absurdity"in Persian and Arabic. At first, different definitions of "proverb" from the Iranian and Arabresearchers' perspective have been presented. Then, a collection of these proverbs has been examined comparatively.
This article can be applicable in domains of proverb studies and compilation as well as comparing Persian and Arabic sayings with special emphasis on “semantic classification” rather than “alphabetical classification”.
The author regards vain, uncouth, illogical and bold behaviors which are of little or no far-sightedness, out of measure and lacking wittiness as a social and cultural damage and has tried to examine the various aspects of absurdity in Persian and Arabic proverbs.
The authorbelieves that classification of proverbs based on "semantic fields" can help,on the one hand,proverb researchers in anthropological studies and discovery of cultural and civilizational elements; and on the other hand, it will enable them to access related proverbs in different fields.
In this study, an attempt is made to examine proverbs related to the concept of "absurdity"in Persian and Arabic. At first, different definitions of "proverb" from the Iranian and Arabresearchers' perspective have been presented. Then, a collection of these proverbs has been examined comparatively.
This article can be applicable in domains of proverb studies and compilation as well as comparing Persian and Arabic sayings with special emphasis on “semantic classification” rather than “alphabetical classification”.
The author regards vain, uncouth, illogical and bold behaviors which are of little or no far-sightedness, out of measure and lacking wittiness as a social and cultural damage and has tried to examine the various aspects of absurdity in Persian and Arabic proverbs.
Research Interests:
After Balfour Declaration where the British government vowed to establish a Jewish government in the Palestinian territory, Jews assisted by Britain began to work out their plans. Among their actions was purchasing the lands owned by the... more
After Balfour Declaration where the British government vowed to establish a Jewish government in the Palestinian territory, Jews assisted by Britain began to work out their plans. Among their actions was purchasing the lands owned by the Arabs and encouraging the world Jews to migrate to Palestine.
Some Arab poets and thinkers perceived this threat, and initiated their struggle to awaken the people about this case. Ibrahim Touqan is among the poets who played a major part in composing poems of resistance and vigilanceto awaken the people of the land. He has composed many poems against Jews and Zionist purposes. Touqan, in one of his odes, poetically reasons with a Jewish poet – Reuben*** – who has composed an ode in support of the offensives of Israeli soldiers against the Palestinian nation. Touqan challengesthe claims of the Jewish poet by using the Qur'an and Torah in explaining the historic records of the Jews.
This paper has utilized the descriptive-analytical method on the two odes in studying the poetic reasoning of Ibrahim Touqan against the Jewish poet.
Some Arab poets and thinkers perceived this threat, and initiated their struggle to awaken the people about this case. Ibrahim Touqan is among the poets who played a major part in composing poems of resistance and vigilanceto awaken the people of the land. He has composed many poems against Jews and Zionist purposes. Touqan, in one of his odes, poetically reasons with a Jewish poet – Reuben*** – who has composed an ode in support of the offensives of Israeli soldiers against the Palestinian nation. Touqan challengesthe claims of the Jewish poet by using the Qur'an and Torah in explaining the historic records of the Jews.
This paper has utilized the descriptive-analytical method on the two odes in studying the poetic reasoning of Ibrahim Touqan against the Jewish poet.
Research Interests:
Parnas which equals "al-fannlil-fann" or "al-barnasiyah" in Arabic and "art for art" in Persian, is a literary criticism school of thought and the borderline between romanticism and symbolism which has, unlike romanticism, neither... more
Parnas which equals "al-fannlil-fann" or "al-barnasiyah" in Arabic and "art for art" in Persian, is a literary criticism school of thought and the borderline between romanticism and symbolism which has, unlike romanticism, neither compromised the poem for personal feelings and adopts it as a tool for expression of the inner perceptions and verve of the poet, nor, like symbolism, is of complexity and ambiguity, but it is based on the belief that poem is beautiful in its own capacity and it should be attached its proper value.
This research aimsto survey this school of thought in the beliefs of one of the prominent Lebanese poets, Amin Nakhlahand explain its various aspects.
In this research, the aim is to express the objectives of the poem in the views of Amin Nakhlah due to the fact that as a Parnassian poet, he aims to devote himself to the mere beauty of the poem and no other specific objectives should be sought in it.
In this essay some of his odes such as "al-bulbul","al-shallal" and "al-habib" have been examined and it has been concluded that Amin Nakhlah is a structuralist classic poet who attaches special importance to the form of words and way of expression, not to its nature.In the meantime, itrepresents the ivory tower literature which elaborates on issues such as love, bulbul (nightingale) and the like.
This research aimsto survey this school of thought in the beliefs of one of the prominent Lebanese poets, Amin Nakhlahand explain its various aspects.
In this research, the aim is to express the objectives of the poem in the views of Amin Nakhlah due to the fact that as a Parnassian poet, he aims to devote himself to the mere beauty of the poem and no other specific objectives should be sought in it.
In this essay some of his odes such as "al-bulbul","al-shallal" and "al-habib" have been examined and it has been concluded that Amin Nakhlah is a structuralist classic poet who attaches special importance to the form of words and way of expression, not to its nature.In the meantime, itrepresents the ivory tower literature which elaborates on issues such as love, bulbul (nightingale) and the like.
Research Interests:
Human life is inextricably linked with mythology. These fictional stories which are sometimes rooted in historical facts are intertwined with human life in a way that in some communities they have been accepted as undeniable facts.... more
Human life is inextricably linked with mythology. These fictional stories which are sometimes rooted in historical facts are intertwined with human life in a way that in some communities they have been accepted as undeniable facts. Integration of mythology and human life has been reflected in literature as a manifestation of human culture and civilization so much so that today myths have a unique status in literatures of the world, including the Arabic literature.
Ibrahim al-Kawny is a known contemporary novelist in the Arab world who has utilized mythology, especially indigenous, African myths and local beliefs. In this essay we have tried to review myths and folk beliefs reflected in one of the most outstanding works of Ibrahim al-Kawny called "Nazyf al-Hijr" and hence to introduce the application and function of myths for this famous Arab writer.
Ibrahim al-Kawny is a known contemporary novelist in the Arab world who has utilized mythology, especially indigenous, African myths and local beliefs. In this essay we have tried to review myths and folk beliefs reflected in one of the most outstanding works of Ibrahim al-Kawny called "Nazyf al-Hijr" and hence to introduce the application and function of myths for this famous Arab writer.
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Al-A’shā is one of the erudite men of Mu'allaqāt ("The Suspended Odes" or "The Hanging Poems")– the title of a collection of seven pre-Islamic Arabic qaÒīdahs (odes) – and one of the elite poets of pre-Islamic upper class in whose poems,... more
Al-A’shā is one of the erudite men of Mu'allaqāt ("The Suspended Odes" or "The Hanging Poems")– the title of a collection of seven pre-Islamic Arabic qaÒīdahs (odes) – and one of the elite poets of pre-Islamic upper class in whose poems, due to taking many voyages to neighboring regions, elements of different civilization such as Persian, Roman, Abyssinian, Nebatian, Egyptian, Turkish, Kabuli, etc can be observed.
Since he travelled to neighboring areas toearn afortune, his poems represent symbols of civilization and culture such as divorce, marriage, war,pastime, means of pleasure and musical instruments.
Furthermore, different religions, religiousbeliefs and rituals can beobserved in his poems. Besidesinfluencing his imagination, civilizationhas influencedthe language, subjects and the poetic music of al-A’shā’spoems.
As an effect of listening to the instruments and songs of the bondwomen, unlike other poets of the pre-Islamic era, such as TarafatibnAbd, his poetic language was simple and lacked complexity. The effect of civilization and culture on hispoetic subjects is so much so that in eulogy,he exaggerates like Abbasid era poets and in satire he pokes fun at his subjects, as in lyricism heuses a variety of approaches to describe the beloved.
This poet chooses rhythmic metrics for his poetic music. He often uses bahretavil ('lengthy meter') and mutiqārib ('convergent meter'). By using rhymes suchaswords ending withflowing letters of "lām""dāl" and "rā", repetition of letters and words, and their agreement, some newfiguresof speech such as tansīq-i Sifāt ("synathroesmus"), tibagh ("antithesis"), radd al-'ajzallaal-sadr ("epanalepsis"), different types of pun, etche steps up the music of his poems and excites the readers.
Since he travelled to neighboring areas toearn afortune, his poems represent symbols of civilization and culture such as divorce, marriage, war,pastime, means of pleasure and musical instruments.
Furthermore, different religions, religiousbeliefs and rituals can beobserved in his poems. Besidesinfluencing his imagination, civilizationhas influencedthe language, subjects and the poetic music of al-A’shā’spoems.
As an effect of listening to the instruments and songs of the bondwomen, unlike other poets of the pre-Islamic era, such as TarafatibnAbd, his poetic language was simple and lacked complexity. The effect of civilization and culture on hispoetic subjects is so much so that in eulogy,he exaggerates like Abbasid era poets and in satire he pokes fun at his subjects, as in lyricism heuses a variety of approaches to describe the beloved.
This poet chooses rhythmic metrics for his poetic music. He often uses bahretavil ('lengthy meter') and mutiqārib ('convergent meter'). By using rhymes suchaswords ending withflowing letters of "lām""dāl" and "rā", repetition of letters and words, and their agreement, some newfiguresof speech such as tansīq-i Sifāt ("synathroesmus"), tibagh ("antithesis"), radd al-'ajzallaal-sadr ("epanalepsis"), different types of pun, etche steps up the music of his poems and excites the readers.
Research Interests:
With respect to the great impact of the One Thousand and One Nights on various literary and cultural arenas of the world nations, this study is conducted in order to investigate its role in flourishing modern Arab plays. For this purpose,... more
With respect to the great impact of the One Thousand and One Nights on various literary and cultural arenas of the world nations, this study is conducted in order to investigate its role in flourishing modern Arab plays. For this purpose, after investigating roots and origins of plays and different forms of dramatic arts in Arab countries, this paper introduces One Thousand and One Nights and its dramatic capabilities. In concurrence with the formation of modern arab theatre and its foundation by great arab dramatists, a new wave of impression of One Thousand and One Nights on Arabic literature emerged, this time in the play area. Investigation and introduction of the most important plays written on the basis of this book constitute the next section of this research.
This study tries to show the daramatic capabilities of One Thousand and One Nights through investigating the samples as well as introducing the wave of impression of Arab authors in the booming era of drama since the second half of the nineteenth century. This paper also intends to prove that the attention of the pioneers and founders of Arab drama is more focused on the historical heritage of the Arabic literature in general and One Thousand and One Nights in particular as compared to European literature.
This study tries to show the daramatic capabilities of One Thousand and One Nights through investigating the samples as well as introducing the wave of impression of Arab authors in the booming era of drama since the second half of the nineteenth century. This paper also intends to prove that the attention of the pioneers and founders of Arab drama is more focused on the historical heritage of the Arabic literature in general and One Thousand and One Nights in particular as compared to European literature.
Research Interests:
The traces of the revival of the Arabic language in Iran was appeared when the Safavid kings invited most of the Shiite clergymen in Jabal Āmel, Lebanon, to come to Iran to support Shiism and to revive it. The immigration of Shiite... more
The traces of the revival of the Arabic language in Iran was appeared when the Safavid kings invited most of the Shiite clergymen in Jabal Āmel, Lebanon, to come to Iran to support Shiism and to revive it. The immigration of Shiite jurisprudents from Lebanon and later from Bahrain to Iran as well as their attention to Iranian seminaries in Isfahan and other Iranian cities, have played a very important role in paving a suitable path to revive this movement in Iran. The works of Iranian poets in this era have been influenced by many factors some of which could be traced if we study the orations of these long poems and their variations and intentions. In this paper, we talk about the orations of the religious praises that are much more variant than the other orations. Due to their introductions, these orations are divided into three groups: the one starting with nasīb (a kind of lyrical poem); the second, starting with something other than nasīb and the third one, starting directly with praise. Some poets of this era have devoted more space to nasib rather than praise, to show their poetical ability. We take the subject criticism as a method to come to a much more clear result.
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Among the instances of representing traditional heritage in literature are the representation of quranic stories and characters, in such a way that literature intends to incorporate the quranic stories and modify them in order to meet its... more
Among the instances of representing traditional heritage in literature are the representation of quranic stories and characters, in such a way that literature intends to incorporate the quranic stories and modify them in order to meet its intended purposes, observing the magnificence of the original text.
The Ummayyid poets made attempts to depict the political and social circumstances of their society meaningfully by employing the Islamic tradition, espicially the quranic stories.
This paper consists of issues about employing quranic stories in Ummayyid poetry; hence, we have surveyed a number of odes that have taken their subject matter from the Qur'an. We intend to point to the extent these poems dealt with quranic stories and simulated their social and political circumstances with them.
In this research, we have applied a descriptive-analytic method, based on analysis and induction, in discussing the aesthetic methods that were applied by Ummayyid poets in employing quranic characters, as we have tried to base the research on selection of illustrative poetic samples in Ummayyid period.
The Ummayyid poets made attempts to depict the political and social circumstances of their society meaningfully by employing the Islamic tradition, espicially the quranic stories.
This paper consists of issues about employing quranic stories in Ummayyid poetry; hence, we have surveyed a number of odes that have taken their subject matter from the Qur'an. We intend to point to the extent these poems dealt with quranic stories and simulated their social and political circumstances with them.
In this research, we have applied a descriptive-analytic method, based on analysis and induction, in discussing the aesthetic methods that were applied by Ummayyid poets in employing quranic characters, as we have tried to base the research on selection of illustrative poetic samples in Ummayyid period.
Research Interests:
As one of the major languages in the world, Arabic has long been faced with many challenges, but perhaps the phenomenon of globalization and its impact on the language of the Qur’an could be considered as one of the most crucial ones.... more
As one of the major languages in the world, Arabic has long been faced with many challenges, but perhaps the phenomenon of globalization and its impact on the language of the Qur’an could be considered as one of the most crucial ones.
Although linguists, writers and poets have paid much attention to Arabic in the era of globalization, its challenges have not been considered appropriately as it should have been; as a result, in the contemporary period and especially after the expansion of globalization, Arabic has been affected by the phenomenon and is still fighting the challenges.
Beside studying the phenomenon, this article is going to verify the impressions of globalization on Arabic, focusing on concepts such as "linguistic duality" (the standard language and the dialects in the society) and "bilingualism" (the existence of two different languages in a society, for instance the presence of Arabic and expansion of English and French in Arabic countries of Northern Africa).
Although linguists, writers and poets have paid much attention to Arabic in the era of globalization, its challenges have not been considered appropriately as it should have been; as a result, in the contemporary period and especially after the expansion of globalization, Arabic has been affected by the phenomenon and is still fighting the challenges.
Beside studying the phenomenon, this article is going to verify the impressions of globalization on Arabic, focusing on concepts such as "linguistic duality" (the standard language and the dialects in the society) and "bilingualism" (the existence of two different languages in a society, for instance the presence of Arabic and expansion of English and French in Arabic countries of Northern Africa).
Research Interests:
As one of the important elements in literary critisism and analysis, motif is taken into consideration in European criticism. Originally as a French word, motif means the main thought or the subject or the iterative words and phrases in... more
As one of the important elements in literary critisism and analysis, motif is taken into consideration in European criticism.
Originally as a French word, motif means the main thought or the subject or the iterative words and phrases in literature. In poetry, motifs have a close and fundamental relation with the poet's soul, thoughts and emotions.
Motifs have appeared in various forms such as themes and symbols in Yahyaal-Samawy's poetry. In his poetry, "AbuzarGhaffari"motif isone themost prominentones in the form of symbol. Being repetitive, this motif has no literal meaning but rather it stands for freedom,devotion, dedication, persistence, justice, and as a saviour to get people rid oftyrannyof the oppressor.
Having taken the analytic–descriptive method as its methodology, this paper tries to examine "AbuzarGhaffarimotif" and its signification in Yahyaal-Samawy 's poetry. In doing so, it answers the following questions: What are the important motifs used by the poet in his poetry? Why does the poet insist on using such repetitive motifs? What kinds of effects do these motifs have on the meanings? To what extent has the poet paid attention to"AbuzarGhaffari's character as a motif"? How does this motifaffect the reader? What kinds of symbols and signififation such a motif bring about?
Originally as a French word, motif means the main thought or the subject or the iterative words and phrases in literature. In poetry, motifs have a close and fundamental relation with the poet's soul, thoughts and emotions.
Motifs have appeared in various forms such as themes and symbols in Yahyaal-Samawy's poetry. In his poetry, "AbuzarGhaffari"motif isone themost prominentones in the form of symbol. Being repetitive, this motif has no literal meaning but rather it stands for freedom,devotion, dedication, persistence, justice, and as a saviour to get people rid oftyrannyof the oppressor.
Having taken the analytic–descriptive method as its methodology, this paper tries to examine "AbuzarGhaffarimotif" and its signification in Yahyaal-Samawy 's poetry. In doing so, it answers the following questions: What are the important motifs used by the poet in his poetry? Why does the poet insist on using such repetitive motifs? What kinds of effects do these motifs have on the meanings? To what extent has the poet paid attention to"AbuzarGhaffari's character as a motif"? How does this motifaffect the reader? What kinds of symbols and signififation such a motif bring about?
Research Interests:
Farouk Gweda, the contemporary poet and journalist (1946) gathers two different schools in his poems very nicely. His elegies hold the qualities of both Romanticism and Realism. As a poet, he looks at the external world from the view... more
Farouk Gweda, the contemporary poet and journalist (1946) gathers two different schools in his poems very nicely. His elegies hold the qualities of both Romanticism and Realism. As a poet, he looks at the external world from the view point of his own internal world and visualizes human being’s relation with the inner world, spiritualities and sentiments. In addition to this view, as a journalist he looks at the external world outside himself and its current political, social and livelihood issues and introduces human’s position in the present world. In this way, Farouk’s poems are chosen as a base for this study to find out how a poet can intermingle two different schools in his poetry.
The present paper studies Romanticism in Farouk Gweda’s poems under the themes of love, pain, dream and hope, and analyzes Realism manifest in the poet’s invitation to revolt and rise in Islamic-Arabic countries, description of nation’s situations, resistance and homeland. After studying these two schools, similar qualities common between these two, that is, use of natural phenomena, are analyzed as well.
The research method is descriptive-analytic that emphasizes on various poetical works of Farouk Gweda.
The present paper studies Romanticism in Farouk Gweda’s poems under the themes of love, pain, dream and hope, and analyzes Realism manifest in the poet’s invitation to revolt and rise in Islamic-Arabic countries, description of nation’s situations, resistance and homeland. After studying these two schools, similar qualities common between these two, that is, use of natural phenomena, are analyzed as well.
The research method is descriptive-analytic that emphasizes on various poetical works of Farouk Gweda.
Research Interests: Poetry and Literatura
Jahiz is one of the greatest critics and scholars of Arabic prose and poetry. Jahiz' ideas and thoughts on criticism have appeared here and there but mostly in his famous books, al-Hayawān and al-Bayān wa al-Tabyīn. In fact, his ideas... more
Jahiz is one of the greatest critics and scholars of Arabic prose and poetry. Jahiz' ideas and thoughts on criticism have appeared here and there but mostly in his famous books, al-Hayawān and al-Bayān wa al-Tabyīn. In fact, his ideas pave the way for criticism to become independent and autonomous in later periods. In Jahiz' time, criticism had no well-organized principles and it is why, Jahiz is regarded as one the founders of literary and poetic criticism in the history of Arabic literature. Jahiz has talked about different poetic topics including: the genesis of poetry, the value and the impact of poetry, the classification of poets, nature and mannerism, the old and the new, the form and the content, poetic plagiarism, and "intihāl" and the unity of the subject in poetry.
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As a sensitive and astute poet,Abd al-Rahman Shokry was very impressed by the events that took place around him. Researchers who have examined Shokry’s poems believe that his poetry has had several traces of pessimism, an attidude which... more
As a sensitive and astute poet,Abd al-Rahman Shokry was very impressed by the events that took place around him. Researchers who have examined Shokry’s poems believe that his poetry has had several traces of pessimism, an attidude which made them believe that he is but a pessimistic poet. However, there have appeared in his Divan several poems that make him an optimistic one. It is why Shokry'spessimism is not totally dark and there, we can see glimmers of hope that will reinforce one's will, and encourage one to remain hopeful. We can see rays ofhope anddesire in many parts of hispoetry. He believes that the human being has got a power that enables him to turn pessimism into optimism.So he can be definitely regarded as optimistic in several stages of his poetic and personal life. He does not look at life pessimistically, but rather realistically, wrapped in a little bit pessimism, though. In this paper, we seek to examine the validity of the critics' claim regarding Shokry’s pessimism by referring to their arguments, andtry to make Shokry's views unveiled by giving some illustrative evidence, an issue for which we can see no traces in the previous papers or books. We believe that Shokry cannot be regarded as a pessimistic poet, but rather a just critic can smell the flavour of optimism here and there in his poetry.
Research Interests:
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Research Interests:
After the rise to power of Shah Abbas the Safavid and the massive immigration of Shi'ite Ulama from Lebanon (Jabal 'Āmel and Beqā') and Bahrain to Iran, a literary movement began in Arabic language and its pioneers were these newly... more
After the rise to power of Shah Abbas the Safavid and the massive immigration of Shi'ite Ulama from Lebanon (Jabal 'Āmel and Beqā') and Bahrain to Iran, a literary movement began in Arabic language and its pioneers were these newly arrived immigrants. Another pillar of this movement was the Iranians who learned Arabic from these jurisprudents, including MīrDāmād, the famous philosopher and jurisprudent. Besides his philosophical works, MīrDāmād has some poems in Persian and Arabic. Although on the mother side he is the grandchild of MohaqeqKarakī, Lebanese scholar residing in Iran, in the musical structure of his Arabic poems he is markedly influenced by Persian poetry to the extent that in the selection of the meters and other metrical features of his poemshe has benefited enormously from Persian poetic meter. This has added Persian color and feel to the music of his poems. He has avoided in his poems the frequently used Arabic meters and on the other hand has made use of Persian meters such as circular meter. Based on the available examples, we may conclude that MīrDāmād, in composing his poems, has been influenced by Persian poems of Mevlana and Hafiz. These issues are examined in this paper using comparative criticism.
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Mozaffar al-Navvāb, a distinguished Iraqi poet and a leading satirist, well-known in the field of social and political critique, has a privilegedstatus in contemporary Iraqi literature. He has experienced a difficult life in theperiod of... more
Mozaffar al-Navvāb, a distinguished Iraqi poet and a leading satirist, well-known in the field of social and political critique, has a privilegedstatus in contemporary Iraqi literature. He has experienced a difficult life in theperiod of political instability in Iraq and has later suffered from pressure and exile; he is angry at the inability of Arab authorities to resolve social and political problems especially those related to Palestine; he is also angry at the compromising strategies of authorities as well as the inability of the Arabs to face and tackle their own problems. Mozaffar al-Navvāb expresses his anger over all these issues and the social and political shortcomings in a harshand naked language and criticizes the agents of the deplorable conditions of the Arabs; his mastery over vernacular language and his fluent Arabic has attracted a wider audience for his message.