Naser Zare
Abstract
Iḥsān Abbās (1920-2003), Palestinian literary scholar, critic, editor, translator and historian, was a renowned and unique scholar in the contemporary era. He produced various valuable works including translation, editing and literary criticism. One of his critical works is Trends in Contemporary ...
Read More
Iḥsān Abbās (1920-2003), Palestinian literary scholar, critic, editor, translator and historian, was a renowned and unique scholar in the contemporary era. He produced various valuable works including translation, editing and literary criticism. One of his critical works is Trends in Contemporary Arabic Poetry. Since its first publication in 1977, this book has been a reputable source in the field of contemporary Arabic poetry criticism, especially the poems of pioneering poets. This book has eight chapters and one appendix. Those eight chapters deal with the criticism of contemporary Arabic poetry. That appendix contains some poems which were examined in the eight chapters. This book was translated into Persian by Habib Allāh Abbāsi with a preface and footnotes in 2005. This translation is a hasty, confused and full of obvious faults and errors including neglecting Arabic grammar, mistranslating words, terms and sentences, neglecting context, register and subject and leaving out parts of the book. The method that is used to analyze this translation is a contrastive approach. What will be studied in this paper is only the tip of the iceberg. In other words, errors in the translated text, especially in the prose parts of the book, show us that they are not in many cases in harmony with the original Arabic text but are in total contrast with it. The errors in this translation are to such an extent that retranslation or at least a total revised edition is an inevitable necessity.
Hossein Mohseni; Amin Sheikh Bagheri
Abstract
Translation, as one of the leading means of transmitting cultures among nations, is a challenging field in the field of comparative literature. The existence of multiple layers of meaning between the main and virtual meanings of poetic words and the unfamiliarity of translators with the semantic rotation ...
Read More
Translation, as one of the leading means of transmitting cultures among nations, is a challenging field in the field of comparative literature. The existence of multiple layers of meaning between the main and virtual meanings of poetic words and the unfamiliarity of translators with the semantic rotation between words and meanings in verses prevent the correct transmission of poets’ thoughts to the audience in literary texts. Among the famous Iranian poets, the translation of Hafez's poems, due to the interpretability of existing concepts and lexical localization, requires the translator to be more careful in his intellectual layers, cultural requirements, and religious beliefs. This research is based on the descriptive-analytical method and investigates the pathology of translating multi-layered concepts of words and poetic idioms of Hafez in the Arabic translations of "Ibrahim Amin Al-Shawarbi" and "Ali Abbas Zuleikha" according to Catford's theory of formal changes in the lexical, grammatical, omission, and addition sections. The results of this research show the complete failure of the above-mentioned translators in translating the multi-layered meanings of Hafez's poetic terms, and the neglect of paying attention to the semantic rotations of the terms has been identified as the main cause of this issue.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Zahra Karamzadegan
Abstract
The present study, within the framework of cognitive semantics, has addressed the issue of imaginary schemas in the book of Siboyeh as a grammatical text and how it is reflected in the Persian translation. The purpose of this research is to explain the conceptual constructions as the substructure of ...
Read More
The present study, within the framework of cognitive semantics, has addressed the issue of imaginary schemas in the book of Siboyeh as a grammatical text and how it is reflected in the Persian translation. The purpose of this research is to explain the conceptual constructions as the substructure of language patterns in order to reach the intellectual foundations of the author and to make the book easier to understand and then to provide an accurate translation. The adopted descriptive-analytical method is based on incomplete induction and relying on Evans and Green's schematic model. Sampling has been done from eleven chapters (8666 words) of the al-Kitab that deals with the topic of al- Eshteghal. Power, containment, space, and displacement schemas had the highest frequency, respectively. In the translation, due to the stylistic features of Sibawayh, the two methods of terminological clarification and translation have led to the removal or replacement of the schemas of space, displacement and containment in significant cases, but the schemas of power They are represented in the target language with a similar linguistic structure.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Aliasghar Shahbazi
Abstract
Vernacular translation of literary works invites inevitable semantic, syntactic, rhetorical, and ideological shifts within a text. This process of stabilizing originates mostly from the translator’s conscious intention and is reliant on the target language’s innate nature. Among the most ...
Read More
Vernacular translation of literary works invites inevitable semantic, syntactic, rhetorical, and ideological shifts within a text. This process of stabilizing originates mostly from the translator’s conscious intention and is reliant on the target language’s innate nature. Among the most notable theories in this regard, is J. C. Catford’s theory (1965), which analyzes semantic and syntactic shifts in two general categories and four sub-categories. This study attempts to compare and investigate Abdolmona-em’s and Al-Attar’s stabilizations in the Arabic translation of Forough Farrokhzad’s “Tavallod-i-Digar,” based on Catford’s theory. The results of this study suggest that in comparison with other transformation modes, transformations on a syntactic level are of high impact on the translations by both aforementioned translators. Maryam al-Attar’s translation includes fewer structural stabilizations because of reduced concern about the primary language’s structure and emphasis on literal translation, and this culminated in the complexity and unfamiliarity of the end product. On the contrary, Abdolmona-em’s translation appears more smooth and natural, as it suggests suitable equivalents and emphasizes the expression and stabilization of semantic and syntactic structures. Furthermore, the exclusions and redundant extensions in Al-Attar’s translation have often brought about interpretative and thematic transformations in the poem.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Saadollah Homayooni; Maryam Fouladi
Abstract
Paying attention to contextual, cultural, and cognitive limitations in translation as a multi-dimensional process is of particular importance and the analysis of language formations from this perspective will have a significant impact on improving the quality of translation. Since cognitive structures ...
Read More
Paying attention to contextual, cultural, and cognitive limitations in translation as a multi-dimensional process is of particular importance and the analysis of language formations from this perspective will have a significant impact on improving the quality of translation. Since cognitive structures determine the desired conceptual content through the formation of conceptual categories, it is essential to examine these metaphors as one of the most widely used language formations that play a significant role in inducing the concepts and ideas of any language. The present research aims to discuss the meaning load of each of these metaphors and how to translate them equally or unequally, while examining examples of conceptual metaphors in Persian, Arabic, and English, using the analytical-comparative method. The results indicate that the conceptual metaphors in the above-mentioned languages are culture-based and are formed according to the lived experiences of the speakers of these languages and they have had a significant impact on the conceptualizations. Therefore, the translation that is considered to convey the meaning of the expressions must be an unequal translation and in accordance with the culture and lived experiences of the speakers of the target language. Consequently, in general, it can be said that paying attention to cognitive categories in translation and conceptualizing the message based on the intellectual and cultural foundations of the source and the target language leads to a correct understanding of the worlds of meaning in the two languages and, accordingly, provides a suitable translation. Based on this, the translator, without forcing himself to be balanced in the translation, should transfer the concepts according to the system of knowledge, epistemology, culture, and worldview of the target language.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Rezvan Beyranvand; Ali Nazari; Seyed Esmaeil Ghasemi Mousavi
Abstract
Translation evaluation and quality assessment have always been crucial in the field of translation studies. Among the several models and theories proposed for assessing translation, Juliane House's context reconstruction model is widely recognized as one of the most renowned models. The concept of translation ...
Read More
Translation evaluation and quality assessment have always been crucial in the field of translation studies. Among the several models and theories proposed for assessing translation, Juliane House's context reconstruction model is widely recognized as one of the most renowned models. The concept of translation can be categorized into two distinct types: overt and covert. In an overt translation, the text and its elements are oriented towards the culture of the source language, and the recreation of context is evident. However, in a covert translation, the norms and culture of the target language are clearly apparent, and context is being generated. This study seeks to assess the quality of Alireza Baqer's Persian translation of the novel Fardghan by Youssef Zaidan. The research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical approach, with the Julian House Translation Quality Assessment model serving as the foundation for the study. The translation quality was assessed by comparing the source text (ST) with the target text (TT), and both obvious and hidden faults were examined. The resulting data was then displayed in the form of tables and graphs. The results indicate that the translator made efforts to employ strategies such as incorporating terms and proverbs from Persian culture and colloquial language, as well as utilizing omission as a common translation strategy to align the translation with the target language and culture. However, the prevailing strategy observed was open translation.Keywords: Youssef Zaydan, Translation of Fardghan’s Novel, Julian House, Evaluation of Translation Quality, Alireza Baqer.IntroductionFardqan, written by Youssef Zaydan, is a novel that recounts the imprisonment and exile of Avicenna, the renowned Iranian scientist, to Fardqan, a well-known stronghold in Hamedan. It is worth noting that Alireza Baqer translated this novel into Persian. Throughout the history of translation, the assessment and appraisal of translated materials have consistently held significance. Given the particular significance of translating literary writings, the evaluation of the quality of these translations has been of even greater relevance. Julian House (1997) proposed the translation quality evaluation model as one of the methodologies and models for translation evaluation. This model aims to assess the worth of translation, particularly in the context of literary translation, by employing defined and practical criteria instead of relying on subjective judgments of taste.The objective of this study is to analyze the translation of Alireza Baqer, the initial published translation of the esteemed novel "Fardqan" by a prominent Egyptian author, employing House's model. The present research focuses on a translation that has undergone textual modifications. The chosen translation is of significant importance due to Zaydan’s novel. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to examine this translation. The research focuses on studying and critiquing the Persian translation of a modern novel that explores the life and contributions of the great Iranian scientist Avicenna. The study aims to answer the following questions: The Persian translation of the novel "Fardqan" is being evaluated based on the House model. The translator's tendency towards covert and open translation is being analyzed, specifically in which parts of the novel. Alireza Baqer's translation of "Fardqan" leans more towards open translation strategies in general, indicating that it is an open translation. Is it seen as explicit or concealed?Literature ReviewValuable research has been conducted in recent years in both English and Arabic language and literature to evaluate the quality of translations using House's model. Researchers have sought to employ House's comprehensive model for precise and scientific translation criticism. Several research studies have been conducted using this paradigm. Some notable examples include:In his master's thesis titled "The Application of Julian House's Translation Quality Assessment Model Regarding the Persian Translation of the Book (Prophet) Gibran-Khalil-Jibran by Meshya Barzegar," Eskandari Durbati (2014) compared these translations and found that Barzegar's translation is highly intricate and abstract in Farsi, while Daryabandari's translation is structurally more understandable.In his master's thesis, Vakili (2014) evaluates the quality of the translation of the book "Be a Follower of Your Heart" by Andrew Matthews, conducted by Vahid Afzalirad and Zahra Nabi, using the House model. The focus of the study is on comparing the explicit translation tactics employed by the two translators. The translator has determined that Afzali's translation is more faithful to the essence of the original text and therefore more suitable.Salimi and Ansari (2019) conducted a study titled "Examination of the Translation Quality of Nahj al-Balaghah based on House's Role-oriented Model (a case study of Allameh Jafari and Shahidi's translation of the ghost sermon)". Their conclusion, based on House's model, was that both translations are clear.In his master's thesis titled "Utilizing the House Model to Assess the Quality of Two Persian Translations of Charles Dickens' Book 'Great Desires' by Yonsei and Akhwan," Ahmadi Darani (1400) conducted an evaluation of the translation quality. The findings indicate that Yunsi's translation of Akhwan is characterized by greater clarity and accuracy, while also noting the removal and alteration of cultural elements due to the influence of the cultural filter.Despite extensive study, the writers did not uncover any studies that assessed the quality and critique of Alireza Baqer's Persian translation of the novel "Fardqan" or attempted to analyze the translation's quality using the Julian House model.Research Methodology This research has used Julian House's model to find answers to the aforementioned questions. It aims to analyze the text profile by considering the genre of the text and the context of the speech, including the discourse range, agents, and style. Furthermore, it examines the style of discourse by identifying both obvious errors and hidden translations, such as the removal of certain parts of the text. This also encompasses incorrect selection and cultural filtering in the translation process, as well as the use of direct or indirect discourse. By analyzing these factors and compiling the relevant data, the research aims to determine the style of Alireza Baqer's translation of Fardqan’s novel.ConclusionUpon careful analysis and comparison of the source and destination texts, it can be concluded that this translation is congruent with the source text. Both of them are widely recognized and embraced in terms of their shared topic and societal impact in the original and final texts. Both books exhibit a sophisticated discourse style when it comes to media style. The translation successfully maintained the historical-romantic genre and the contextual elements of the original text. Upon analyzing the comparisons, we also examined evident errors, and the evaluation findings indicate that the number of evident errors in translation is greater than concealed errors, suggesting that the translator has a preference for translating overtly.Based on the conducted studies, it can be concluded that translators often employ covert translation strategies by manipulating frames and utilizing cultural subtleties in areas of the text that are intricate and perplexing for the reader. This is done to express an equivalent representation of the target language culture and ultimately achieve the objective of role equivalence. The text has been imbued with an indigenous essence, and via thorough examinations, 59 instances of the translator's adherence to cultural authenticity were identified.The translator employed phrases and proverbs that align with Persian folk culture to effectively translate the cultural aspects requiring concealed translation.Furthermore, the translation maintains the genre of the source work. However, modifications have been made in the discourse, a component of context, without compromising the substance of the subject. The source text employs both direct and indirect speech, and the translation adheres to the same approach. In several sections, the translator opted to employ direct speech rather than indirect speech, as found in the original text. The apparent objective of this alteration is to allure a larger audience and render the narrative of the novel more palpable.By analyzing the characteristics of the source and destination texts and scrutinizing both the concealed and evident mistakes, it has been seen that in certain instances, the source text has been disregarded. This disregard encompasses actions such as deletion, addition, erroneous selection of equivalents, doubtful acceptance, and irregularities, all falling under the category of obvious errors. From a statistical standpoint, deletions have the highest frequency, constituting about two percent (0.2) of the entire text. Conversely, the translator has inserted words and phrases into the text where ambiguity has been eliminated or replaced with alternative words and phrases. Incorrect equivalences were made in certain sections, resulting in the detection of 19 instances of such errors during the investigations. These errors were entirely incorrect and led to the failure to accurately transfer the message from the source text to the destination text.According to Julian House's model, Baqer's translation can be categorized as a combination of hidden and open translations. While Baqer has incorporated elements of cultural purity, his translation mostly adheres to the role and norms of the source text, resulting in a clear and faithful rendition in the target language.As Julian House explained in his translation of the book (Fardqan), Baqer used two translation techniques, namely hidden and open translation. However, it is worth noting that the majority of the translation was conducted openly.
Arezoo Poor Yazdanpanah Kermani; Vesal Meimandi
Abstract
Translation is one of the ways to create cultural interactions between nations. In the meantime, it is the translator's responsibility to provide a correct translation. Translation theorists have come up with different patterns and models for evaluating translations. Translation evaluation and assessment ...
Read More
Translation is one of the ways to create cultural interactions between nations. In the meantime, it is the translator's responsibility to provide a correct translation. Translation theorists have come up with different patterns and models for evaluating translations. Translation evaluation and assessment based on the available models and patterns, reveals the quality level of the translated text and its positive and negative features. Therefore, the acceptability of the translation of a literary work is determined when it is evaluated according to these patterns. In this article, the Arabic translation of Marzbannameh, titled "Stories of Al-Amir Al-Marzban on the Language of Animals", has been studied based on 9 cases of Antoine Breman's text distortion system theory and evaluated by descriptive-analytical method. The research findings indicate that despite being familiar with the Persian language, the translator has sometimes failed to understand, receive and transfer the content and despite the translator's efforts, meaning gap and inefficiency in equivalent selection can be observed. Among the studied components, the two components of qualitative and qualitative impoverishment had the highest frequency and the component of destruction of rhythms had the lowest frequency. The main reason for this and the distance of the translator from the original text should be considered in the type of source text and its literary and technical aspect and the translator's lack of fluency in Persian.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Seyed Mahdi Nouri Keyzghani; Masoud Salmani Haghighi; Reyhaneh Hosseinabadi
Abstract
Linguistics deals with the study of language and provides solid and productive theories about how language works, and since translation is considered a linguistic activity, it is reasonable to imagine that linguistics can have something to say about translation. One of the techniques presented for translation ...
Read More
Linguistics deals with the study of language and provides solid and productive theories about how language works, and since translation is considered a linguistic activity, it is reasonable to imagine that linguistics can have something to say about translation. One of the techniques presented for translation is Schweitzer and Ratsker's Russian approach. This approach includes the components of the format of sufficiency or transformation of translation, which includes 4 elements of objectification, logical derivation, opposite translation, and compensation. In this essay, relying on the descriptive-analytical method, he criticized and examined the components of the sufficiency format in selected examples of Kazem Al Yassin's translation of the novel "Qalb al-Lil" based on Schweitzer and Ratsker's approaches, and at the end, the frequency of adherence to this pattern in the target language is displayed in two circular and column charts. The result of the research shows that the translator, in most cases, while respecting the style and components of the source text and its transmission, prioritizes the linguistic subtleties and expressive methods of the target text. Since translating all aspects of the original text, the structure and the message of the text is a difficult and possibly impossible task, so Kazem Al Yassin's effort to present a fluent text based on the components of the sufficiency format seems appropriate and acceptable.
Ali Akbar Noresideh; Masoud Salmani Haghighi
Abstract
Analysis and investigation of translation quality have long been taken into consideration. Various methods have been proposed by theorists and linguists to critique the translation of texts from Arabic into Persian and vice versa. One of the methods presented in the field of translation criticism is ...
Read More
Analysis and investigation of translation quality have long been taken into consideration. Various methods have been proposed by theorists and linguists to critique the translation of texts from Arabic into Persian and vice versa. One of the methods presented in the field of translation criticism is Vinay and Darbelnet’s model. This article raises two questions: How is the translation of Adel Abdel Moneim Suleim evaluated based on the Vinay and Darbelnet model, and which of the components of Vinay and Darbelnet is most used in the translation? In this research, using a descriptive-analytical method, a part of Adel Abdel Moneim Suleim's Arabic translation of Jalal Al-Ahmad's School Principal novel is examined based on the Vinay and Darbelnet model, and the quality and method of interpretation of this novel are evaluated by the translator. The result shows that the translator paid more attention to the elements of the target language in translating the selected samples. Also, in some cases, the translator ignores the transmission of the message and content of the original language to the target language and relies on direct and lexical translation, which may be due to the translator's insufficient knowledge of some cultural components and the basic foundations of the source language.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Reza Mohammadi
Abstract
Undoubtedly, the world of childhood is one of the most important periods in the life of every human being, a period during which everyone's personality is formed. Therefore, education and intellectual products offered to the child in this period are significant. Animation is a tool affecting the thinking ...
Read More
Undoubtedly, the world of childhood is one of the most important periods in the life of every human being, a period during which everyone's personality is formed. Therefore, education and intellectual products offered to the child in this period are significant. Animation is a tool affecting the thinking of this age group. Among the humor works that have been done in this field in Iran is the "Shekarestan" animation TV series (2008). It is rooted in old Iranian-Eastern stories, proverbs, fables, and folk tales. This animation TV series has been dubbed into other languages including Arabic. The humor used in this series has special subtleties, which require a lot of care and attention to translate into Arabic. This paper seeks to criticize and analyze the humor translation methods used in the story "False Brother" of this series via a descriptive-analytical method based on the humor translation approach of Magdalena Panek. The result shows that the literal translation method, which is the most profitable humor translation method from the author's point of view, has a high frequency in this part of the series, and this issue has greatly reduced the artistic value of the dubbing group. However, for their efforts, this group has used other strategies of Panek’s techniques, such as modulation, paraphrase, condensation, substitution, deletion, neologisms, and transposition. The general result of this research is that the Arabic dubbing team has not been very successful in localizing this part of Shekarestan in Arabic culture and the humor used in the original language of this story has been sacrificed to the Arabic dubbing.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Ensiye Sadat Hashemi
Abstract
For almost a decade, translation theories have been used to evaluate the translation of the Qur'an. The purpose of choosing a theoretical framework for research is to achieve a scientific and non-tasteful assessment, but by examining these evaluations, it turns out that in some cases evaluations are ...
Read More
For almost a decade, translation theories have been used to evaluate the translation of the Qur'an. The purpose of choosing a theoretical framework for research is to achieve a scientific and non-tasteful assessment, but by examining these evaluations, it turns out that in some cases evaluations are out of the theoretical framework or have a misunderstanding of the theory. In order to examine these evaluations, the present study analyzes five studies based on Naida's theory in the field of Qur'anic criticism as a case study to examine the slips of researchers in applying this theory. The research uses a descriptive-analytical method along with critique. This research shows that critics sometimes make mistakes in understanding the formal and dynamic equivalent meaning and have found wrong examples in translations. In some cases, despite the fact that Naida's theory has been used as a basis for the assessment, the critique still moves in a different direction from this framework, which in some cases is due to the incompatibility of the theoretical framework with the research data.
Ali Najafi Ivaki; Mohaddese Haddadi
Abstract
In recent decades, high-ranking and prominent people in the country have used terms and expressions in their interviews and speeches that due to their relatively high semantic load were welcomed by many Persian speakers and became prevalent in the Iranian society. These terms and expression have also ...
Read More
In recent decades, high-ranking and prominent people in the country have used terms and expressions in their interviews and speeches that due to their relatively high semantic load were welcomed by many Persian speakers and became prevalent in the Iranian society. These terms and expression have also been reflected in the Arabic and foreign language media, and by interpreting the news, sometimes several Arabic equivalents have been presented for a specific term, the identification, critique and study of which are of special importance. Considering the importance of the issue, the present research tries to identify and extract the latest and most important interpretations and common terms in the political and social literature of the country, and evaluate the performance of those media in translating the above-mentioned terms based on Ivir’s model, using an inductive-analytical method. The statistical population of this study are: Al-Alam, Al-Kawthar, ISNA, IRNA and Khamenei news agencies. The foreign news agencies studied include: Al-Arab, Al-Jazeera, Al-Yawm Al-Sabeeh, Al-Hayah, Al-Ghad, Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, Al-Watan, Al-Ahram, Al-Dastour, Al-Rayya, Al-Ittihad and Al-Maaref. One of the most important findings of this study is that the domestic Arabic-language news agencies have the fewest "borrowings" and the most "deletions", and in contrast, the foreign Arabic-language news agencies have the fewest "deletions" and the most "replacements" in translating the interpretations and terms in question.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Reza Bayat; Abdollah Hosseini
Abstract
The issue of linguistic functions is considered one of the new subjects in linguistics, and it is noteworthy that these functions have a significant effect on the transmittance of meaning to receivers, maintenance of original language, more explanations or even provoking the audience feelings; otherwise, ...
Read More
The issue of linguistic functions is considered one of the new subjects in linguistics, and it is noteworthy that these functions have a significant effect on the transmittance of meaning to receivers, maintenance of original language, more explanations or even provoking the audience feelings; otherwise, the translation may be incorrect or even the meaning may be concealed completely. According to Karl Bühler's goal of presenting language roles including, composite, referential, expressive, persuasive, and emotional roles, any translator should translate the text by considering the construct of the sentence as well as the linguistic function required for it so that the translated text has the same effect. This study is a descriptive-analytic one and it investigates the Persian translation of the book 'Alvaghyeo Alghariba Fi Ekhtefae Saeid Abi Alnahs Almotashael', written by Emil Habibi and translated by Ehsan Moosavi Khalkhali into Persian under the title 'Vaghaye Gharibe Gheb Shodan Saied Aboo Nahs Khoshbodbin'. This study investigated Persian translation by considering the above-mentioned linguistic functions including, composite, referential, explanatory, persuasive, and emotional roles, and their effects on translation. Regarding the translated book, it was found that the translator have used mostly compound then referential translations respectively. Explanatory translation comes after the two previous ones with a high difference, and affective function has been markedly less used.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Reza Nazemian; Nasir Maleki; Sadegh Khorsha
Abstract
"Other" is the basis of knowing "Self" and the introduction of self-knowledge. The way to self-knowledge is communication with others. The deforming tendencies of the French theorist Antoine Berman are based on respect for the "other" and avoidance of domestication in translation. He believes that the ...
Read More
"Other" is the basis of knowing "Self" and the introduction of self-knowledge. The way to self-knowledge is communication with others. The deforming tendencies of the French theorist Antoine Berman are based on respect for the "other" and avoidance of domestication in translation. He believes that the source text should be accepted and transferred as it is, and one should not seek to simulate it with one's own culture. The focus of Berman's cognitive translation point of view is respect for the foreign text, acceptance of the other, and recognition of his culture. Berman's theory, in which he believes that the structure of the source text should not be changed and equivalents should not be found according to structural and grammatical aspects, is the result of the extreme formation of the target-oriented movement in translation in his era. In order to criticize the issue of accepting Other based on the tendency of rationalization, we have examined Majedeh Al-Anani’s translation of the story Nūn wa al-Qalam by Jalāl Āl-e-Ahmad, and during the discussion and examination of the examples, we came to the conclusion that the translator in the translation of cultural terms tried to show her faithfulness to the original text, but in some cases, she was not successful and she was only able to replace the word without paying attention to its semantic load and rhetoric.Keywords: Nūn wa al-Qalam, Jalāl Āl-e-Ahmad, Antoine Berman, Majedeh Al-Anani, acceptance of Other.IntroductionSince the issue of "acceptance of Other" necessarily requires the translator to go beyond the body of the cultural and literary system of his society and pay more attention to the source than the target, and his priority should be the writer and not the reader, we found it appropriate to base our investigations and critiques on a theory whose foundation is respect for the author and the original language of the work. Therefore, we found Antoine Berman's Deforming Theory appropriate. Among the most important works of the Persian language, which is considered to be a view of the culture, political, cultural, scientific, and religious approach of Iranian society, is the book "Nūn wa al-Qalam" written by Jalāl Āl-e-Ahmad. This story has been translated into various languages, including Arabic. In the present article, we intend to investigate Majedeh Al-Anani's Arabic translation of Āl-e-Ahmad's "Nūn wa al-Qalam" based on the theory of Antoine Berman and see how the translator translated this work in the face of examples of the component of rationalization - out of the total of 13 components of Berman's theory? And to what extent has he accepted the original text and culture of the source language as "Other"?Literature ReviewBy searching various sources, we found that there are many articles and researches on the application of Antoine Berman's theory in various texts, but in connection with the story of Nūn wa al-Qalam and Berman's theory, there are several sources that we consider:- Reflection of Majedeh Al-Anani's Translation in the Characters of Jalāl Āl-e-Ahmad's Story Nūn wa al-Qalam (based on the elements of Berman's impoverishment) (2022) by Ahmad Lamei Giv. In this article, it has been shown that Al-Anani often intends to preserve the syntactic structure of the source language in the translation of character traits, but this has caused the quality of the translation to drop and has undermined the high meaning of the source text.- Equivalence of Iranian Folklore Categories; Case Study: Arabic Translation of Jalāl Āl-e-Ahmad’s Nūn wa al-Qalam (2018) Marzieh Rabiei and colleagues. This article examines Al-Anani's method of finding equivalents in translation and concludes that the translator has used the cultural equivalent or descriptive equivalent method above all else in finding equivalents that have a cultural connotation. In finding equivalents of material categories, Al-Anani also used various methods of transfer, transformation, etc., and performed weakly and inadequately in translating some terms.- Examination of Majedeh Al-Anani's Translation of Jalāl Āl-e-Ahmad's Nun wa Al-Qalam based on Baker's Idiomatic Equivalence Theory (2018) by Zohreh Ghorbani. This research has examined and analyzed the translation of the terms in the story of Nun wa Al-Qalam, and it is believed that Al-Anani, among the various methods that Mona Baker expresses in her Idiomatic Equivalence Theory, mostly used the method of translating terms into the form of similarity of meaning and change of form. Ghorbani believes that although Al-Anani is an Arabic speaker, she has a relatively correct understanding of Persian terms and proverbs, and this is the reason why she translated some Persian terms correctly.- The relationship between linguistic functions and personality types in the story of Nun wa Al-Qalam (2012) by Seyed Ahmed Parsa and Sa’di Haji, was conducted to examine the compatibility between the linguistic functions of the characters in the story and their personality types, which are important principles of story writing. The result is that in the story of Nun wa Al-Qalam, there is not much compatibility between the linguistic functions of people and their personality types.MethodologyIn the search conducted on the researches on this topic, we did not find an example that examined the rationalization component of Antoine Berman's theory in Majedeh Al-Anani's translation of Nun wa Al-Qalam based on the acceptance of "Other".In order to investigate the deforming tendency of Berman's rationalization in Majedeh Al-Anani's translation of Jalāl Āl-e-Ahmad’s story Nun wa Al-Qalam, the researcher first collected some theoretical foundations around keywords and then selected some samples from the original text and their translation and analyzed the samples with a descriptive-analytical method. After examining the samples, the researcher reached the following results:ConclusionIt can be said that Berman's theory should be applied in texts such as holy texts, literary texts, and scientific texts in which form and structure are important. However, in texts in which the message and effect are more important than the form, one cannot insist on accepting the Other and criticize the rationalization tendency, but the expressive possibilities of the target language should be taken into account so that it can leave the same message and impact on the target audience.In general, by examining the selected samples from the book, it can be concluded that according to Antoine Berman's theory, the foundation of which is the acceptance of the Other, respect for the original text, accompanying the author and his culture, and ignoring himself, the translator did not have acceptable performance and in most cases, intentionally or unintentionally, transferred the same words, phrases, and expressions, and considered the words, phrases, and expressions more than the meaning of the text.Al-Anani has forgotten the "Other" by transferring the same words, terms, combinations, and expressions and not paying attention to how to transfer the meaning and concept of the original text. This means that the audience as "Other" cannot accept the translated text, which has no semantic load in the target language, and refuses to accept it due to the feeling of alienation from the translation.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Ali sayadani; Saman Rahimkhani; Somayeh Aghamohammadi Ahle Iman
Abstract
One of the models proposed for the realization of a clear and prominent translation, especially in the field of translation studies, is the model of Lawrence Venuti (1995). He first deals with how to convey the message in a clear and unambiguous framework in exceptional circumstances by introducing components ...
Read More
One of the models proposed for the realization of a clear and prominent translation, especially in the field of translation studies, is the model of Lawrence Venuti (1995). He first deals with how to convey the message in a clear and unambiguous framework in exceptional circumstances by introducing components called de-familiarization and alienation and then simplifies complex concepts by considering the cultural-historical and structural relations between the two languages. At this stage, the translator applies the simplification process in the translation text by relying on logic and reasoning through factors such as modification, interpretation, sharing, and finally transfer. In a more general sense, simplification means breaking long sentences or phrases, substituting short sentences for them, and reducing repetitive phrases. Relying on a descriptive-analytical method, the present study intends to analyze the two translations of Mehdi Sarhadi and Musa Aswar from the novel of Isa Ibn Al-Ansan in order to achieve the reflection of the mentioned pattern in the studied translations and introduce more accurate and acceptable translations. The result of the research indicates that Lawrence Venuti’s theory is consistent with all components (defamiliarization, alienation, grammatical syntactic defamiliarization, semantic defamiliarization), and the translation of Musa Aswar in the field of de-familiarization and Mehdi Sarhadi in the field of alienation have the most reflection.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Khosro Janghorban; Ali Bashiri
Abstract
The connection between Arabic and Persian languages has had a long history, and the cultural interaction and interference between these two languages have reached the highest point. Translation has been considered a medium by which a message can be transferred from one language to another with ...
Read More
The connection between Arabic and Persian languages has had a long history, and the cultural interaction and interference between these two languages have reached the highest point. Translation has been considered a medium by which a message can be transferred from one language to another with the least impairment. Interjections are language items through which emotional feelings like happiness, sorrow, pain, and regret or unemotional feelings like onomatopoeia are conveyed. This article analyzes the interjections in the translation of the novel “The length of the Night”, which contains a considerable number of interjections. The correspondence between the Arabic and Persian words is analyzed through a one-to-one comparison between the original and the translated text. The results showed that the translator has used good correspondences for the translation of interjections in most cases, and has been able to transfer the message to the target language accordingly. Though, in some cases, he has only achieved partial correspondence and failed to achieve correct correspondence in some others.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Masoud Fekri; Neda Fazeli
Abstract
The novel "Kiss the Lovely Face of God" is one of the successful fiction works of recent years in Persian literature, which attracted the attention of Iranian readers and translators of other languages. Due to entering various social and cultural situations in the modern and urban areas of Iran, this ...
Read More
The novel "Kiss the Lovely Face of God" is one of the successful fiction works of recent years in Persian literature, which attracted the attention of Iranian readers and translators of other languages. Due to entering various social and cultural situations in the modern and urban areas of Iran, this novel contains many cultural components that challenge translators. Going through these cultural components requires exact interaction and familiarity with contemporary Iranian culture. This work was translated into Arabic twice in 2014. "Ivir" offers seven strategies for translating cultural elements, including borrowing, defining, literal translating, replacing, word-building, and deleting and adding. In this study, the performance of two translators of the novel "Kiss the Lovely Face of God" in the transfer of cultural elements based on "Ivir" approaches has been investigated. By analyzing and comparing the two translations, it is clear that the most used method is the replacing strategy, which is sometimes accompanied by defining and adding.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Oveis Mohammadi
Abstract
The poem's phrases possess significant semantic depth, with each one conveying numerous concealed and enigmatic connotations. Therefore, comprehending its meaning necessitates a meticulous analysis of the poetry. An effective approach to comprehending word meanings is to analyze them through the lens ...
Read More
The poem's phrases possess significant semantic depth, with each one conveying numerous concealed and enigmatic connotations. Therefore, comprehending its meaning necessitates a meticulous analysis of the poetry. An effective approach to comprehending word meanings is to analyze them through the lens of the theory of conceptual relations. In this theory, we aim to comprehend the precise significance of each word by analyzing the correlation between words. Synonymy is a relationship between words in which they have the same or similar meanings. When analyzing meaning through synonymy, the goal is to gather and compare terms that have the same meaning. This process helps to refine and clarify the semantic boundaries of each word by considering additional synonymous words. Synonymy can be applied in the translation of poetry and its criticism. This article critiques the equivalence of terms in the book "To turn green from love" by utilizing the notion of synonymy. This book features a compilation of Nizar Qabbani's love poems that have been translated from Arabic to Persian by Musa Aswar. During the analysis of equivalences, the initial step involved extracting the denotations of the words under discussion from the dictionary. Subsequently, the extra-lexical meanings of these words, such as their emotional and stylistic connotations, were decoded by taking into account the context of the poem. In the following, the process of selecting the most similar equivalent to the source text by gathering counterparts with the same meaning is described. Additionally, the translator's equivalence is evaluated and criticized. The research findings indicate that in certain instances, translation equivalents do not align with other terms within the context of the poem. Furthermore, many counterparts in the translation exhibit reduced emotional intensity compared to the words in the original text, while others possess a broader and more encompassing significance than the words found in Nizar's poems. Additionally, certain equivalents have caused the translated text to be unclear or open to interpretation.Keywords: Synonymy, Conceptual Relationships, Poetry Translation, Nizar Qabbani, Musa Aswar.IntroductionAn effective approach to comprehending the significance of language words is to analyze them through the lens of structural linguistics. According to this perspective, linguistic units are not discrete signs with fixed meanings, but rather they are interconnected and have a systematic relationship with one another. Hence, words should not be regarded as self-contained vessels that possess a fixed and unchanging content. Instead, they resemble fragments of a visual jigsaw, where the significance of each piece is illuminated when placed adjacent to others. Hence, to comprehend the significance and precise connotation of any word, one must verify its correlation with other components.One of the connections between words is through synonyms, or words that have the same or similar meanings. Across all languages, there exist words that have highly similar meanings. These terms are referred to as synonyms. Words that are considered synonymous are not entirely interchangeable in any language, as each term carries its own distinct and specific meaning. The distinction between these synonyms may lie in their respective usage categories. For instance, certain synonyms may be considered official, while others may be deemed unofficial. Additionally, certain synonyms may be classified as literary, while others fall into the non-literary category. For instance, the term "woman" is more formal than "wife." Occasionally, synonyms possess distinct contextual associations. For instance, the adjectives "big" and "large" are synonymous when describing a "big house" or a "large house," but they differ when applied to a "big sister" or a "large sister." (Rambaud, 2012: 125). Two words with synonymous meanings may exhibit a relationship of inclusion, where one word encompasses the other. As an illustration, we can provide a car as an example. The term "car" is used twice in this context, and while in some instances these two occurrences can be interchangeable, there are occasions when substituting one "car" with another is not feasible. For example, in the sentence "I cut my beard with a car," it is not conceivable to substitute "car" with another "car" (Safavi, 1379: 106). Additionally, it is plausible that synonyms may vary in their emotional connotations. An illustrative instance of this distinction can be observed in "please have a seat," "Sit down," and "sit." The reference is taken from the same source and page number as the previous citation (Ibid., 108).By conducting a comparison of synonyms, one can gain a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between them and discern the precise meaning of each term. Comparing synonyms is widely employed in the fields of translation equivalence and translation critique. To broaden the options for selecting appropriate equivalents in the target language, translators or translation critics can gather various equivalents with similar meanings for a word and then compare them to determine the most closely matching equivalent.Literature ReviewIn "Research on the Structure of Synonymy of Verbs in the Arabic Language and the Role of Conjugation in Determining the Meaning," Youssef Nazari (1400) has analyzed the five types of Arabic synonyms. This article specifies the meaning of each verb by examining its similarities to other linguistic elements.Farzdouhi and Safari (2019) conducted a study titled "Evaluation of Synonymy (Taba, Khatm, Ghalf, and Safar) in the Translations of Behbodhi, Sadeghi Tehrani, Mojtbavi, and Makarem Shirazi." The study focused on analyzing the four verbs mentioned in the title and their compatibility with the word "heart" in various translations. The researchers criticized the translations of these verbs based on their ability to coexist with the word "heart."In their publication, "Synonyms in the Words of the Qur'an and the Problems of Their Translation," Raisian and Kordloui (2013) researched and analyzed several perspectives on synonyms in the Qur'an. Specifically, they focused on the concepts of dread, sadness, grief, avarice, and greed, as explored by multiple translators of the Qur'an.The indicated papers differ from the previous article in terms of their substance and methodology. The original article is connected to the current article solely in terms of its theoretical foundation. While both articles share the same underlying meaning, they diverge in terms of research methodology, content, and textual presentation of the issue. Furthermore, the current article serves as a critique of the translation, whereas the aforementioned piece does not share this characteristic. In contrast to the previous article, the other two papers employ synonyms in their critique of the translation. However, they differ in terms of their study methodology and the content of their research topic. This article focuses on examining the synonymy between equivalent words in the target language. In contrast, the previous research explored the synonymy among source words in the Arabic language.Research MethodologyThis article aims to analyze the Persian translations of the poetry collection "To turn green from love," which consists of selected passages from Nizar Qabbani's poems. The analysis focuses on identifying and exploring the synonyms used in the translations. The equivalents will be assessed using three different methods. Initially, the user consults dictionaries to obtain the primary or inherent definition of the term, along with some synonyms that convey the same idea. Subsequently, through contextual analysis and the examination of word co-occurrences, the meanings of the term are deciphered and elucidated. Simultaneously, the chosen translation equivalent is scrutinized, and a more appropriate alternative is proposed.ConclusionThe research findings indicate that certain equivalents were selected in the translation process without taking into account the principle of cohabitation or closeness of terms. Occasionally, other terms have been used that differ from the primary word of the poem in terms of both usage and style. In certain locations, alternative terms have been selected that possess a greater depth of significance compared to the primary word. These equivalents express the meanings of the destination words in a broad manner; therefore, the translations do not possess the gracefulness of the phrases in the original poem. Among the similar terms in Farsi, certain examples have been chosen where the emotional intensity is lower compared to the Arabic word in the source text. However, it should be noted that there are instances in Persian where the emotional intensity is higher. The translator frequently employed literary counterparts that failed to capture the full meaning and emotional depth of the Arabic words, resulting in a challenging reading experience for the poem.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Zeinab Nazemian; Batool Meshkinfam; Nasrin Faghih Malek Marzban
Abstract
"Motion" is the fundamental basis of existence. Multiple scientific disciplines have examined and established this concept based on their own fields of study. Cognitive linguistics approaches this category from a philosophical-mental-linguistic perspective and investigates the process of how motion concepts ...
Read More
"Motion" is the fundamental basis of existence. Multiple scientific disciplines have examined and established this concept based on their own fields of study. Cognitive linguistics approaches this category from a philosophical-mental-linguistic perspective and investigates the process of how motion concepts are formed and transferred from the external world to the mind and from the mind to language. Talmy introduces the notion of motion verbs, categorizing languages as either verb-oriented (lexical) or satellite-framed based on the demonstrative direction of verbs. The present study employs an analytical-descriptive method to examine the translation of the novel Alfatah Al-Akhira from Arabic to Persian. The study focuses on the extent to which translators utilize verb-oriented verbs and satellite framing. Additionally, the study aims to investigate the reasons behind the differing translation choices made by different translators in terms of verb-oriented and satellite-framed translations. The findings of the current study indicate that two translators, when translating the novel Alfatah Al-Khaira, deemed satellite framing as a more appropriate template for conveying motion concepts from Arabic to Persian. Also, when the translations of these motion verbs were compared and looked at, it was found that being satellite-framed does not always mean that the idea is communicated better and more completely. However, taking into account the elements of association and substitution, as well as the verb's connection with other components of the phrase and the context of the text, is crucial to ensuring a more effective translation.Keyword: Cognitive Linguistics, Leonard Talmy, Lexicalization, Satellite Framing, Alfatah Al-Khaira.IntroductionThe initial indication of existence is "motion," making it the paramount element to be regarded in the context of both existence and transformation. The significance of this concept has led intellectuals in the realms of philosophy and cognitive science to assign considerable value to it and develop theories about it in recentyears. In the field of philosophy, Merleau-Ponty, a prominent phenomenologist, introduced the theory of "physicality of perception" and emphasized the role of motion in creating time and space. Contrary to popular belief, Merleau-Ponty does not argue that space and time must exist before motion. Instead, he posits that motion itself generates the required space and time. (Shokri, 1395: 113) Heidegger's concept of "being in the-world" can be understood as the origin of motion.Leonard Talmy, a distinguished professor of linguistics and philosophy at the University of Buffalo in New York, has developed a renowned theory in the field of cognitive linguistics. This theory, known as the "theory of motion verbs," focuses on the conversion of motion concepts into linguistic expressions. Talmy's expertise lies in the study of semantic communication, formal linguistic structures, and semantic taxonomy.Talmy's theory of lexicalization explains the transformation of different motion aspects, such as cause, manner, state, path, context, and body, from a physical state to a conceptual state and subsequently into words that become part of language. According to this theory, motion verbs fall into two categories: verb-oriented and satellite-framed. The initial category comprises basic verbs that "lexicalize" motion, while the subsequent category consists of complex verbs that incorporate satellite with the basic verb to convey certain nuances of motion notions. Consequently, we can conceptualize a continuum for action words, with lexicalization on one end and the satellite axis on the other end. The present study is centered around the translation of these verbs from Arabic to Persian, with a specific focus on analyzing the variations and commonalities in their translation within two different renditions of Nadia Murad's novel "Alfatah Al-Akhira.".The challenge in Thalami's theory lies in the fact that not all languages in the world adhere to the same pattern when it comes to verb-oriented or verb-oriented motion verbs. Some languages exhibit a greater emphasis on verbs, while others exhibit a lesser emphasis.However, as elucidated in the article, it is evident that when translating Arabic verbs into Persian, they can be rendered in either verb-oriented or satellite-framed forms.The current study is significant as it applies Thalami's theory of motor verbs to the field of translation. Furthermore, it not only compares verbs in two distinct languages but also expresses and evaluates their translation by two separate translators. Given the absence of prior studies on the intersection of translation and cognitive linguistics in the relevant areas, the significance of this analysis in the field of translation studies is considerable. Simultaneously, it is regarded as an innovative contribution to the present research.Literature ReviewSeveral studies have been conducted about the subject matter of this article. The following study findings are worth mentioning:In their 2019 research titled "Analysis of the use of the motion verb 'anzal' in the Qur'an based on Talamy's linguistic theory," Behrouzi et al. conducted an analysis of this verb and determined that it functions as a directed and dynamic verb. The medium that focuses on the disclosure of the Qur'an and the expression of kindness towards humanity is characterized by a significant level of occurrence.In their 2018 research titled "Comparison of verbs of motion in Persian and English from the Cognitive Point of View and Cognitive Category," Eslamipour and Sharafzadeh conducted a comparative analysis of verbs of motion in Persian and English. They determined that the Persian language differs from English in this aspect. The English language exhibits a greater inclination for satellite framing. In Farsi, dominant satellite refers to the state, but in English, it refers to the orientation.In their 2011 research titled "Lexicalization in Persian Verbs of Motion: A New Model," Ezekia and Sassani examined the concept and process of lexicalization in Persian verbs. They found that when analyzing the event of motion, two distinct approaches are taken. The first approach, known as the holistic approach, focuses solely on integrating the central conceptual structures within the action verb. The second approach, referred to as the partial approach, takes into account the peripheral conceptual structures, which also play a role in the integration with the action verb.Hamedi Shirvan and Sharifi looked at the category of satellite in Talamy's theory of language classification in their 2013 study, "Investigation of the Cognitive Category of the Category "Satellite" in the Event Construction of Motion Verbs in Persian Language." They found that the Persian language can be classified as both satellite-oriented and verb-oriented according to Talmy's division. This is because certain features of Persian align with satellite-oriented languages, while others resemble verb-oriented languages.In their study titled "Investigation of the Conceptualization of Motion in Persian Compound Verbs: A Cognitive Approach" (1401), Azgoli et al. examine the lexicalization of compound verbs of motion in the Persian language. They find that the components of motion and manner have a higher frequency of lexicalization. Ilkhanipour and Karimi Dostan looked at three semantic dimensions of facet in Persian facet attributes in their 2015 study called "Lexicalization of the Semantic Dimensions of Facet in Persian Facet Attributes." These dimensions are facet power, facet base, and source of order. They find that in Persian facet attributes, the three forces of obligation, possibility, and necessity are highly lexicalized.Upon further examination, it has been discovered that no research has been conducted in Iran thus far that explores the notion of thalamic verbs in translation. Therefore, the novelty of this current research lies in its focus on addressing this particular issue.Research MethodologyFor this study, we have chosen two Persian translations of the Arabic novel Al-Hattat al-Akhira. Subsequently, a selection of motion verbs has been haphazardly pulled from various sections of this text. Next, the translation of these verbs was extracted and assessed in a comparative manner by comparing two translations. Regarding the topic of discussion, an analysis has been conducted to determine whether the two translators exhibit a preference for verb-oriented or satellite-oriented translation while translating motion verbs. What are the reasons for selecting each one, and how does the meaning-development process occur in them?ConclusionThe outcome of the discussion is that, because the Persian language is satellite-oriented, there is a greater preference for using satellite-oriented verbs. The translation of verbs in the form of verb-oriented or satellite-oriented does not alter the semantic component.To address the initial question of the discussion and validate its hypothesis, it is important to note that a comprehensive analysis was conducted on the novel "Alfatah Al-Akhira." A total of 44 motion verbs were identified as the statistical population for this study. The translations of these 44 verbs were then compared in two different translations by Chobani and Nazari. It was noted that neither of the translators used the past tense for any of the 44 verbs translated in a verb-oriented form. This suggests that the employment of motion verbs in verb-oriented form is uncommon in the Persian language. Among the 44 verbs, Chobani and Nazari have translated 23 verbs into the satellite-oriented form. This observation highlights the prevalence of satellite-oriented motion verbs in the Persian language. In addition, Chobani translated ten verbs into a verb-oriented form, whereas Nazari translated them into a satellite-oriented version. However, Chobani has rendered eleven verbs in a satellite-oriented form and Nazari in a verb-oriented form, indicating a relatively equal distribution between the two translators. Consequently, it may be concluded that the two translators have deemed the form of satellite framing as a more appropriate paradigm for conveying motion principles from Arabic to Persian.Regarding the second question and supporting its hypothesis, it was found that being satellite-oriented does not always lead to a better and more complete way of expressing the idea through translation by comparing and looking at these motion verbs. Instead, it highlights the aspects of coexistence, substitution, and the verb's connection with other elements of the sentence. Furthermore, the context of the text plays a significant role in effectively conveying its meaning. Factors such as the verb's emphasis on action or activity, the verb'semphasis on the goal, origin, or journey, and the mental states of individuals inferred from the context of the text are some of the factors that impact the effective transmission of meaning. However, the verb being satellite-oriented does not imply that it is more comprehensive in terms of its meaning.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Fatemeh Araji
Abstract
The translation process is one of the most active stages in the production and payment of cultural goods, which today actively plays a role in shaping the literary taste of the audience. The translated text will be sent to the publishing market primarily due to cultural situations. Probably in some areas, ...
Read More
The translation process is one of the most active stages in the production and payment of cultural goods, which today actively plays a role in shaping the literary taste of the audience. The translated text will be sent to the publishing market primarily due to cultural situations. Probably in some areas, translation is faced with the pressure of homogeneous approaches that are quite implicit and creepy, which, with scales and criteria, determine the framework of the "appropriate" literary work. Macro systems, value institutions, protocols, and literary-cultural awards all form an important part of the hypertext context and the process of selecting and translating the text. Therefore, it is important to know how a translation can regulate the entry and exit of cultural goods. Meanwhile, the Booker Prize ceremony of the Arabic novel is influenced by the valuable institutions that have significantly controlled the Arabic novel publishing market for many years by their own criteria. On the other hand, the market for translating Arabic narrative texts in Iran has also been affected by this trend. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method to explain the role of institutions in the two areas of selection, consumption, and its consequences in constructing a pattern of cultural consumption and audience taste in the translation publishing market, based on Pierre Bourdieu's field theory. One of the results of this study is that the consumption pattern of Arabic narrative texts in Iran, with the Booker Prize in the Arab world, has become a meaningful and action-oriented model, and the field capital by mastering the habits, the translation norm of narrative texts has influenced Arabic in Iran, so much so that the role of the translator has become truly inferior, especially since with the rise of the patronage institution, the efficiency of translators has declined significantly compared to previous periods.
Gholamreza Karimifard; Hamidreza Pirmoradian; ali babaeidamtasoj
Abstract
Kalila and Demna was translated into Pahlavi language by Borzuya and two centuries later into Arabic by Ibn al-Muqaffa'. Later, in the sixth century AH, as the Pahlavi version was lost, the Arabic translation became the basis for translators such as Nasrullah Munshi and Muhammad ibn Abdullah Bukhari. ...
Read More
Kalila and Demna was translated into Pahlavi language by Borzuya and two centuries later into Arabic by Ibn al-Muqaffa'. Later, in the sixth century AH, as the Pahlavi version was lost, the Arabic translation became the basis for translators such as Nasrullah Munshi and Muhammad ibn Abdullah Bukhari. This article seeks to examine the similarities and differences between the two translations by focusing on the story of the Pious Man and the Skunk. For this purpose, the present article relies on the analytical-descriptive method and Eugene Nida’s Translation theory. The results of this study show that both translators, by distancing from word-for-word translation, which was very common at the time, relied on eloquence and made adjustments and immersed the reader in the discourse of the story. However, Nasrullah Munshi was more concerned with delivering the proper effect and conveying the main message of the text to the audience. Therefore, he made more adjustments in his translation and hence, added Quranic verses, hadiths, poems and Arabic proverbs to his translation which became closer to Nida's dynamic equivalence. On the other hand, Bukhari, on the order of the Shah who was the audience of his translation, remained faithful to the original text, sticking to the details and frameworks of the stories, hence, it is inclined toward Nida’s features of formal equivalence. Yet, he also sometimes makes minor adjustments in translation due to cross-cultural and cross-lingual differences, which are not very frequent compared to Munshi’s translation.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Zahra Karamzadegan; Fateme Mazaheri
Abstract
Critical discourse analysis gave the translators the permission to violate the principle of trustworthiness, and in the translation of texts that contain ideology, to recreate and make their language choices in line with the culture and ideology of the target text. On the other hand, the speed and intensity ...
Read More
Critical discourse analysis gave the translators the permission to violate the principle of trustworthiness, and in the translation of texts that contain ideology, to recreate and make their language choices in line with the culture and ideology of the target text. On the other hand, the speed and intensity of the impact of media discourse has made the media the center of attention of politicians and those in power, and a tool for the dissemination of political discourses. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the application of the strategies presented in the critical discourse analysis approach in the process of translating political texts using a descriptive-analytical method and using the Vandyke model. The research data has been selected from the two news networks Al-Arabiya and Al-Sharq in the period of 2019 to 2022, focusing on the Yemen war. And the findings of the research indicate that these two news networks use the strategies of minimization, disclosure, delegitimization, legitimization, prejudice, empathy, generalization and magnification from the axis of syntax, and the strategies of initiation, marginalization and word order from the axis of syntax, the strategy of playing with numbers from the axis of rhetoric, the strategy of choosing words aligned from the axis of style, two strategies of anti-realistic forms and truth from the axis of reasoning and the strategy of changing behavioral actions from the axis of action, trying to present a negative representation of The actions of the Houthis are a positive representation of the actions of Saudi Arabia. And in the process of translation, the translator must reverse these representations in line with the politics of her country by using similar and sometimes opposite strategies to the strategies in the source tex.Keywords: Critical Discourse Analysis, Van Dijk Model, Media Discourse, Ideology.IntroductionEach type of political discourse is carried out with a special communication purpose and role, such as persuading, forcing, threatening or promising the audience. Writers and translators of political texts always use ideological strategies in order to reflect their thoughts, ideology, political beliefs and the ruling system of their society, in order to emphasize or downplay events and political actors. On the other hand, the approach of critical discourse analysis, which was formed due to the inadequacy of the formalist approach in the analysis of the discourse to the sentence and text, considers ideology as the guiding factor of the text, and the main task of the critical analyst is to discover and analyze the ideology reflected in the linguistic structures in the context. It knows its socio-political. Therefore, with the approach of critical discourse analysis, the translator can influence the feelings, opinions and thoughts of his audience through "intrusion and capture" or in other words by changing the linguistic forms of the source text.Literature ReviewSo far, countless researches have been carried out with the approach of critical discourse analysis in order to analyze texts from different genres in Persian, Arabic, English, etc. languages. In this article, we limit ourselves to mentioning examples from two groups of these researches.1-1-Researches that have investigated the reflection of ideology in political texts- In his article "Opinions and ideologies in the press" translated by Zahra Haddad and his colleagues (2006), Theon E. VanDyke explained the complex relationships between ideology, opinions and discourse structures and explained the ideological square and tools. Bayani, in ideological representation in media discourse, has done a detailed analysis of a part of the note printed in the Washington Post newspaper, which is written by Jim Hoagland.- Agha golzadeh and his colleague (2013) in the article "Analysis of representational methods of news selection based on the critical discourse analysis approach" to evaluate and analyze the vocabulary used in the media, including nouns, adjectives and adverbs, in the framework of lexical generalization strategies., addressed expressions, extreme vocabulary have been discussed.- Lotfollah Yarmohammadi (2013) in his book called "Communications from the perspective of critical discourse analysis", has given ten articles in the field of critical discourse analysis, which were written by him or with his colleagues. Among these articles, we can refer to the article "Research on the degree of openness or concealment of the message in selected Iranian editorials: a relationship between discourse-oriented structures and intellectual-social infrastructure structures".- Shahryar Niazi and his colleagues (2017) in the article "Study of Ideological Representation of Iran in the Asharq Al-Awsat newspaper based on the Vandyke model", after examining twenty political analyzes from the "Al-Sharq Al-Awsat" newspaper in a one-year period from 1996 to 1997, came to this conclusion. It has been found that news writers have tried to present a negative image of Iran by using strategies such as "default" and "distancing" and on the other hand, by using strategies such as "showing" a positive image of Saudi Arabia. have presented.1-2- Researches that have investigated the translation of texts, including political texts, with the approach of critical discourse analysis:-.Schäffner and his colleague (2010) in their article called "Political Discourse of Media and Translation" have analyzed political news and the way of their translation process and have reached the point that the target text is subject to the cultural conditions of its audience. and not a function of the structure of the source text.- Li (2010) in his doctoral dissertation entitled "Translating Chinese Political Discourse: A Functional Cognitive Approach to English Translations of Chinese Political Speeches", analyzed his selected political texts in Chinese. Then, by comparing these texts with their translation in English, he has extracted the strategies that the translators have applied based on the meta-discursive elements of ideology and power in order to manage minds strategically.- Ferdous Agha golzadeh and his colleague (2015) in the article "Investigation of Ideological Representation in English Political Translated Texts in the Framework of Critical Discourse Analysis: Style and Rhetoric Axes", selected their research data from 300 written paragraphs in English about Iranian political issues. and after confronting and comparing them with the Persian translation presented by them, they investigated the issue of how far the Persian language translators used strategies based on style and rhetoric in order to reflect their ideology.- Farshid Turkashund (2015) in his article entitled "The application of critical discourse analysis in translation from Arabic to Persian", while stating the advantage of the discourse approach and especially its critical type compared to the text-based approach, one paragraph from Manflouti, two paragraphs from Mikhail has analyzed Naimah and one paragraph of Tawfiq Hakim based on Farklough's model at three levels of description, interpretation and explanation, then he has translated the texts in consideration of the analysis done.- Ailin Firouzian and her colleagues (2017) in the article "The role of syntactic strategies in the representation of the ideology of Persian translators in translated social-political written texts from the point of view of critical discourse analysis", analyzing and examining 250 speech fragments from written English social-political texts which is related to Iran's issues at the international, national or regional level. This research compares the discourse of the source language with its re-creation in the target language, and relying on the Vandyke ideological square and the syntax axis from the six axes, it has extracted the strategies used by the translators.- Hanieh Qarakhan Bagli (2021) in her master's thesis entitled "Review and analysis of the translation of Arabic political news headlines in Fars news agency based on Van Dyke's discursive approach"; It tries to investigate and explain the differences between the news headlines translated in Fars news agency and their Arabic texts between July 30, 2019 and July 30, 2014, using the descriptive-analytical method and the Vandyke model.MethodologyThis research tries to provide solutions based on the approach of critical discourse analysis and the Van Dyke model (at both micro and macro levels Vandyke model (at both micro and macro levels), so that new Iranian translators, faced with political discourses containing ideologies that conflict with the ideology of their own country, can translate the source text. The research data were selected from the two news networks "Al-Arabiya" and "Al-Sharq" which are subordinate to the policies of Saudi Arabia, focusing on the Yemen war. Next, the news that covered the events in Yemen from 2019 to 2022 were examined, then due to the limitation of this research, some speeches and texts that included the most and most comprehensive strategies proposed by Van Dyke were selected. and analyzed. Then, based on the obtained analysis, the news were translated with the approach of critical discourse analysis and the translation was also analyzed.ConclusionThis research, by examining and analyzing political texts in general and the news of Yemeni war incidents in particular, showed us that in the media discourse, an incident is narrated in different ways and sometimes such incidents undergo changes and distortions. They look as if a new incident has happened. Therefore, translators of political texts need political, cultural and social knowledge in addition to linguistic knowledge. In fact, critical discourse analysis teaches them how to use their linguistic knowledge to discover and extract the ideology hidden in texts. Then, taking into account the accepted ideology in the target text, try to neutralize that ideology or even turn the ideology around. Also, the findings of this research showed us that in texts where ideology and politics are in conflict with each other in the source and target texts, using a strategy that is opposite to the strategy embedded in the source text can be a way forward for the translator. Also, along with other strategies analyzed in the article that lead to the neutrality or neutralization of the source text, the two strategies of deletion and addition are very effective in reversing the source text.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Mohammad Bidkhuni; Hossein Aghahosseini Dehaghani
Abstract
Vocabulary critique is one of the critiques used to evaluate translations of various texts. Garces' (1994) theory is one of the most comprehensive models presented in this type of critique, which radically evaluates the quality of translation and is based on the principle of equality between the source ...
Read More
Vocabulary critique is one of the critiques used to evaluate translations of various texts. Garces' (1994) theory is one of the most comprehensive models presented in this type of critique, which radically evaluates the quality of translation and is based on the principle of equality between the source and destination text at four levels: semantic-lexical, syntactic-explicit, discourse-role, and style-cognitive purpose. This research intends to evaluate and critique the lexical choices of Mohaddith Dehlavi's translation of Fotuh al-Ghayb based on the semantic-lexical level of Garces' model by a descriptive-analytical method. For this purpose, after a brief introduction of Mohaddith Dehlavi and his translation, Garces' theory is briefly explained, and then the applicable cases of this theory are mentioned in detail in separate titles on the examples taken from the book. The findings of this study show that the terms of Dehlavi's translation can be evaluated and criticized from the perspective of the components of Garces' theory. In addition to being interpretive, this translation contains many instances of equivalence and similarity, lexical expansion, and ambiguity.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Mohammad Rahimi Khoigani
Abstract
An underexplored topic in the realm of Arabic-Persian translation is the impact of translation on political discourse. The study of political discourse in translation centers on the unavoidable ideological modifications that take place in any text throughout the process of translation, which warrant ...
Read More
An underexplored topic in the realm of Arabic-Persian translation is the impact of translation on political discourse. The study of political discourse in translation centers on the unavoidable ideological modifications that take place in any text throughout the process of translation, which warrant careful examination and evaluation. Hence, the objective of this study is to examine several renditions of the dialogues between the Qatari Minister and the Saudi envoy during the commencement of the 148th session of the Arab League. This research aims to investigate the translation and representation of a single text by multiple media outlets, taking into account their ideological and political perspectives. Drawing on Christina Schäffner's theory and utilizing a descriptive-analytical technique, the study intends to determine the variations in translation and representation among these channels. The results of this study imply that both internal and external beliefs have an impact on translation modifications, and that various media platforms have altered the language and structure of the original text through word choice, grammatical changes, and textual reproduction.Keywords: Translation Critique, Christina Schäffner, 148th Arab League Summit, IdeologyIntroductionThe focus of translation critics lies on scrutinizing and assessing the essence of translation modifications and their underlying causes. This study seeks to examine the motives and techniques employed by different news agencies when modifying the texts of speeches delivered by Qatari and Saudi representatives at the 148th Arab League summit. Additionally, it aims to determine the impact of ideology and politics on the translation process and the selection of information. In order to accomplish this, the research utilizes Christina Schäffner's theoretical framework and applies it to the specific text. The study aims to ascertain the modifications made by various news outlets to the structure of Qatari and Saudi speeches, as per Christina Schäffner's theory.What was the rationale behind the modifications made to the speeches of the Qatari Minister and the Saudi Envoy, and how did these changes affect the overall content and tone of the text?The research hypotheses are assumed to relate to the following aspects: Observable changes are made in the translation and republication of the original text, encompassing word selection, information selection, transmission, and restructuring at all levels.The primary factor influencing changes in the translation process is linked to the beliefs and macro-policies of each news agency. Literature ReviewMofeh and others (2016) have attempted to examine the type of rewriting, selection, and transmission of political data.Khalozadeh et al. (2012) have tried to identify possible translation behaviors based on ideological concepts evident in the translations by fundamentalist and reformist newspapers in foreign media.Torkashvand (2016) has endeavored to demonstrate that, through critical discourse analysis, the existing ideology in the text is also revealed as a factor in its overall direction.Firouzianpour Esfahani et al. (2018) have focused on the role of syntactic strategies in representing the ideologies of Persian translators in translated political and social texts using critical discourse analysis.Abdi et al. (2021) have delved into the verbal tenses in a corpus consisting of two political biographies and their Persian translations from a critical discourse analysis perspective.Karamzadegan and Fatemeh Mozaheri (2023) have analyzed the dominant discourse in the translation of political texts (Arabic to Persian) from 2019 to 2022, focusing on the theme of war, concluding that each country's policies have directly influenced translation choices. Research MethodologyThe stages of this research are as follows:Extracting data through the source text and target text confrontation methods based on changes in the target text;Describing and analyzing the data using the ideological analysis approach based on Christina Schäffer's theoryConclusionDomestic and foreign news agencies had different approaches to the coverage of the dialogue and conflict between the Qatari Minister and the Saudi Ambassador in Egypt. This approach was evident in the selection of words, text reproduction, and information selection.The choice of words by foreign media, especially Al-Arabiya, includes two points: Firstly, sensitive words like the Arabian Gulf were issued by Qatar's representative, and this news agency merely conveyed these words. Secondly, by using the term "regime," efforts were made to draw a line between the government and the people of Iran.3: The words chosen by domestic media are in line with everyday use and Persian language customs. These media outlets have used what is common in the Persian language without considering the original text.4: Both domestic and foreign media have tried to select what aligns with their broader policies and their governments and avoid quoting other matters. However, among them, Al-Arabiya has had the highest volume of selection and omission.5: In the restructuring process, the media have tried to use strategies such as choosing titles, changing beginnings and endings, deletion, transforming direct quotations into indirect ones, transforming the face and form of verbs, etc. All of these efforts are aimed at creating a legitimate role for themselves and delegitimizing others. Additionally, part of the media's efforts is aimed at highlighting their positive features and the negative features of others.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Nafiseh Emari Allahyari; Ali Zeighami; Habib Keshavarz
Abstract
In post-coronavirus societies and the return of enthusiasm and motivation of people to exchange cultures and travel, the need for translation is felt more than ever. In the meantime, different branches of the tourism industry have been associated with interpretation. The purpose of this research is to ...
Read More
In post-coronavirus societies and the return of enthusiasm and motivation of people to exchange cultures and travel, the need for translation is felt more than ever. In the meantime, different branches of the tourism industry have been associated with interpretation. The purpose of this research is to find the most suitable solutions in the translation of proper names of tourism, know the most used strategy from the ten strategies of Van Coillie's theory (2007) in this documentary, and learn about its challenges. The research method is descriptive-analytical, in which 200 proper names were extracted from the tourism-historical documentary "Ma’alam Men Khuzestan" (Khuzestan at a Glance in Farsi) which was broadcast on Al-Kawthar International Channel, and after comparing the samples in the two Persian and Arabic versions of the documentary, it has been criticized and analyzed based on Van Coillie's theory. The research results indicate that the strategy of not translating, reproducing and copying has been used more than others. In the field of tourism, the strategy of non-translation, reproduction, and copying is considered the most appropriate translation strategies, because introducing the unique attractions of a region is one of the goals of the translator in this type of text, which must be preserved and distinguished by mentioning its original name. Other strategies are reproduction along with phonetic or morphological adaptation to the target language, deletion, non-translation along with additional explanation, and replacement with an equivalent in the target language, respectively.Keywords: Translation Strategies, Proper Names, Van Coillie, Al-Kawthar, Tourism.IntroductionKnowing the specific cultural, tourism, historical, and architectural elements of each country requires familiarity with translation approaches, which includes new researches in the field of translation of proper names. With the progress of communication and the increasing connection of all types of tourism, including cultural, religious, medical, urban, etc., with the Arabic language, the importance of translating proper names doubles.This documentary was produced by Maziar Mohajer Soltani and its text was translated into Arabic by Alireza Khajehpour. The narrators are Reza Mansour Jassim, Basmeh Shekarchi, and Manar Qitouli.Questions and Hypotheses 1- What are the challenges in the translation of proper names of tourism in Persian and Arabic languages in Van Coillie's theory?Analyzing Arabic proper names through a Western theory faces many challenges, because these strategies correspond to the structure of English grammar. The lack of Persian or Arabic theories in the translation of proper names and the lack of translation of Van Coillie's books are other problems of this research.2- In oral texts of tourism, what is the most appropriate strategy for translating proper names?It seems that combining several strategies is the best solution for translating proper names of tourism. 3- What is the most frequent method in translating proper names in this documentary and why is this method used more?It seems that the strategy of not translating, reproducing and copying has been used more than other strategies to preserve the priorities of the text or the author and transfer the cultural richness of the source language.Literature ReviewIn general, no research has been conducted on the translation of Persian proper names into Arabic in an oral tourism text. However, few research studies have been done on the translation of proper names in religious texts (Qur'an) and literary texts (novels).MethodologyThe research method is descriptive-analytical. In a way, 200 proper names were extracted from this documentary which was made in 1390-91 AH and was broadcast in 1395 in 13 episodes of 20 minutes on Al-Kawthar International Channel. After comparing samples in the two Persian and Arabic versions of the documentary, it was criticized and analyzed based on the ten strategies of Van Coillie's theory.In the theoretical literature section, the definition of proper and common nouns was mentioned, and different views on the division of proper names were also expressed.The ten axes of Van Coillie's theory are 1) Non-translation, reproduction, and copying. 2) Non-translation with additional explanations in the text or the footnote. 3) Replacement of personal name by a common noun. 4) Phonetic or morphological adaptation to the target language. 5) Replacement with the equivalent in the target language. 6) Replacement by a more widely known name from the source culture or an internationally known name with the same function. 7) Replacing a name with another name from the target language or substitution. 8) Translation of names with a particular connotation. 9) Replacement by a noun with another or additional connotation. 10) Delete. After presenting the ten strategies of Van Coillie's theory, 5 strategies were used by the translator more than other strategies, and under each strategy, explanations and several examples of those strategies and the percentage of their use compared to 200 samples were mentioned in the data analysis section.ConclusionThe strategy of non-translation, reproduction, and copying was recognized as the most used strategy of this documentary by 36%, and one can understand the source-oriented perspective of the documentary translator. According to statistics, the copying of the names of geographical places with 57% is more than the copying of the names of characters with 38%. In the field of tourism, the strategy of non-translation, reproduction, and copying is considered the most suitable translation strategy, because introducing the unique attractions of a region is one of the goals of the translator in this type of texts, which should be preserved and distinguished by mentioning its original name. In the second strategy, the criterion is the way of pronouncing a proper name with the phonetic rules of the target language, and the translation method had a special place in this strategy. In the third strategy, complete and incomplete deletion has occurred in some proper names. The fourth strategy or copying with additional explanations was used to inform the audience and express its implicit meaning. Finally, the last strategy, replacement with an equivalent, seems to be useful in the form of integration with another strategy in tourism texts. Therefore, in general, the combination of strategies is considered a suitable choice in the translation of proper names of tourism oral texts. In this documentary, we have seen examples of combinations, and one of the best combinations is the combination of copying with equivalence. But combination as an independent strategy remains hidden from Van Coillie's point of view.
