Translation in Arabic language and literature
Narges Samareh; Vahideh Motahari; Reyhaneh Mollazadeh
Abstract
Jean-René Ladmiral, a French theoretician, proposed components for the translation of words that are helpful for the translator in the process of conveying meaning and creating a balance between the words of the target text or the source text. In this article, the performance of the translator ...
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Jean-René Ladmiral, a French theoretician, proposed components for the translation of words that are helpful for the translator in the process of conveying meaning and creating a balance between the words of the target text or the source text. In this article, the performance of the translator in the Arabic translation of the words of the book Imamat va Rahbari and the quality of the translation have been evaluated based on Ladmiral's model and with descriptive-analytical and statistical methods. The findings of the research show that the translator tries to convey the meaning of the words through matters such as the selection of the translator, disambiguation, minimal interpretation, and addition, and provides a comprehensible and readable translation. In many cases, words have been borrowed. Sometimes, due to the inappropriate deletion of words and inappropriate selection of equivalents, the translator has not been able to recreate the content of the message for the audience, and therefore requires revision and re-editing.Keywords: Evaluation of Translation, Javad Ali Kassar, Imamat va Rahbari Book, Morteza Motahari, Ladmiral's Theory. IntroductionWith the scientific advances that are expanding in the world, to achieve the scientific and cultural achievements of societies, the translation of texts is essential. Along with the translation of texts, its evaluation also prospered and gradually took a scientific form and was able to eliminate many shortcomings of translations and by providing effective solutions, it became a path for future translators.Due to the innate need of mankind for religion, translators in every era have tried to translate holy texts into different languages and provide the basis for the development of religious thought. The translator of religious texts always faces challenges, one of which is vocabulary balance. In the field of religion, words are used that have a special cultural meaning, and if the translator cannot find an exact equivalent in the dictionary to convey their meaning, he uses the explanatory strategy of words or a close equivalent in the target language, and sometimes the translator prioritizes vocabulary borrowing.Among these texts is the book "Imamat va Rahbari" by Shahid Morteza Motahari, which was translated into Arabic by Iraqi religious researcher and translator Javad Ali Kassar. In this thesis, the most important tool of translation, namely "scientific criticism and evaluation", is used to measure the translator's performance in the way of transferring words. For the application of this criticism, Ladmiral’s model was chosen because the useful solutions of this model are very helpful for the translator in order to convey the meaning of the words and provide a good translation.Therefore, after explaining Ladmiral's theory about the process of word transfer, the present research examines the performance of the translator and the quality of the translation by comparing two Persian and Arabic texts and expressing their differences and similarities. For this purpose, the present research seeks to answer the following questions::How does the translator perform in transferring words to Arabic based on Ladmiral's model?How did the methods used by the translator to convey the meaning of the words have an effect on improving the translation?Literature ReviewFew research studies about the evaluation of the lexical process based on Ladmiral's model are as follows:- The article "Lexical Balance and its Importance in Detailed Understanding of the Text (Case Study of Five Persian Translations Of Nahj ul-Balaghah Sermons) " by Seyyed Mehdi Masbouq and others (2014).- The article "Induction of Translation of the Story of "Thousand and One Nights" by Abdellatif Tasouji Based on the Pattern of Jean-Rene Ladmiral" by Shahram Delshad, and others (2015).- The article "Evaluation of the translation process of Nahj al-Balaghah words based on the theory of Jean René Ladmiral" by Ali Syadani and colleagues (2016).- The article A Critical Review of Mohammad Dashti's Translation of Nahj al-Balāghah (Arabic: نهج ٱلبلاغه) Based on Ladmiral’s Model (1994) by Askar Babazadeh and others (1400).The difference between the present research and the mentioned studies is that so far no criticism and evaluation has been done for the Arabic translation of the words of the book "Imamat va Rahbari" by Morteza Motahari.MethodologyThis research has been written with a descriptive-analytical and statistical method and using library tools. To collect information, the thirty-third edition of the book "Imamat va Rahbari" (164 pages) and the second edition of the book "Al-Imamat" (234 pages) were compared based on Ladmiral's theory, and by using Excel software, the frequency of components of Ladmiral was obtained. Then, by extracting the statistical data and analyzing them, the performance of the translator in the transfer of words and the quality of the translation was determined.ConclusionThe findings of this research are:1- The translator has a more audience-oriented attitude and tries to convey the meaning to the audience at any cost.2- In transferring the words, the translator has tried to choose an appropriate equivalent from among the many equivalents found in the dictionaries, and if no appropriate equivalent has been found in the dictionary, he starts with minimal interpretation and explanatory additions in the form of nominal, adverbial, verbal, etc. in order to convey the semantic layers of the word to the audience, and sometimes he chooses an equivalent according to the context by his own discretion, and when there is no lexical equivalent and even with minimal interpretation, the implied meaning of the word is not conveyed to the audience, he transferred those words to the target language in the form of borrowing.3- Sometimes, by choosing inappropriate equivalents and inappropriate omissions of words, he has not provided a readable and acceptable translation.4- To fix the inappropriate translation of some words, it is better for the translator to review and re-edit.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Arezu Pooryazdanpanah Kermani
Abstract
The Garces model is a significant theory in the field of linguistics that focuses on the qualitative examination of translated literary works to assess the quality of translations. This approach assesses translations according to two criteria: acceptability and appropriateness. It evaluates positive ...
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The Garces model is a significant theory in the field of linguistics that focuses on the qualitative examination of translated literary works to assess the quality of translations. This approach assesses translations according to two criteria: acceptability and appropriateness. It evaluates positive and negative attributes at four different levels. The initial level of this theory focuses on analyzing the components associated with vocabulary and the transmission of meaning via language. The second level involves the analysis of syntactic and morphological components, while the third and fourth levels focus on evaluating discourse and text style. Farīd ud-Dīn ʿAṭṭār of Nishapur’s Mantiq Al-Tair is highly esteemed Persian mystical poetry that has been translated into other languages. Currently, Dr. Badi’ MohammadJomeh’s translation, which he conducted at Ain Shams University, is the most thorough of these translations. Furthermore, Mohammad Jomeh’s original translation of Mantiq Al-Tair by Attar has been praised for its self-worth in conveying the logic and invaluable ideas of the author to the Arab world. The translation is particularly notable for its precision, conciseness, eloquence, and literary highlights. As a result, it has been subjected to examination and evaluation using the Garces model and its four levels. The research findings suggest that the translator has faithfully followed the source language in the mentioned translation. Furthermore, the translation demonstrates greater acceptability and adequacy in terms of lexical and syntactic-morphological meaning compared to the other two levels. The translator's proficiency is particularly evident at these two levels. He has employed a greater number of constructive methods. However, the translation being examined has prominently featured negative tactics at two levels of discourse: functional and stylistic-semantic. This might be attributed to the choice of content for translation, specifically mystical systems. Despite incorporating culturally similar parts, the elevation of Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh’s translation can be attributed to lexical expansion, compensation, and changes in syntax and structure.Keywords: Translation Criticism, Literary translation, Mantiq Al-Tair, ʿAṭṭār of Nishapur, Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh, Carmen Garces.IntroductionMantiq Al-Tair is a highly significant oriental text that has beentranslated into various languages. Dr. Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh, anesteemed professor specializing in oriental studies at Ain ShamsUniversity, has successfully rendered a full translation of this work into the Arabic language. Evaluating the translation is vital to ensuring its accuracy, utilizing various translation principles and approaches. Translation criticism serves as a crucial connection between translation theory and translation practice. Garces's theory is a significant destination-oriented theory that consists of four stages. Due to its complete nature, it can serve as an effective model for assessing the quality of translations, particularly in the context of literary translated works, in terms of their acceptability and adequacy. This essay aims to assess the Arabic translation of Mantiq Al-Tair by Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh using Garces' methodology, employing an analytical-descriptive approach.Literature ReviewSome significant research has been conducted in the field of translation criticism, specifically regarding the translation of Mantiq Al-Tair and the application of the Garces model. Notable articles include "Mantiq Al-Tair of Attar in Lebanon (criticism on the research and translation of the Arabic Mantiq Al-Tair)" (1383) by Nik Manesh, "Criticism and review of the Persian translation of the novel Qalb al-Lil with the title Del Shab based on the model of Garces" (1396) by Ali Sayadani et al., "Lexual criticism of the translation of Sheikh Abdulhaq Mohadath Dehlavi from Fatuh al-Ghayb based on the semantic level - Garces Lexicon" (1400) by Bidkhoni and AghHosseini, "Hermeneutic view of the French translation of somemystical words of Al- Mantiq Al-Tair based on the opinions of Umberto Eco" (1400) by Moghaddam and Akrami Fard company, and "Study in Translation Al-Arabiya for the Mantiq Al-Tair" (2006) by Nadi Hassoun.It is evident that the Arabic translation of Mantiq Al-Tair has not been systematically and critically evaluated using translation criticism theories. Furthermore, the studies based on Garces theory are restricted to the translation of novels and fictional works, and despite the potential of Garces theory to assess the translation of poetic texts, no research has been conducted thus far to critique and evaluate text translations using this theory. Therefore, it is imperative to elucidate the acceptability and sufficiency of the planned translation by listing the favorable and unfavorable characteristics.Research MethodologyGarces theory is a comprehensive model used to assess literary writings. It goes beyond just the translation of words and phrases and takes into account four different levels. The Garces model is widely regarded as a prominent model for evaluating the translation of literary texts. The increasing adoption of this approach by scholars in recent years demonstrates its favorable standing among translation critics. This paradigm operates on the notion of parity between the source and destination texts. According to Garces, the source text and the translation should aim for maximum equivalence on all four levels. The four layers are: semantic-lexical, syntactic-morphological, discourse-role, and stylistic-intentional.ConclusionMantiq Al-Tair is a significant spiritual poem in Persian poetry and literature that has been translated into other languages. This essay critically evaluates the Arabic translation of . Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh’s Mantiq Al-Tair, using the Garces model as a framework for analysis. Upon evaluating this translation using the four levels of the Garces model, it was concluded that the translation being examined is in the original language. Out of the four levels in the Garces model, this translation demonstrates a higher level of conformity with the semantic-lexical level compared to the other three levels. The subgroups that have emerged in this translation at this level include assimilation, lexical expansion, lexical account, general and specific, definition and explanation, cultural equivalent, and syntactic expansion. At this stage, the translator has employed constructive methods with the exception of one instance (lexical explanation). Out of the subcategories stated, lexical expansion and lexical account are more frequent in this translation.The translation examines modifications in syntax or structure, alterations in viewpoint, compensation, implications, and the elimination of subsets at the syntactic-morphological level. Among these modifications, the change of syntax or structure is particularly prominent in this translation. In addition to implication and omission, which are negative strategies at this level, the translator has employed positive techniques. All subcategories within the two levels of discourse—functional and stylistic-semantic—are seen asnegative strategies. The most common ones are the translator's mistake and changing the function of rhetorical devices.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Majid Salehbek; Abdolqader Pariz; Parvin Sanei
Abstract
With a systematic and systematic view, Saussure considers language to be a set of signs, and therefore, in her linguistic theory, sign is the main keyword. Signs are also very important in translation, and the translator should be able to identify the relationships between them by knowing the words of ...
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With a systematic and systematic view, Saussure considers language to be a set of signs, and therefore, in her linguistic theory, sign is the main keyword. Signs are also very important in translation, and the translator should be able to identify the relationships between them by knowing the words of the text accurately and use these relationships for a more accurate translation; This issue is doubly important in the translation of the Holy Quran. Among the words used in the Holy Qur'an, whose semantic analysis requires attention and precision, is the word "Sehr". The present research, which was carried out in an analytical-descriptive method, tries to answer the question with a semantic-structuralist approach, how the different levels and layers of meaning of the word "Sehr" are formed in the Holy Quran, and the concept of "sohar" in the use of the Holy Quran, based on The axis of substitution and companionship is synonymous with which words? And the obtained result states that although both in the Persian original of the word "Sehr" and in the Arabic dictionary, one of its main meanings, "Nasab", is mentioned, but on the other hand, its association with the same word causes it to have a different meaning. To be therefore, translators have taken different approaches in this regard, and some of them have translated the two into relative and causative, taking into account the conflicting relationship between Nasb and Sahr. Some have translated these two as male and female. Also, although the meaning of son-in-law for the word Sahr is found in many sources, but in the ten translations examined in this article, only one of the sources, the translation of Fuladvand, gives such a meaning for this word.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
yosra shadman; fatemeh Akbarizadeh
Abstract
Jean-René Ladmiral, in the field of translation theory with a destination-oriented approach, believes that limiting translation to simple encryption is incorrect and the translator should produce meaning or re-create it. This theoretician has provided solutions such as displacement, disambiguation, ...
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Jean-René Ladmiral, in the field of translation theory with a destination-oriented approach, believes that limiting translation to simple encryption is incorrect and the translator should produce meaning or re-create it. This theoretician has provided solutions such as displacement, disambiguation, addition, etc. This essay presents examples of successful translations according to ladmiral's components and analyzes their success according to the components. Then he mentioned other examples that were not successful according to the components and also stated their lack of success. Finally, the reasons for the strength and weakness of Amiri's translation are shown based on Admiral's theory. The result of the research shows that the translator has fully complied with the components of Jean-René Ladmiral in terms of disambiguation and augmentation and has presented a readable and understandable text in the target culture. But in some cases, especially in the examples of displacement and deletion, the translator used the components of the Admiral's model inappropriately and caused damage to the story in the transfer of meaning and rhetoric.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Nikoo Nikrah; Alireza Nazari; Aliasghar Shahbazi
Abstract
Translation is the process of transferring linguistic data in many literary texts, especially fictional works, due to the existence of various specific cultural elements of the source culture, it acts as a bridge for cultural interactions and their ability to select the correct or more correct equivalent ...
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Translation is the process of transferring linguistic data in many literary texts, especially fictional works, due to the existence of various specific cultural elements of the source culture, it acts as a bridge for cultural interactions and their ability to select the correct or more correct equivalent in the target text can be considered as a factor in assessing the success or failure of the translator. Newmark, more than other theorists, was aware of the importance of this issue and, in addition to categorizing concepts, provided solutions for replacing cultural elements. The novel "Safar" by Mahmoud Dowlatabadi, with its internal content and narrative movement within the framework of traditional Iranian culture, encompasses all the cultural elements that Newmark considers, and the translator of this work into Arabic has faced multiple challenges in this regard. This article, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on Newmark's theory, attempts to analyze and criticize the translator's selection of cultural elements and to evaluate and even perform a stylistic analysis of the translator's performance in using Newmark's solutions. The results show that the most frequent cultural elements were related to material culture and proverbs, and the translator used a combination of more strategies than other methods in translating cultural elements. It can be said that the reason for the translator's frequent use of this method is the large number of some cultural concepts, including material culture and proverbs, and also to eliminate ambiguity and provide explanations in footnotes for better familiarity of Arabic-speaking audiences.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
seyyed Mehdi Masboogh; Solmaz Ghafari
Abstract
Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda is one of the narrative works that revives a huge part of ancient popular culture and literature. This book contains many popular stories in the form of fourteen chapters, in which more than two hundred life stories of trapped people are depicted in the form of stories with moral ...
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Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda is one of the narrative works that revives a huge part of ancient popular culture and literature. This book contains many popular stories in the form of fourteen chapters, in which more than two hundred life stories of trapped people are depicted in the form of stories with moral themes. Dehestani has a high reputation for his translation of Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda. Today, with the expansion of translation studies, translation criticism aims to evaluate the translation compared to the original text and measure its quality, as well as find out how the translator works in translation. One of the appropriate models of translation criticism is Katarina Rice's model, which has been less studied by researchers. Considering the comprehensiveness of translation criticism techniques in Katarina Rice's model compared to other translation models, the present research can provide a comprehensive analysis of the Persian translation of the book Al-Farj after Al-Shada from two linguistic and meta-linguistic perspectives, while applying Rice's model; Because the structural difference of the two languages is definitely significant and undeniable in the translation process, and this issue can be useful in translation research and linguistic studies. Considering the volume of the book, its first chapter was examined as the body of the research. The result of the research showed that Dehestani's translation is an adapted translation of " Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda".
Translation in Arabic language and literature
fatemeh savari; Naeim Amori
Abstract
Criticism and evaluation of translation is one of the most important fields of study,which measures and recognizes the quality level of translated texts.This evaluation requires linguistic researches of prominent theorists. One of the most important linguistic models introduced and known is the translation ...
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Criticism and evaluation of translation is one of the most important fields of study,which measures and recognizes the quality level of translated texts.This evaluation requires linguistic researches of prominent theorists. One of the most important linguistic models introduced and known is the translation model of Mrs. "Carmen Garces". The present research, with a descriptive-analytical method, aims to investigate and evaluate the novel "Fi Qalbi Anthi Ibriya" by Khawla Hamdi translated by Ms.Asmaa Khajazadeh, using the model proposed by Carmen Garces as a measure and model for evaluating the quality of translation. Ms. Carmen Garces proposes four levels for measuring and evaluating translations, which are: 1- semantic-lexical level; 2- syntactic-word-building (morphological) level; 3- Discursive-applicative level; 4- Stylistic-semantic level.The current study examines only two levels of semantic-lexical and syntactic-lexical construction.Then it deduces that: the most prominent components of semantic-lexical levels in this translation are cultural or functional equivalents, syntactic expansion, syntactic contraction, ambiguity, and in the same proportion general or vice versa, and at the syntactic-lexical level, the most prominent components are literal translation, adaptation, changing syntactically or grammatically, changing the point of view, explaining or expanding the meaning, reducing and eliminating which change the type of sentence in translation.The adequacy and acceptability of a translation is based on counting its positive and negative features.Therefore the higher the number of positive features of the translated text, the higher is its adequacy and acceptability.It can be said that Khawajazadeh's translation conforms to the model of Garces and it has good adequacy and acceptability.