Translation in Arabic language and literature
Ahmad Pashazanos; Abdolali Alebooyeh Langerudi; Mohammad Zangoui
Abstract
One of the beautiful Qur'anic styles for expressing the truth, attracting attention and informing the audience is asking questions. Most of the questions in the Qur'an have purposes other than real questions. Rhetoric scholars have listed several secondary meanings, such as denial, mockery, surprise, ...
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One of the beautiful Qur'anic styles for expressing the truth, attracting attention and informing the audience is asking questions. Most of the questions in the Qur'an have purposes other than real questions. Rhetoric scholars have listed several secondary meanings, such as denial, mockery, surprise, interpretation, negation, etc. for questioning. Until now, various theories of translation have been used as codified frameworks to evaluate the translations of the Qur'an. Among them, Jean-Paul Vine and Jean Darblene published a book titled "Comparative French and English Stylistics" in 1958, which later became an important source for translation scholars. Became. Vineh and Darblene introduced techniques in this work. In this article, after explaining these techniques and their sub-branches with a descriptive analytical method and confronting the quality of their application in the translation of secondary meanings, four translators of the Holy Quran (Makaram Shirazi, Aiti, Ansarian and Elahi Qomshei) who due to differences In the approach, the jurisprudential attitude and the method of translation that they have have differences, advantages and disadvantages relative to each other, and its purpose is to explain how and the extent of the application of the translation model of Vineh and Darbalteh in the translations under review. the findings of the research show that the translators have used literal translation, which is one of the components of direct translation, more than other components, considering the sanctity of the Qur'an text and its special linguistic features. On the other hand, the transposition technique - as one of the components of indirect translation, has the highest frequency after literal translation due to the difference in the grammatical structure of Arabic and Persian languages; The indirect technique of assimilation also has a lower frequency than other components due to the cultural similarities between the two languages and the prohibition of excessive interference in the Qur'an.Keywords: Interrogation, Secondary Meanings, Veena and Darblaneh, Selected Translations of the Holy Quran.IntroductionQuestioning is deposited as a natural instinct in the existence of every human being and is one of the signs of his intellectual development. Whenever a person does not know about something and wants to know about it, he tries to get the necessary knowledge by using questions. In the Holy Qur'an, which is the most important miracle of the Prophet of Islam, many questions are used, and most of these questions are figurative, and the reason for this is God's control and knowledge of all matters, and the real questions in the Qur'an are usually from someone other than God. have been. In the Qur'anic questions and rhetorical purposes, the meaning and meaning of the theologian, which consists of secondary meanings, has been the opinion of Qur'anic commentators and translators since the very distant past.On the other hand, the translation of the verses of the Holy Quran from Arabic to another language, such as Persian, may not accurately convey the secondary meanings of interrogatives that exist in Arabic, due to differences in linguistic structures and principles. The concept of questioning, which is used in the Qur'an and can refer to a number of secondary meanings, may have some shortcomings in translation into other languages, and there may be differences in the meanings of questioning.Finally, the translation of the Qur'an is an interpretive process, and the translator's interpretation, linguistic and cultural conditions, and his personal understanding may influence the translation. Studying and researching in this field sheds light on the rhetorical subtleties in the verses that highlight the miraculous aspect of the Qur'an, and by thinking and considering these verses and the questions used in them, one can understand the main intention of God. and obtained a correct translation of those verses.Literature ReviewThe background of the current research should be examined in two parts; First, the researches conducted on the translation of Quranic interrogatives and secondly in the field of translation criticism based on the model of Winnie and Darbelneh. Regarding the first part, the following studies can be mentioned:Dissertation "Aesthetics of Quranic interrogatives and Shia interpretations, parts 4, 5, and 6" by Hakimeh Sadeghinejad (master's degree in Arabic language and literature, Yazd University, 2013).The article "Rhetorical Secrets of Interrogation in the Qur'an" by Hassan Rezaei, Arabic Literature Magazine, 2014.Thesis "Interrogatives and their use in the Holy Qur'an" by Seyyed Mahmoud Qasrinejad (Master's degree in Arabic language and literature, Tarbiat Modares University, 1379).Regarding the background of the second part of the present article, it should be said that the seven-fold model of Vinny and Darbelneh has been used in many studies in the field of translation criticism. including:An analysis of Garmarodi's translation of the letter of Imam Ali (pbuh) to Malik Ashtar based on the seven methods of Vinah and Darblanah (2017), in which Esmaili Taheri and his colleagues have criticized examples of Mousavi's translation of Garmarodi based on the seven methods of Vinah and Darblanah. . According to the findings of the research, Garmarodi's translation was in most cases an indirect translation, which caused the fluency of his translation.The article analyzing a part of the novel "Al-Shahaz" based on the theoretical model of Wini and Darblaneh (2018), Shahriar Niazi and colleagues have tried to extract comparative examples from the translation of Najib Mahfouz's Al-Shahaz book based on the translation techniques of Wina and Darblaneh. The result of this research shows that the translator has benefited the most from the indirect translation method in order to be able to artistically reproduce the textual materials of the source language in the target language.Criticism of the translation of parts of the time of Sayyidat al-Qamar" with an emphasis on the seven techniques (1401) The achievement of Mohammad Nabi Ahmadi and Yahya Babaei in this research is that the translator paid much attention to the reader in translating the time of Sayyidat al-Qamar and had a goal-oriented approach. ; Therefore, indirect techniques have been used abundantly in the presented translation.According to the mentioned backgrounds and also according to the review of the authors, so far no research has been done in connection with the translation of the secondary meanings of interrogatives in the translations of Shirazi, Aiti, Ansarian and Elahi Qomshei based on the theory of translation of Vinah and Darblanah.Research MethodologyResearchers have used the descriptive-analytical method to investigate the translation of Quranic interrogatives in four selected translations. And the review of the translations is done based on the Vinny and Darbleneh method.ConclusionThe results of this research in the first part in response to the question that what are the similarities and differences of the mentioned translations in the context of the secondary meanings of the Quranic interrogatives? and why as follows:And the result of the review of the translations of the four translators of the Holy Quran (Makaram Shirazi, Aiti, Ansarian and Elahi Qomshei) based on the seven translation strategies of "Vini" and "Darbelneh" is summarized in the following points:1- The translation of Makarem Shirazi is a direct translation of the Wini Darbelaneh type due to frequent use of the literal method (85 percent), balance method (5 percent) and displacement method (10 percent) and is close to the source text.2- Due to the frequent use of the literal method (80 percent), displacement method (15 percent) and imitation method (5 percent), the translation of the verse is a direct translation of the Wini Darbelneh and is close to the source text.3- Ansarian's translation, due to the frequent use of the literal method (90 percent) and the displacement method (10 percent), is a translation of the direct type of Wini Darbelneh and is originalist.4- The translation of Elhi Qomshei due to the frequent use of the literal method (60 percent), the method of balance (10 percent), the method of assimilation (15 percent) and the method of displacement (15 percent) is a translation of the direct type of Wini Darbelneh. and is close to the original text.5- No translation is 100% source oriented or destination oriented, but always a combination of the two.6- The translations examined in the order of degree of direct or original translation from the highest to the lowest are as follows: Ansarian, Makarem Shirazi, Aiti and Elahi Qomshei's translation.7- The translations examined in the order of degree of indirect or target oriented translation from the highest to the lowest are as follows: Elahi Qomshei, Aiti, Makarem Shirazi and Ansarian translation.8- In general, all four translations of the Qur'an under review are close to the original text due to the frequent use of the literal method (literal translation). The main reason for the use of more direct translation models (originalist) can be seen in the traditional attitude towards the Qur'an and the effort to preserve the structure of the Qur'an in Persian translation.9- Considering the excellence of the literal translation technique from the point of view of Wini and Darbelneh, it should be said that the translation of the Ansarians is superior to other translations due to the observance of the original text of the Qur'an; Although it is sometimes difficult for the audience to read the translated text, the explanation given below the translation and in the form of a footnote makes up for this shortcoming to some extent.10- Since the basis of the translation of Elhi Qomshei is on the expression of literary topics, he has often referred to the figurative meanings of interrogatives. But it is worth noting that in a few cases, some questions from Makarem Shirazi or Ayati have been carefully explained.11- In some cases where there was a need to explain the questions for accurate translation of some verses, no analysis was provided by the translators.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Sajjad Esmaili; Mohammad Zangoei
Abstract
Cultural categories and non-verbal features are crucial components in visual and auditory texts, serving a vital function in effectively transmitting and eliciting the primary concepts to the audience. Translators, particularly those working on movies, are primarily concerned with accurately comprehending, ...
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Cultural categories and non-verbal features are crucial components in visual and auditory texts, serving a vital function in effectively transmitting and eliciting the primary concepts to the audience. Translators, particularly those working on movies, are primarily concerned with accurately comprehending, receiving, and conveying these aspects. The translator can effectively communicate the cultural concepts and non-verbal aspects of the movie to the audience by accurately employing textual counterparts in the movie subtitles. This research is focused on the translator's role in accurately conveying the intended meaning of cultural categories and non-verbal elements in audio-visual texts. It utilizes the descriptive-analytical method to examine the translation of subtitles in the movie "Melody." The translator should undertake the task of translating these elements. To evaluate the translation of subtitles, Gottlieb's methodologies and Peter Newmark's suggested cultural categories were both used to increase the accuracy of the findings. The analysis of the Arabic translation of the subtitles of the Melody movie revealed that the translator mostly employed semantic translation and made efforts to accurately transmit cultural characteristics in the target language for enhanced clarity of meaning. Thus, to accomplish this objective, the translator has employed the methods of "rewriting," "expansion," and "transformation" from the 10 strategies proposed by Gottlieb. However, when it comes to translating non-verbal aspects, the translator has chosen not to translate these parts because they are universally understood in both the source and target languages. As a result, the translation is focused on the needs and preferences of the audience.Keywords: Cultural Categories, Non-Verbal Aspects, "Melody" Movie, Newmark, Gottlieb.IntroductionPeter Newmark emphasizes the significance of cultural values and cultural imbalance in translation and cultural transmission. He argues that when translating cultural categories, it is important to analyze the concepts of meaning and their relationship with language and culture.The goal of translation should be to accurately convey and receive cultural influence with minimal alterations. Under the term of cultural categories, he has enumerated various classifications, including ecology, material culture (artifacts), social culture, institutions, conventions, gestures, and speaking habits. Aside from culturalcategories, non-verbal factors are also a significant aspect of translation. These elements communicate the information through non-linguistic behaviors such as facial expressions, eye contact, body movements, appearance, and voice actions. The translation of cultural categories and non-verbal elements is particularly crucial in the translation of audio-visual texts, such as movie subtitles.This is because films play a significant role in conveying the culture and ideas of a society, and their translation into another language requires meticulous attention. Translation scholars have identified multiple techniques for translating audio-visual texts, particularly the subtitling of movies and TV series. Henrik Gottlieb, a Danish linguist and translator, has contributed some of these ideas. He has implemented various strategies, including expansion, conversion, rewriting, adaptation, transcription, transfer, compression, shortening, and omission, for translating film subtitles.These strategies can be utilized to assess the translator's proficiency in accurately translating a discovered subtitle. This research intends to investigate the Arabic translation of cultural categories and non-verbal aspects in the Arabic subtitles of the 2006 film "Melody" by Jahangir Jahangiri. The objective is to develop ways for achieving the most optimal translation in this context. Two questions have been presented in order to accomplish these goals:What translation tactics does the translator employ to transfer cultural categories in the subtitles of the Melody movie, using Gottlieb's translation procedures?How effectively does the translator represent the non-verbal parts of the movie "Melody"? Literature ReviewSeveral studies have been conducted on the difficulties of translating films, including critiques of the Arabic subtitles for certain Iranian films. Some notable examples include: In his 2016 thesis, Hervi examined the strategies employed in translating cultural elements in Persian subtitles of American films, using Vladimir Ivir's classification. He concluded that the most frequently used strategies were borrowing, lexical translation, replacement, deletion, definition, adding more content or explanations, and making words.In his 2019 thesis titled "Investigation of Cultural Element Translation in Arabic Subtitles of the Films "Ekhraji" and "Miraji"," Masoudi explored the application of Newmark's model and its translation methodologies for translating cultural materials.In a research paper titled "A Critical Analysis of the Arabic Subtitle of the Film Cow (Produced in 1348) Directed by Dariush Mehrjooi," Rahimi Duraki examines the Arabic subtitle of the movie Cow and concludes that it is necessary for the translator to interpret this film.The topics covered include linguistic and non-linguistic variations, grammatical comprehension, literary industries, translation of poetry and lyrics in movie songs, proper names, hilarious thoughts, offensive terms, and curses. Take into consideration religious vocabulary and terminology.Research MethodologyThe research methodology employed in this study is descriptive-analytical. Initial research on the research topic's relevant sources helped establish the theoretical underpinnings of the study. Subsequently, the cultural categories and non-verbal elements utilized in the movie "Melody" were identified and extracted. Following that, each of these elements underwent analysis using Gottlieb's suggested strategies.Conclusion1) The translator's ability to convey cultural concepts has been rather effective. There are only a few mistakes in translation and dubbing, and the majority of the translator's decisions align with the existing norms and conventions of the target language (Arabic). During the translation process, the translator has employed three of Gottlieb's 10 methods, specifically rewriting, transformation, and expansion. The primary focus of the analysis is the data derived from the film and its corresponding subtitles. The translator has selected "rewriting" as the initial strategy for analysis. However, when considering the usage rate classification outside of the Gottlieb framework, this strategy is deemed brief. When comparing the Arabic language to the Persian language, the term "removal" will be the most frequently utilized by the translator.The Melody movie effectively communicates many of its themes and meanings to the audience through non-verbal components. The non-verbal behavior in this film serves as both a substitute for spoken signals and as a means to strengthen and highlight vocal ones. Nevertheless, when it comes to translating non-verbal aspects, the translator has chosen not to translate these elements and has refrained from equating them, based on the assumption that the meaning of these elements is universally understood in both the original and target languages. Non-verbal behaviors may have different interpretations for Arabic and Persian-speaking audiences. Neglecting to accurately translate non-verbal elements in subtitles can lead to misunderstandings and ambiguity in the translated subtitles. Hence, it is imperative to conduct a comparative analysis of the non-verbal elements used by Arabic and Persian speakers. This analysis aims to identify and categorize the unique non-common elements, which can then be incorporated into subtitle texts. The findings of this analysis can be further explored in a separate article.
