Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Mohammadnabi Ahmadi; Farzaneh Chelehnia
Abstract
Translation of literary texts is one of the most difficult types of translation, which faces challenges that make it even more complicated and difficult. Today, theorists have helped translators by presenting various techniques and superior methods of translation and have paved their way forward to some ...
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Translation of literary texts is one of the most difficult types of translation, which faces challenges that make it even more complicated and difficult. Today, theorists have helped translators by presenting various techniques and superior methods of translation and have paved their way forward to some extent. One of the prominent theoreticians in this field is Antoine Berman, who enumerates thirteen factors of deviation in translation in his theory entitled Deforming Tendencies. Based on the techniques of Berman's translation, the present research analyzes the novel Barid Al-Layl written by Hoda Barakat and translated by Seyyed Hamidreza Mohajerani with the title "Post-e Shabaneh". In this translation, several tendencies of Berman's theory have been discussed, which have been the most repeated in Mohajerani’s translation, these tendencies are: rationalization, clarification, expansion, ennoblement, qualitative and quantitative impoverishment. Of course, it is necessary to mention that there are some examples of other deforming tendencies in this translation, which have been avoided due to their low number. In this article, with a careful study, cases of deviations in the translation of Barid Al-Layl are presented based on the mentioned tendencies, and in some cases, a suggested translation is also presented. In general, it can be said that the biggest cause of deviation in Mohajerani’s translation is related to the explanation and interpretation of the translator, who intends for the reader to clearly understand the content; therefore, it is clear that this translation is more oriented towards the target text.Keywords: Analysis of Translation, Barid Al-Layl, Hamidreza Mohajerani, Antoine Berman.IntroductionTranslation is a special example of the intersection of languages and one of the human activities that have a long history and allow for political, economic, cultural, and commercial exchanges, etc. between different nations and languages, and this clearly shows the necessity of translation. It goes without saying that a translation that does not adhere to the principle of faithfulness leads to misunderstanding and presenting a wrong meaning to the reader, which itself can cause great problems. At present, many theories related to superior translation techniques have been presented by great scientists and theoreticians all over the world. It is appropriate for translators to translate consciously and based on these techniques.Since Berman is one of the famous theorists in the field of translation; therefore, the present study aims to analyze some parts of the novel Barid Al-Layl translated by Hamidreza Mohajerani, according to Berman's basic principles, and to analyze and criticize the deviations that exist in it based on the proposed principles. The most important goal of this research is that the translation of Mohajerani from the novel of Barid Al-Layl was based on Antoine Berman's criteria and how faithful the translator is to the source language. This research examines the above criteria with a descriptive-analytical method.Literature ReviewSo far, many works have been written in the field of Antoine Berman's theory, some of which are as follows:- Mohammad Farhadi, Seyyed Mahmoud Al-Mirzaei Al-Husseini and Ali Nazari (2016) in criticism and review of expansion and explanations in the translation of Ṣaḥīfa Sajjādiyya based on Berman's theory (case study of Ansarian’s translation) have reviewed and criticized expansion and explanations which, based on the deforming tendencies, were out of place in Ansarian's translation and no benefit was obtained from it except for expansion, and in some cases, a suggested translation was presented.- Shahryar Niazi and Ensieh Sadat Hashemi (2018) in an article on the effectiveness of the component of (clarification) of Berman's model in evaluating the translation of the Qur'an: a case study of Rezaei Isfahani's translation, examine the surahs Anfal, Tobah, Ahzab and Tahrim in Rezaei Isfahani's translation. They conclude that in some cases, due to the lack of Ta'nis and Tasnieh in the Persian language and the lack of equivalents in Persian for some terms, transparency in the translation of the Holy Quran is inevitable.Although many articles have been written in connection with Berman's theory, no research has been conducted on Hoda Barakat’s novel of Barid Al-Layl, either from the perspective of Berman's theory or other experts.The present research aims to analyze the translation of the novel Barid Al-Layl by Seyed Hamidreza Mohajerani based on Antoine Berman's theory with an analytical-descriptive method and to analyze and criticize the frequent deviations of this translation from Berman's principles. The questions of this research are:- Among the thirteen components of Berman, which one has played a greater role in distorting the source text of the novel Barid Al-Layl?- How faithful was the translator to the original text?MethodologyIn this research, using the analytical and descriptive method, Mr. Hamidreza Mohajerani’s translation of Barid Al-Layl has been investigated. That is, in addition to examining the translation and to what extent it is based on deforming tendencies, examples for better translation are also mentioned.ConclusionBased on the investigations carried out in this research, it is clear that Hamidreza Mohajerani’s translation of Barid Al-Layl is more focused on the target text and the reader rather than adhering to the original text. In general, Mohajerani’s translation from the novel of Barid Al-Layl is very fluent and understandable, which shows the translator's mastery and awareness of both the source and target languages.In this translation, which has been studied and analyzed from the point of view of Berman's deforming tendencies, we notice the use of many cases of distortions that Berman considers objectionable in the translation. Six of Berman's tendencies are more prominent in this translation. In this article, an attempt has been made to criticize the parts of the translation of Barid Al-Layl that have been influenced by the deforming tendencies, and by citing the theories of the great figures in the field of translation, the criticism has been substantiated and documented, and finally, a suggested translation has been presented. In response to the two main questions of this research, firstly: about the use of deforming tendencies, it should be said that rationalization, clarification, expansion, ennoblement, and qualitative and quantitative impoverishment are the six cases that have had the highest frequency in Mohajerani’s translation. Secondly: Regarding the translator's faithfulness to the original text, it should be said that even though Mohajerani's translation of the novel Barid Al-Layl is a fluent and understandable translation, the use of tendencies that distance it from the source text is seen a lot, which causes the translation text to distance itself from the original text. It goes without saying that the translation of a novel is different from the translation of scientific, religious, legal, etc. texts. In the translation of the mentioned texts, the translator should not deviate a bit from the original text; but in the translation of the novel, the translator has freedom of action and can make changes to make the text of the novel more beautiful and attract more audience. Of course, this freedom of action in the translation of novels should not be to the extent that the meaning and concept of the translated text have a huge gap with the original text.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Fatemeh Akbarizadeh; Yosra Shadman
Abstract
According to Bakhtin's theory, the novel as a literary type, appropriate to the spirit of the age and human society, has dialogical relations in linguistic dimensions. A conversational visual novel is the result of the entanglement of languages emerging from the characters, each of them with a different ...
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According to Bakhtin's theory, the novel as a literary type, appropriate to the spirit of the age and human society, has dialogical relations in linguistic dimensions. A conversational visual novel is the result of the entanglement of languages emerging from the characters, each of them with a different worldview, social and cultural level, is present in the novel and interacts with each other. The novel "Post-e Shabaneh" in a multi-voiced world, with the depiction of different sounds, has the heteroglossia feature, and the language of each character in each part of the novel interacts with other languages. This heteroglossia can be seen in the language, tone, and form of the novel, and its translation is very important, and this article will analyze this feature. The novel "Post-e Shabaneh" is a Persian translation of the Arabic novel "Barid Al-Layl" by Hoda Barakat. The present article tries to criticize its Persian translations with a descriptive-analytical method in order to find out how translators dealt with the heteroglossia feature of the novel in the translations. There have been three translations of this work by Hamidreza Mohajerani, Mansoureh Ahmadi Jafari, and Soha Banouni and published under the title "Post-e Shabaneh". In the study of more than 60 samples of translations in multiple languages manifested in the tone and language of the character and the double-voiced discourse, it seems that each of the translators has been successful in translating the heteroglossia feature to some extent. Banouni has performed poorly in this field and has often not provided an acceptable translation.Keywords: Novel Translation, Heteroglossia, Post-e Shabaneh, Hoda.Introduction The Arabic novel "Barid Al-Layl" by Hoda Barakat is the winner of the 2019 Arabic Booker Prize, and due to its importance in the contemporary Arabic novel, it is also translated into Persian under the title "Post-e Shabaneh" by three translators (Hamidreza Mohajerani, Mansoureh Ahmadi Jafari and Saha Banouni). By explaining this feature of the novel, this article is trying to examine with what components it is possible to translate the heteroglossia style of the novel and whether the translations of this work have been able to reflect this important feature in the style of the novel. Because a good translation of a novel is not a translation of words and sentences, but a translation of all the narrative, stylistic, and linguistic aspects of the novel; the present article tries to criticize the translations of the novel "Post-e Shabaneh" by Hoda Barakat, focusing on its "heteroglossia" feature. Therefore, this article examines the characters' utterances in accordance with the characterization, the interaction of the novel with other literary types, and the interaction of the speech styles of hybridization, polemic, parody, and stylization.The current research aims to answer the following questions:In what components can the feature of heteroglossia in the novel "Post-e Shabaneh" be studied and evaluated?Which of the translators has presented a more successful translation of the heteroglossia feature of the mentioned novel? The hypotheses are as follows:According to the narrative style of the letter in the first part and the self-talk of the characters in the last two parts, the novel "Post-e Shabaneh" has put the speech of the story characters in conversational interaction with other sounds and has established heteroglossia in the language of the characters according to the type of each character. Also, heteroglossia can be seen in the interaction of the language of the novel with other literary and non-literary types in the language of the characters, as well as double-voiced discourse in the interaction of speech styles such as hybridization, polemic, parody, and stylistics.In the examination of the double-voiced discourse of the novel, it seems that the translators have not provided a suitable translation and the interference of sounds and correspondence or correlation or contrast in the desired double-voiced discourse have not been considered.Literature ReviewIn analyzing the feature of heteroglossia in the novel, the following points can be mentioned:Akbarizadeh et al. (2014) in the article Heteroglossia Effects in the Novel Things We Left Unsaid, investigated the double-voiced discourse between the female writer and the characters and narrator's language and the language of literary and non-literary genres, and by studying the three levels of multilingualism in Pirzad's novel for women, they analyzed different elements in the creation of an inconsistent language system in the discourse of the novel.Baloo and his colleagues (2016) in the article Bakhtinian Polyphony and Heteroglossia and Their Presentation in the Novel Sangesabor, besides the polyphonic feature of this novel, paid attention to heteroglossia feature, and while enumerating the characteristics of the sounds of the text manifested in the characters, they also dealt with the conversational relationships between them and enumerated the aspects of parody and consonance between them.Professor Mohammadi and his colleague (2016) in an article entitled Multilingualism and Polyphony: Post-modernism Features in "Possible Night" (Shab-e Momken) Novel, while enumerating the novel's postmodern characteristics, pointed out multilingualism and listed the use of English and French alongside Persian as well as the use of colloquial language and the use of words different from the official language by the characters as manifestations of multilingualism.MethodologyIn order to understand a novel, it is important to pay attention to its linguistic and stylistic layers. Also, it is necessary to discover and understand the different language varieties that have emerged according to linguistic rules. The novel "Post-e Shabaneh" is a Persian translation of the Arabic novel "Barid Al-Layl" by Hoda Barakat. This article tries to criticize the Persian translations of Hamidreza Mohajerani, Mansoureh Ahmadi Jafari, and Soha Banouni with a descriptive-analytical method and library tools in order to understand how the heteroglossia feature of this novel is translated.ConclusionAccording to the analysis of the discourse of the novel "Post-e Shabaneh" by Hoda Barakat; in confirmation of the first hypothesis, it can be found that the words of the characters in the novel in the official language of the letters are appropriate for each character as well as the specific time and place of writing.Heteroglossia can be seen in the language of the characters, in the mixing of the language of religion, popular culture and science in the words of the characters. The double-voiced discourse is arranged in relation to the voice of the hypothetical addressee of each letter, as well as the voice of the society and the ruling presuppositions and taboos. Where another voice has an objective embodiment in the speech of the speaker, we are faced with a hybrid discourse. However, when another voice is implicitly considered during the speech, or the speaker's voice is consistent with another voice, it is the stylistic double-voiced speech, or it is in contrast with the other, and the representation is contradictory. It is very important to pay attention to the interference of sounds in speech and translators should consider the type of personality, insight, and social level of the person as well as another voice, to represent the double-voiced speech and translate the multiple voices and choose the appropriate interpretations and words. Among more than 60 selected samples, some of which were mentioned in a small part of the article, it was observed that the second hypothesis is somewhat true and the translators tried to translate these heteroglossias in an experimental way and were successful to some extent.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Hesam Hajmomen
Abstract
Focusing on the translation of classical poetry into classical poetry between Arabic and Persian languages, this study investigates the issue of what kind of relationship is the "semantic balance" between the source and target poems in this type of translation and how it is realized. The study method ...
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Focusing on the translation of classical poetry into classical poetry between Arabic and Persian languages, this study investigates the issue of what kind of relationship is the "semantic balance" between the source and target poems in this type of translation and how it is realized. The study method is descriptive analysis. In the analytical part, first, the semantic structure of the poem is analyzed based on the theory of Order (Nazm) by Abdul Qahir Jurjani, and it is determined that the semantic structure of the poem is a product of the way the poem signifies its purpose, which is expressed in a special order of speech. Then, in the descriptive part, by referring to samples of the translation of classical poetry into classical poetry between Arabic and Persian, the semantic relationship between the samples is described, and it is specified that the semantic balance between the source and target poems is a similarity of expression that flows at the level of the way of indicating the purpose, and the semantic balance at this level is realized through simulating the function of linguistic elements in the way of presenting meaning. Therefore, the target poem is a semantic construct in the target language, whose linguistic elements are used in its production in such a way that they have a similar function to the linguistic elements of the source poem in the way of signifying the purpose.Keywords: Semantic Balance, Poetry Translation, Classical Arabic And Persian Poetry, Theory of Order, Abdul Qahir Jurjani.IntroductionOne of the types of literary translations between Arabic and Persian is the translation of classical poetry into classical poetry. From the linguistic point of view, two types of balance are expected in this type of translation: balance in poetic form and semantic balance. In terms of balance in the poetic form, the similarities of the classical poetry form in Arabic and Persian have created the possibility that the product of this type of translation has a rhythmic and rhymed structure like the original poem. But in terms of semantic balance, the following questions are examined in this study:In the translation of classical poetry into classical poetry between Arabic and Persian languages, what kind of relationship is the semantic balance?How is semantic balance achieved in this type of translation?The hypotheses of the study are:Semantic balance in this type of translation is an intertextual relationship based on which the target poem has maximum correspondence with the source poem in terms of the beauty of expression.When the target poem reflects the expressive techniques of the source poem, semantic balance is achieved in the translation.The theoretical framework in this study is based on the theory of Order (Nazm) by Abdul Qahir Jurjani with reference to his two books Daleel Al-Ijaz And Asrar Al-Balaghah.Literature ReviewIn the literature review of the present study, the following studies should be mentioned:In his article Challenges of Translating Poetry from Arabic to Persian (2012), Alebouyeh concluded that the translator must find out the content of the source poem and express it in a fluent and literary form in the target language. Therefore, he decided that a successful poetic translation is a re-creation of the original poem.In the article A Linguistic Framework for Analysis of Translating Arabic Poem to Persian: Based on Formalism (2016), Nezamian and Hajmomen concluded after analyzing the form of the poem based on the four components of "structural art, theme, rhythm, and system" that the translation product should have a similar relationship with the original poem according to the four mentioned components.Hajmomen also showed in his article "The Dialectic of Rhythm and Expression in the Translation of Classical Arabic Poetry into Classical Persian Poetry" (1400) that the observance of musical requirements in this type of translation often distances the expressive structure of Persian poetry from the expressive structure of Arabic poetry. Ansari and his colleagues have also shown in the article An Exploration of the Stylistic Balance of Abdurrahman Jami's Translation of Ibn Faraz's Ta’yah (1401) that in Jami's translation of Ta’yah, the observance of external beauty and musical requirements has caused the transfer of meaning to be ignored.MethodologyThis study was done with the analytical-descriptive method. Based on this, first, the semantic structure of the poem is analyzed based on the theory of Order, and then by studying samples of translation, the semantic balance between the source and target poems is objectively described.ConclusionIn the translation of classical poetry into classical poetry between Arabic and Persian, the semantic balance is an expressive similarity at the level of "the way of signifying the purpose of the poem". The way the poem signifies the purpose reflects the creative process that is designed in the poet's mind to express a theme.When this mental process finds an objective expression in the poem with the use of linguistic elements, a special meaning construction is formed, which is the product of the poet's creativity in arranging the speech to present the meaning. Therefore, the poem in the source language is a special way of signifying the purpose in a semantic structure, and what puts the target poem in balance with the source poem in terms of meaning, is the simulation of the way of presenting meaning in the poem, or the way the poem signifies the purpose.Semantic balance in this type of translation is realized through "simulation of the function of linguistic elements in the presentation of meaning". Because in the original poem, the value of linguistic elements depends on their function in the way of signifying the poem. Therefore, the semantic balance in the translation of the poem is dependent on simulating the function of the linguistic elements in the way of presenting the meaning. This simulation creates a poem with aesthetic value in the target language if the interpretations and sentences of the target poem are formed based on the interpretive and grammatical possibilities in the target language so that finally, produces a semantic structure that is considered a poetic work with aesthetic value based on linguistic features and literary traditions in the target language.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Ali Sayadani; Saman Rahimkhani; Somayeh Aghamohammadi Ahle Iman
Abstract
During different decades, language and translation have a wide and mutual relationship, and translation has achieved many advances by using the science of linguistics and considering linguistic contexts in establishing dynamic and concrete communication with the audience. Christian Nord (1977), a theoretician ...
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During different decades, language and translation have a wide and mutual relationship, and translation has achieved many advances by using the science of linguistics and considering linguistic contexts in establishing dynamic and concrete communication with the audience. Christian Nord (1977), a theoretician in the field of translation studies, has improved the communication between the speaker and the listener or the writer and the reader by presenting the elements of her specific language function model. Based on the analytical-descriptive method, the present study aims to investigate Reza Ameri’s and Ataullah Mohajerani's translations of Season of Migration to the North based on Christian Nord's model in order to achieve the level of reflection of the linguistic functions of Nord's model and their impact in the translations and determine the quality level of translators’ performance. The result of the research shows that Reza Ameri’s translation has been most reflected in terms of referential and expressive functions, and also his performance has been more acceptable compared to Ataullah Mohajerani in the translation of the novel "Season of Migration to the North".Keywords: Linguistics, Function of Language, Christian Nord, Reza Ameri, Ataullah Mohajerani.IntroductionLanguage and translation are closely related to each other in such a way that by neglecting language and related sciences, such a puzzle will remain incomplete and the connected links of this orderly collection will be separated. A group of researchers have studied the nature of linguistic elements and components and have come to the conclusion that the presence of linguistic elements with cultural meaning in texts is a symbol of the interweaving and interaction of culture and language. Linguistic patterns presented by many theorists have always made the cultural and semantic connections between different languages, especially their audiences, stable. Christian Nord's model deals with a new view of the functions of language in the field of translation studies and clearly explains it by introducing four language functions (referential function, expressive function, appellative function, and phatic function). The translator's attention to these four important tools, in the first stage, causes a detailed reflection and analysis of real or unreal topics and phenomena according to the nature or relevant example (characteristics of informing, meta-linguistic, guidance, educational) in the target text that the lack of attention to cultural values in the translation of these topics causes problems in the translation.In the second stage, it reflects the aesthetic characteristics of the source text, and in the third stage, it causes the transfer of cognitive stylistic features of the infinitive text, and in the fourth stage, it leads to the explicit transfer of the author's feelings or to be in tune with him during the translation process.The Arabic novel Season of Migration to the North is one of the literary genres and is among the top hundred Arabic novels of the 20th century in Damascus in 2001. The main part of the story begins with mysterious and unfortunate events and many highs and lows. By criticizing two translations of the novel Season of Migration to the North based on Christian Nord's (1977) model, the present research tries to pay close attention to the quality of the translations as well as the amount of interference of the aforementioned linguistic elements.Literature ReviewIn the field of translation criticism, there have been researches that have helped the authors of this research in writing this section, it should be noted that so far no research has been done in the field of applying Nord’s approach to the content of the novel Season of Migration to the North.Afzali, Ali, and Maedeh Akbar Karkasi (1400) in the article Investigation of the Cultural Categories of the Arabic Novel based on the Theory of Lawrence Venotti, have concluded that the translator (in the analysis of the novel Ors al-Zein) removed the linguistic and cultural differences in order to achieve a smooth and fluent translation and provided an acceptable translation by using the element of localization.Madani, Akram, and Javad Asghari (1400) in the article The Application of Newmark's Theory in the Transfer of the Unit of Culture in the Translation of the Arabic Novel, indicate that in the translation of these novels (Miramar, Zaqaq al-Mudaq, Sarsara Fuq al-Nil, Mosm al-Hijrah El Al-Shamal (Season of Migration to the North), Ars Elzin) the methods of transfer, localization, and cultural equivalent have been most used in the transfer of the cultural unit.Masbouq, Seyyed Mehdi, and Solmaz Ghafari (1400) in the article The Effect of the Translator's Semantic Horizon on the Target Text in the Light of the Aesthetic Theory of Reception, a Case Study of Three Translations of the Novel “Season of Migration to the North”, concluded that a reader who reacts to white spaces and gaps, interprets and updates the text in a natural way, and provides fast reading according to the rules of the target language, can overcome the aesthetics of the target text.Yousefzadeh Arbat, Hassan (2015) in the article Investigation of the Role of Culture and Language in Intercultural Communication, concluded that individual characteristics play a decisive role in the success or failure of intercultural communication and knowing one's own culture and the culture of the audience, mastering linguistic subtleties and individual characteristics are three determining components in intercultural communication.MethodologyThe Arabic novel Season of Migration to the North is a novel in which the transmission of cultural elements in the text requires a lot of precision and skill, and Christian Nord's theory can be appropriate as a precise and practical language model in conveying the most sensitive aspects of the field of translation and especially the criticism and analysis of the two translations under study,Therefore, in this article, two translations of the novel Season of Migration to the North by Reza Ameri and Ataullah Mohajerani are analyzed according to the components of Christian Noord's model (1977) in order to evaluate the degree of involvement of each element in the translations, and the performance of the two translators in the explicit and accurate transfer of grammatical, cultural and linguistic elements from the source text to the target text have been reviewed. It is worth mentioning that the research method in this sample is descriptive-analytical.Purpose of the StudyThe importance of the present article in the discussion of the application of Nord’s approach in the content of the present novel is clearly shown. The language construction in the mentioned novel implies the use of referential, expressive, appellative, and phatic functions as elements of linguistic functions which are clearly manifested in the comparative and case translation of the present novel. It should be said that the aim of the research was to examine the level of reflection of the linguistic functions of Nord’s model and their effect in the investigated translations, as well as to determine the quality level of each translator's performance in the form of functional speech groups.ConclusionIn this research, by examining the basis of Christian Nord's theory on the content of two translations of the novel Season of Migration to the North by Reza Ameri and Ataullah Mohajerani, the following results have been obtained.Reza Ameri with a function-oriented attitude and paying attention to the symbols, cultural and literary values of the two languages, as well as observing the grammatical principles of the target language and replacing commonly used equivalents for words, phrases, and sentences, especially preventing the prolongation of speech and reflecting the linguistic elements of Nord's point of view in the target text, has a more successful performance compared to Ataullah Mohajerani, especially in the elements of the referential and expressive functions.Ataullah Mohajerani in the majority of sections with a relatively balanced attitude and with a relatively strong dependence on the grammatical structure and semantic aspects of the infinitive text and the lack of selection of appropriate equivalents in the target text, which has caused the main author's message to weaken, not only did not fully reflect the main axis of the discussion (the linguistic elements of the mentioned point of view), but in many cases it caused ambiguity in the words and message of the main author, for the audience of the target language, which prevented translators from observing the two traditional and fundamental principles, i.e. observing the principle of faithfulness to the message of the infinitive text and creating a balance between the two languages.In this research, the translator Reza Ameri, taking into account the rules of linguistics and the effectiveness and knowledge of applied linguistics (the field of sociology and neurology) as a branch of linguistics, completed his task as a successful translator in the translation of the mentioned novel.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Gol Mohammad Basil; Sayed Azimullah Esmati
Abstract
In this research, an analytical-statistical method was used, and our main goal was to show the extent of the use of the translation process in the academic system of Afghanistan. The findings of this research indicate that the year (2019) had the highest number of subjects registered for translation ...
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In this research, an analytical-statistical method was used, and our main goal was to show the extent of the use of the translation process in the academic system of Afghanistan. The findings of this research indicate that the year (2019) had the highest number of subjects registered for translation compared to recent years. So, a difference of about 30% can be seen between the mentioned year and the previous year. Although the number of translated works has not been impressive so far, it is a good step towards strengthening the materials and resources for the researches of the country's academic system. The main question that was addressed was how to start the translation process in Afghanistan's higher education institutions in order to use the works and researches of other nations. So, it can be seen that the restoration process in the year (2019) was unprecedented in Afghanistan's higher education institutions compared to the 90s.Keywords: Translation, Goals, Motivation, Scientific Needs, Higher Education Institutions. IntroductionTranslation is considered an excellent and vital approach in the process of teaching and transferring data and solving problems from one language and culture to another language and culture.Also, translation causes the sharing of theories, viewpoints, mindsets, and methods of scientific-literary studies among nations.Today's Afghanistan society, especially the academic and scientific generation needs access to academic texts more than ever. Undoubtedly, it is translation that can give a suitable answer to many of these needs and introduce relevant, enriched, and important texts for us.Translation has a history of thousands of years. Humans have used this approach since time immemorial to exchange their thoughts and opinions. Translation has always been used as a principle of interaction between living languages. But sometimes, due to its necessity, translation becomes an important matter, the denial of which causes unforeseeable losses in that society. Although many books from other languages have been translated into Farsi and other languages in different eras, in the mentioned periods, the passion for translation was so great that the activity of translation in those periods was called (translation movement). After the arrival of Islam, Muslim translators have played a very prominent role in translating from other languages into Arabic as the language of government, religion, and science. The process of translation has had many ups and downs in different periods of history. However, the chaotic situation and the ever-increasing disturbances have always prevented translation activity in Afghanistan. Despite the fact that some people called Afghan translators residing in other countries or within Afghanistan have tried to translate, there has been no effort to meet the needs of the society. If it is carefully considered, the practice of translation in other countries has specific goals and motivations that have made it flourish. In the absence of goals and motivation, one can never reach the destination, for example, Mohammad Ghazi says his motivation for translation is primarily (love for translation) and then (material needs). Languages are limited. In the same way, whoever has done the act of translation has also expressed his motivation. Although the historical course of translation in Afghanistan has been examined from different perspectives by translators abroad, we have explored and examined the translations of 2019 in state institutions of higher education led by the Ministry of Higher Education. The result obtained from it showed that in the early 90s due to the problems that affected the people of Afghanistan, the translation process was not taken care of much, but in the last half of this decade, we have witnessed the relative growth of this process; a number of books have been translated from international languages into the national languages of Pashto and Dari Farsi, for example, we can refer to books translated from Arabic, for example, Türkiye Meydan al-Sara' bein al-Sharq va al-Gharb was translated by a professor at Badakhshan University. From a literary point of view, this translation has some errors, because the translator is a history professor and does not know much about Persian grammar, which is why it has some literary errors. I have read this work once. Similarly, other works that have been translated into Pashto in other universities of the country are not free of literary errors. Because those who translate the books are not experts in the mentioned languages in terms of expertise. For example, the following books have been translated from Arabic to Pashto: the rules of fasting and philosophy in Dhu al-Qur'an and Sunnah, al-Zahreh fi fan al-Takhrij and Drasa al-Asatid, Taysir al-Qava'ed al-Narhulllambtadiin and the book of al-Qava’ed al-Ulama, Al-Adab and Fanoonah, Nizam al-Syasi fi al-Islam, which were translated by professors in Nangarhar and Kandahar universities, the only flawless translations that have been translated by language experts, among which the number of language experts is limited.Literature ReviewWe did not come across any articles about translation in Afghanistan's higher education institutions. Therefore, we decided to write an article about the activities carried out regarding the translation from other living languages to national languages.Significance of the StudyThis article has examined and researched the process of scientific-research translations in Afghanistan's higher education institutions in the year (2018). Moreover, it discussed some points about the translation services in higher education institutions which are done for scientific promotion of professors. For this reason, the present article is new in terms of content and is of great importance.Purpose of the StudyThe main purpose of translation research in higher education institutions is to reveal the services of Afghanistan's higher education academic staff members. Its partial goals are to estimate the amount of translation services provided according to the conditions, whether it is in accordance with the needs of the present age or not. Whether so many different works from living languages have been translated by the academic staff members of Afghan universities to meet the academic needs or not.Another secondary goal of this research has been to reveal this process with its importance and path along with objective evidence, so that every student and researcher can easily understand how many necessary works have been translated by the scientific staff members of higher education.Research Questions:What was the main purpose of starting translation in Afghanistan's academic institutions?How many of the desired works of Afghanistan's academic field have been provided through translation so far?To what extent can works translated from foreign languages into national languages of Afghanistan help in the scientific process of Afghanistan?MethodologyA statistical method has been used to investigate the problem. The statistical population of the mentioned research was the source of data from the Department of Research, Compilation, and Translation of the Ministry of Higher Education. Our way of working was that we first presented each university in separate tables, and then at the end of it, we analyzed the received data of works translated in all universities of Afghanistan in the year (2019).FindingsSo, we talked about the definition, literature review, purpose, significance, and questions of translation. The findings of this research show that the motivation for translation has increased among the academic staff members of some universities. This increase will bring hope for the translation process in the following years.Among the educational institutions, the professors of Kabul University have the highest motivation for translating the work from international languages to the national language, and in the second step is Nangarhar University, followed by academic members of Harat and Balkh universities. The experience of academic members and researchers shows that there have been significant considerations in the quantity and quality of the translated works. The most frequent and expressive translations in the year (2019) are the translations that have been translated using the semantic method (free meaning).The Importance of the Translation Process in Academic FieldsTranslation, as one of the simplest and most effective tools and means of communication between humans, has always received special and public attention throughout history. The requirements of the current era (technology) and the revolution of communication in the current century have made the lives of countries dependent on each other. The multi-dimensional reliance of the age of communication has forced contemporary people to be aware of each other's conditions and understand each other's needs.Therefore, the universities of Afghanistan, which are the cradle of science, and the members of its scientific staff are considered among the scientific and academic assets of the same society and expected to play their valuable part in the development of this process.ConlusionAfter many efforts for the present research and due to an agreement with the translation management department Research, Compilation, and Translation Department of the Ministry of Higher Education, we were able to obtain a relative database in which the scientific topics of the professors are recorded. The works of professors are registered in the database of scientific subjects based on the name of the translator, academic institution, and academic rank. But we proceeded by removing some things, and we only mentioned the name of the works, faculty, group, and year. Regarding the translated topics, it should be said that most of the translated topics are specialized and they have been translated according to the expertise of the group or field that was mentioned. In general, it can be said that the most translated works are from English and then from Arabic. Translators of works in Afghanistan's institutions of higher education have mostly used semantic methods (conceptual translation) and this is the usual and acceptable method of the Ministry of Higher Education of Afghanistan. The results obtained from the present research show that the most works for translation in the year (2019) were first registered at Kabul University, followed by Nangarhar University, Harat University, University of Medical Sciences, Sheikh Zayed University, Balkh University, and others, which is summarized in the diagram below.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Abbas Ganjali; Sayed Mahdi Nouri keyzghani; Masoud Salmani Haghighi
Abstract
Today, translation theorists have taken a big step in the development of translation criticism methods by presenting their works and theories and have provided translators with the necessary platform to provide the desired translation. One of the theoreticians of this field is Henri Meschonnic. Translation ...
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Today, translation theorists have taken a big step in the development of translation criticism methods by presenting their works and theories and have provided translators with the necessary platform to provide the desired translation. One of the theoreticians of this field is Henri Meschonnic. Translation poetics in the concept that is considered in this discussion, according to Meschonnic, is a kind of theory of text translation. Poetics deals with linguistic structure issues just as painting deals with image structures; because linguistics is the general knowledge of language structures. The poetics approach of Meschonnic’s translation consists of concepts such as transparency and centripetalism, empirical application and theoretical application, and inter-poetics relationships. In this essay, relying on the descriptive-analytical method, the Persian translation of Ruhollah Rahimi's novel "Under the Feet of Mothers" with the title "Behesht-e Maman Ghaizah" is reviewed based on the poetics approach of artistic translation by Meschonnic. The result of the research shows that the translator has used literary devices such as metonymy and non-metonymy, which have the same aesthetic effect in the source and target text, in the field of inter-poetics relations. The language of the translated text is embedded in accordance with the norms of the Meschonnic’s poetics approach and the target text, and the translator has tried to show the cultural signs of the language and ideological approach to the reader by providing an acceptable translation.Keywords: Translation Criticism, Meschonnic’s Translation Poetics, The Novel "Under the Feet of Mothers", Ruhollah Rahimi.IntroductionCriticism of translation as a linguistic and intellectual activity, although in a traditional form, has existed in parallel with translation, and sometimes the translators themselves or even the authors have measured their work and that of others with the standards of their times. Criticism of literary translation in the 20th century has taken a more scientific and methodical direction after the works of Antoine Berman on the translation of prose, Henri Meschonnic and Effim Etkind on the translation of poetry (Ahmadi, 2015: 11). For sure, it is wrong to limit the criticism of literary translation to certain people. All schools of translation criticism, even those that did not speak directly about literature or are not from this field, have concepts and tools that are effective in translation criticism, such as the theory of comparative stylistics of Vienna and Darbelneh, which has a linguistic watershed, or the function-oriented theory of Katharina Reiss's translation criticism, or the interpretative theory of the Paris school (Danica Selekovitch-Marian Lederer) or the discourse theory of Jean Delisle.Due to the fact that many novels have been translated from Arabic to Persian, it is felt necessary to make the translation process more scientific by criticizing the translation and evaluating the quality of the translation based on specific principles and elements. In order to prevent weakness and defects in translation, various and many approaches and models have been presented, the use of which increase the scientific and literary value of a work. Literary texts are always full of words, sentences and melodious constructions. One of the challenges of translators when translating such texts is to transfer the elements of the original text correctly and accurately in the translated text. Henri Meschonnic's poetics approach of artistic translation, which includes components such as (transparency and centripetalism, experimental application and theoretical application, and inter-poetics relations), is considered as a leading approach in providing translations in accordance with the criteria and frameworks of the original and target text. This research is based on the descriptive-analytical method and its purpose is to examine Ruhollah Rahimi's Persian translation of the novel "Under the Feet of Mothers " based on the aforementioned theory. The reason for choosing this novel and Rahimi's translation of it is to have the necessary linguistic capacities and capabilities to adapt and implement the components of Henri Meschonnic’s Poetics of Translating. In this research, the following two questions are answered:1- Which of the components of the Henri Meschonnic’s Poetics of Translating is more prominent in Rahimi's translation?2- What is the function of the components of the mentioned approach in transferring the text message?Literature ReviewThe subject of the present research has not been investigated in any article or thesis so far, but considerable theses and articles have been written with the focus of examining the translation of other novels based on the ideas put forward for translation, which are referred to below. Due to the fact that Antoine Berman has followed the views of people like Henri Meschonnic in presenting his theory, therefore, in this section, the works written based on Berman's theory are also mentioned:- Valiullah Esmaili (2016), in his dissertation entitled Translation and Structural Criticism of the Novel Kabartu wa Nasitu an Ansa by Buthaina Al-Issa, has translated and criticized the fictional elements of the said novel. Individual theory was not used in the translation of this novel, and the translator relied on theory and general knowledge to translate the text and then criticize it.- Ali Bashiri (2019), in the article Implementation of Antoine Berman's Theory of Deconstructive Trends in the Translation of a Novel from Persian to Arabic (a case study of two translations of Boof-e Koor), has examined the aforementioned translations based on Berman's theory. The result of the research shows that all the issues related to Antoine Berman's theory can be applied in the translation of this novel, except Glorification, and the reason for not achieving Glorification in the translation of this prose is that the type of this prose is a novel and it is of a modern type, and the goal of the author and as a result the translator of the novel is far from Glorification and the use of figures.- Saber Mohseni (2019), in the article Investigation of Rhythm in the Persian Translations of Christian Boben Case Study: Mahvash Ghavimi's translation of geai (Idiot of the neighborhood) and Isabelle Bruges", has investigated the rhythm in Mahvash Ghavimi's translations of Christian Boben's works based on the artistic rhythm component of Meschonnic. The analysis of the translation of the two stories of Ablah-e Mahaleh and Isabelle Bruges shows that although the translator sometimes deviated from the rhythm of the original text due to language differences or complying with spelling rules, he was successful in recreating the rhythm and signs of orality (oralité) of the text.- Rajaa Abu Ali and Behzad Esbaghi Giglo (2019), in the article Criticism and Analysis of Fatemeh Jafari’s Translation of Rabi Jaber's Novel Confessions (E’terafat) based on the theory of deconstructive trends of Antoine Berman, investigated the aforementioned translation based on seven components of the deconstructive components of Berman.The result of the research shows that, among the mentioned components, the expansion and the destruction of the rhythm of the text are among the most frequent factors of distortion of the text in the translation of Fatemeh Jafari, and these components also have an effect on ennoblement, and in some cases, we see an increase in the component of ennoblement in the translation.MethodologyBased on the descriptive-analytical method and using online and library sources, this research has investigated Rahimi's Farsi translation of the novel "Under the Feet of Mothers" based on the poetics perspective of Henri Meschonnic's translation.ConclusionA total of 24 samples were selected to examine the poetics components of Meschonnic’s translation, of which 5 samples were considered for the element of transparency and centripetalism, 11 for experimental application and theoretical application, and 8 for inter-poetics relations. With the investigations carried out on the translation text, the components of experimental application, theoretical application, and inter-poetics relations in Rahimi's translation are more frequent and have more manifestations.Considering that the mentioned novel has the characteristics of a literary text and has melodious folk and literary expressions and interpretations, and also despite the difference of cultural elements in the two languages, literal and direct translation cannot be appropriate to transfer meanings; therefore, the poetics approach of Meschonnic’s translation is a solution in this situation and helps to provide a suitable and at the same time accurate translation.In terms of transparency and centripetalism, the translator, taking into account the textual relationship between the original and target languages, as in the original text, used simple and unpretentious words and phrases in his translation, and his writing is full of rhythmic sentences with a pleasant pattern, which plays an important role in conveying the meaning and emotional load of the text.In the section of experimental application and theoretical application, the translator has used the components considered for theoretical application such as deletion, displacement, and additions, in order to ennoble and glorify his text, which can be a special type of ideology in translation, adopted by the translator to advance his goals in order to provide a literary translation.In the field of inter-poetics relations, it should be said that the translator has correctly used the tools needed to establish a precise and desirable relationship between the original text and the target text, and has responded to each of the prominent elements of the source text in the target text, and added to the integrity of the structure of the translated text. It can be said that the translator in this section has used literary devices such as metonymy and non-metonymy, which have the same aesthetic effect in the source and target text, well in his translation.The language of the translated text is embedded in accordance with the norms of Meschonnic’s poetics approach and the target text, and the translator has tried to show the cultural signs of the language and his ideological approach to the reader by providing an acceptable translation.It can also be said that the translator understood the meaning of the words, phrases, and idioms relatively and expressed the equivalent of each of them in the translation according to the context of the target text and the elements determined for the Meschonnic approach. Therefore, it can be said that the translator has fulfilled his mission of finding the elements of meaning generation in the original text and then recreating them in the translation to an acceptable extent. Although he has made mistakes in a few cases.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Amir Afshin Farhadian; Seyyed Mehdi Masboogh
Abstract
Beyond its literary and artistic values, Hafez's poetry is known as a mirror of Iranian culture and worldview. Therefore, familiarity with it by people of other languages and cultures will open a window to the perception of Iranian art and culture. From this point of view, the quality of the translation ...
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Beyond its literary and artistic values, Hafez's poetry is known as a mirror of Iranian culture and worldview. Therefore, familiarity with it by people of other languages and cultures will open a window to the perception of Iranian art and culture. From this point of view, the quality of the translation of Hafez's poems into other languages becomes especially important. So far, at least nine selected or complete translations of Hafez's poems have been published in Arabic, which shows the appreciation of Arabic speakers for Hafez's poetry and thought. One of the most recent translations is the translation of Ali Abbas Zulaikha. because every metonymy expression, in addition to lexical meanings, also contains cultural, historical, and ethnic attachments, translating metonymies into another language that is current in a different context is one of the difficulties of translation is considered. In this research, which was carried out with the method of content analysis and in a descriptive-analytical way, 10 sonnets of Hafez containing 29 metonymies were randomly selected and analyzed using Kendall and Smith's table of numbers. The results of the research showed that in 8 cases, the meaning of the phrase was translated acceptably, and in 21 other cases, the Arabic translation faced serious problems. It is worth noting that 5 out of 21 cases of wrong translation were caused by misreading the Persian text.Keywords: Hafez's Poetry, Arabic Translation, Metonymies Translation, Ali Abbas Zulaikha.IntroductionHafez has a privileged position among numerous poets in the history of Persian literature. Any selection of the best examples of Persian poetry will contain examples of his poetry. This high position is the result of establishing a balance between the two characteristics of beautiful form and deep meaning. Hafez's extraordinary linguistic ability, along with his aesthetics and extraordinary skill in poetic art, has made his poetry desirable to lovers of literature. But regarding the meaning of the word, perhaps it can be considered as the summary of Iranian culture and worldview. "Hafez is not only the great poet of Iran, he is the miracle of Persian literature and the summary of this culture" (Shaygan, 2014: 114). The first feature makes it difficult to translate Hafez's poetry, but the second feature adds to the importance of the quality of his poetry translation. Hafez's poetry shows resistance to being translated in terms of the complexities of the form and the visible and hidden relationships of the words, but since his poetry is the manifestation of a part of the identity of Iranian culture, the correctness of the translation audience's perception of the pure manifestations of Iranian culture and worldview has a direct relationship with the quality of the translation of his poems. Dick Davis in his article " On Not Translating Hafez" says: " Certain poets are held to be untranslatable, or virtually so, and often they are thought of as those that most intimately express the poetic soul of their people (…) The fact that it is often precisely the poets who seem to sum up a poetry’s idiosyncratic potential and identity who are those whose works are most resistant to translation" (Davis, 2011: 74).The importance of Hafez's poetry translation benefiting from a suitable quality, with all its inherent difficulties, makes the mission of the translator of Hafez's poems heavier. Walter Benyamin explains the mission of the translator as follows: "This mission consists of finding that intention or meaning in the target language that echoes the original text in this language" (2003: 44).The world fame of Hafez's poems has been a strong motivation for translators to translate his poetry into many living languages of the world. Among others, we can mention its numerous translations in French, German, English, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, Russian, Armenian, Kazakh, Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi, Bengali, Turkish, Japanese, Arabic, etc. (Hafez Encyclopedia, 2017: pp. 542-585).Due to the extent of cultural exchanges between Persian and Arabic languages, the Arabic translations of Hafez's Diwan are very important. "Numerous translations of Hafez's poems, as well as various academic articles and theses, on the subject of his poems and personality, show that Hafez as a literary-mystical figure in the Arab world has attracted the attention of many writers and poets, including Taha Hossein, Shawarebi, Seyyed Qutb, Salah al-Sawi, Omar Shebli and..." (Zinivand and Almasi, 2011: 57).So far, Hafez's poems have been translated into Arabic nine times, most of which contain excerpts of poems. Mohammad Al Forati (selection), Mohammad Mehdi Javaheri (selection), Mohammad Amin Al-Shawarbi (sonnets), Salah al-Sawi (selection), Youssef Victor Al-Kakk (selection), Muhammad Ali Shamsoddin (selection), Omar Shebli al-Sawairi (selection), Ali Abbas Zulaikha (selection) All Poems) (Azizi, 2013: pp. 75-93) and Nader Nezam Tehrani (sonnets) are the translators of Hafez's poetry in Arabic.Ali Abbas Zulaikha, born in 1958 in Syria, is a doctor and embryologist. The result of his interest in the Persian language and literature was the translation of several famous works of Persian literature into Arabic, among which we can mention the translation of Hafez Shirazi's Diwan, Molana's Masnavi, Attar Neishaburi's Diwan and Asrarnameh (Kakavand and Valvi, 2019: 10). His translation of Hafez's Diwan, which is examined in this article in terms of translation of metonymies, is one of the most recent Arabic translations of Hafez's poetry and includes the entire Diwan of Hafez based on the famous correction of Qazvini and Ghani.Literature ReviewRegarding the Arabic translations of Hafez's poems, articles have been published so far, but in none of them, the translation of the metonymies in Ali Abbas Zulaikha's translation has been investigated.Behrouz Ghorbanzadeh and Shahram Ahmadi in the article "The mystical concept of metonymy in Omar Shibli's Arabic translation of Hafez's diwan based on the theory of Antoine Berman" criticized Shibli's translation of some metonymies in Hafez's poetry and concluded that in many cases the translator understood the metonymy of the expressions. He did not, and for this reason, he has turned to literal translation or ignoring the metonymic expression."Criticism and review of rhetorical translations in the Arabic translation of Hafez's poem by Salah al-Sawi" written by Gholamreza Karimifard is the title of an article that examines the translation of Al-Sawi from a rhetorical aspect. A part of this article is devoted to the analysis of a few cases of translation of metonymies in Hafez's poetry."Examination of the translations of the semantic contrasts of Hafez's sonnets in Ali Abbas Zulaikha's translation" is an article written by Owais Mohammadi and his colleagues in explaining examples of semantic contrasts in Hafez's poems and criticizing Zulaikha's translation of those examples. It is necessary to explain that the study of metonymies was not intended in this article. Hossein Mohseni and Amin Sheikh Bagheri, in an article entitled "Pathology of Transferring Multilayered Semantics in the Translation of Hafez's Poems Based on Catford's Theory of Formal Changes (A Case Study of Al-Shwarabi and Abbas Zulaikha's Translations)" have investigated the translation of the multilayered concepts of words and terms of Hafez's poetry in the translation of the two aforementioned translators.MethodologyContent analysis and descriptive-analytical methods have been used in this research. Overall, ten sonnets from Hafez have been randomly selected using Kendall and Smith's table of numbers for review and analysis in this research. Because the translator used the Qazvini and Ghani correction of Hafez's poems as the basis of his translation, the selected sonnets in this article are considered based on the same order. In each of the selected sonnets, first, the Arabic translation of Zulaikha's verses that contain metonymic compositions was translated into Persian, and then the translator's success in translating those phrases into Arabic was evaluated. It should be noted that in some sonnets, the translator has translated verses into poetry in addition to prose. In dealing with such verses, we have translated both Arabic poetry and prose into Persian and analyzed them.ConclusionThe results of analyzing the translation of metonymies in Zulaikha's translation of Hafez's ten sonnets indicate the failure of the translator to correctly translate those phrases from Persian to Arabic. Seventy-two percent error in the studied population is significant. The main reasons for this failure can be classified into two categories. The first reason that includes the number of translation errors is the failure to correctly understand the metonymic meaning of the phrases in the Persian language, which indicates the translator's lack of respect for the subtleties and details of the text being translated. But another reason is the misreading of the Persian text. The error that occurs in this category, which unfortunately includes nearly a quarter of metonymies translation errors, basically occurs before entering the translation because the text is misread in the same source language, and the resulting translation will be far from the original text. It is clear that Hafez's poem, despite its wide acceptance among Persian speakers, is relatively difficult, and the evidence of this is the large number of commentaries written on it, but this difficulty and complexity is not an acceptable justification for the erroneous translation of a significant literary work. It should be noted that Zulaikha's translation of Hafez's poems is one of the most recent Arabic translations from this Diwan and other examples of Arabic translations of Hafez's poems have been available to the translator. Also, many Persian commentaries of Hafez's poems have been published, which could prevent many misreadings. Undoubtedly, the quality of the translation of the poems of one of the most prominent poets of Iran will have an important effect on the understanding of his words and his literary position in the society of the target language. Zulaikha has not been very successful in carrying out this mission.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Majid Salehbek
Abstract
In this research, an attempt has been made to criticize and analyze the Arabic translations of Khayyam's quatrains. Therefore, at the beginning, the history of the quatrains, Khayyam's quatrains, the translations done in the West, and how they entered the Arab world have been discussed. Next, Arab translators’ ...
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In this research, an attempt has been made to criticize and analyze the Arabic translations of Khayyam's quatrains. Therefore, at the beginning, the history of the quatrains, Khayyam's quatrains, the translations done in the West, and how they entered the Arab world have been discussed. Next, Arab translators’ methods have been criticized and analyzed under titles such as ideology, source and target language discourse, translation formats, and translation from the intermediate language by bringing evidence. In the topic of ideology, the influence of the ideology of the translator and the target language, and in the context of discourse, the evolution and transformation of the text and the potential of the translator's success have been discussed. The translator's adherence to the main quatrain format or non-adherence to it, as well as its results in the translation process, in addition to the use of the intermediary language and its positive and negative and sometimes destructive effects in the translation, like other cases, have a special place in this study. In the present research, in addition to what has been said, the personal choices and methods of translators and their influence in clarifying, stylization, changing and deleting, the transfer of the received meaning from the source language which is affected by misunderstanding or intermediate language or cultural differences, have been critically analyzed.Keywords: Khayyam's Quatrains, Arabic Translation, Ideology, Context of Discourse, Quatrain Format. IntroductionAlthough the great brilliance of men like Ferdowsi, Hafez, Saadi, Attar, Khayyam, and Molavi in the sky of the vast land of Iran has aroused the admiration of the researchers of the Arab world and many works in this regard have entered the field of literature, but among the Persian language poets, Omar Khayyam has a special place and fame in the Arab world. In such a way, Omar Khayyam and his quatrains have attracted the attention of researchers and Arabic gatherings more than any Persian poet. The existence of nearly a hundred translations of his quatrains in Arabic shows this attention. In this respect, Adib Taqi Dameshqi says: Despite the fact that Khayyam's quatrains are not among the best masterpieces of Iranian genius, and although Khayyam's position is not such that other Iranian poets have not been able to achieve it, what is the secret of this superiority and priority of literature, a phenomenon that may make people wonder (Safi Najafi, N.D.: 17). In response to this question, Reza Tawfiq Bek, a Turkish philosopher, says in his book "Khayyam's Quatrains" that: This success achieved by Khayyam's quatrains is derived from his understanding of the meaning of life based on the present taste and civilization, the basic principles of which are arranged in a new way in his quatrains; Westerners have not turned to Khayyam except because they saw him as a contemporary European sage and followed his teachings (Ibid: 18).Khayyam's name is Omar, his nickname (Kunya) is Abū al-Fatḥ, and known as Ghiyāth al-Dīn. The reason for his fame as Khayyam or Khayami is not known correctly. It has been said that his father had this title and may have been a curtain maker (Foroughi, 1379: 13).What is certain is that during the reign of Jalal al-Din Malik Shah Seljuqi and the ministry of Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk in the year 467 A.H. when they wanted to correctly determine the order of the calendar according to the astronomical rules, they chose a group of scientists for this purpose to arrange the calculation, and Khayyam was one of those scientists, and it seems that he was ahead of everyone (Foroughi, 1379 AD: 13 and 14).Literature ReviewAlthough the research studies that have been done about Khayyam and his quatrains cannot be counted, in line with the title of this research, we can refer to the following items:- The article Analysis of Yusuf Hossein Bekar's critical views on the translations of Khayyam's quatrains based on Antoine Berman's theory written by Zahra Bavand, Shahriar Rahmati, Touraj Zeinivand, and Ali Salimi. In this article, the respected authors' critical opinions on the book "Al-Tarjamat al-Arabiyyah Lerobaiyat al-Khayyam" are examined based on Carman's theory.- The article Review and Analysis of Arabic Translations of Khayyam's Quatrains written by Hossein Kiani and Saeed Hesampour, respected authors, although they have discussed the translation of Rami and Saraf in general terms in their research, but they have not provided an example for their theoretical discussions.- The article Abdul Rahman Shukri and Khayyam's Quatrains written by Jamil Jafari and Sherafat Karimi, in this article the subject of Shukri's influence on Fitzgerald's poetry is examined.- The article Researching on Khayyam based on the Arab World written by Naser Mohseninia, this article focuses more on Khayyam's life and his works in the Western world and the Arab world, and in another section, Khayyam's influence on the Akhawan al-Safa, as well as Ma’ari, has been discussed by referring to the debate between him and Zamakhshari.MethodologyThe method used in this research is descriptive-analytical. It is worth mentioning that in order to clarify the discussions raised in this research as much as possible, an effort has been made to use different examples of well-known Arab translators from different Arab countries, such as Safi Najafi, Ahmed Rami, Abdulhaq Fazil, Ibn Tavit, Ariz, Heydari, etc. and at the end while answering the research questions, present a summary of the findings to the readers.ConclusionAt the end, the results of this research are:- The translation of literary works is always influenced by various factors such as the culture and ideology and personal belonging of the translator, so it is impossible to come across a translation that is not influenced by the culture and ideology that governs the worldview and the translator's belonging, and does not have traces of these things. In other words, any concept and meaning in the form of language cannot be free from culture and ideology, because translation is based on language. It is for this reason that Fitzgerald and his translation, under the influence of the dominant culture and the special position of Great Britain and its undisputed power in the 19th century, have a contemptuous view of the Eastern culture; to the extent that he considered meddling in the works of Iranian poets, including Khayyam, as a source of his entertainment, he stated that they do not have the qualities of a poet and need a little art. Another aspect of it is the cultural and ideological ties of poets such as Safi Najafi and Ahmed Hamed Saraf, who are related to the completely traditional society of Iraq, especially to the religious cities of Karbala and Najaf, or Ibrahim Ariz and Aqqad, whose origin is a society with traditional customs and traditions such as Bahrain and Egypt. As we can see, the apparent invitation to wine in Khayyam's quatrains in Safi Najafi's translation loses its clarity and is used in an inspirational way; and finally, the translator of those quatrains feels remorse because of the popularity of his translation, and seeks to destroy it; or because Ariz who avoids the translation of wine and calls to it and shows a different perception or neglects himself; Aqqad's confrontation with Khayyam and Ahmad Rami's recklessness in saying wine and drinking are also interesting.- The Arab translators not sticking the Persian quatrain format and choosing other formats such as Solasiyat (three stanzas). Moraba’at (four stanzas). Khumasiyat (five stanzas). Musaba’at (seven stanzas). although it has been chosen under the pretext of ease of translation, so that the translator feels free in choosing more words and expressions; but this intention has not been realized, because we come across many evidences that despite the size of the format and the change in meter, not only the entire quatrain has not been translated, but sometimes one or two stanzas have been removed or focus has been made on one or two stanzas.- The polysemous words and their dependence on the sphere of different discourses are other significant things in translation, and at the same time, they provide an opportunity for a capable translator; where the translator can make the necessary balance between the source language and the target language, taking into account the discourse of the age and the audience, to undergo a positive transformation. Among its examples, the interaction of translators such as Wehbi, Saraf, Abdul Haq Fazil, Ibrahim Ariz, Noble Abdul Ahed, Abdul Latif Nashar, Mohammad Jamil Al-Aqili, Abushadi and... with the addition of "Jam Jam" in the negative and positive aspects of the translation of "Water of Life" by Saleh Jafari.- Distance from the original language of the text and the translation from the intermediate language, which, according to the translator himself, is an interpretative translation; or misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the nuances and subtleties of the source language, by the translators' own admission, who do not know even a word of Persian, and the whole translation from translation and lack of adherence to the same Latin text, along with the distance of the Latin text from the Persian equivalents of quatrains, are other challenges. In any case, the results of distance from the Persian original of quatrains in the translation of this group of translators are not surprising. In addition, Fitzgerald, who is the authority of many Arab translators, refrained from bringing the part of Khayyam's prayer that was not in accordance with his poetry. As a result, the comprehensiveness of Khayyam's thought has been damaged in Arabic translations.- In addition to verse translations, a group of Arab writers have turned to prose and word-for-word translations, and their main concern has been to adhere to the text and be faithful in preserving the concepts, preferring the melodious language and style of poetry.- Not adhering to the semantic relationship and the unity of the subject of each stanza and relying on the taste of the source language or pure captivity in the target language to the extent that it leads to the elimination of the subtleties and nuances of the text, all tell about the importance of this issue. Finally, the methods of the translator in clarifying or simplifying or changing and deleting, etc., are all positive or negative aspects of the translation and translator.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Reza Nazemian; Nasir Maleki; Sadegh Khorsha
Abstract
"Other" is the basis of knowing "Self" and the introduction of self-knowledge. The way to self-knowledge is communication with others. The deforming tendencies of the French theorist Antoine Berman are based on respect for the "other" and avoidance of domestication in translation. He believes that the ...
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"Other" is the basis of knowing "Self" and the introduction of self-knowledge. The way to self-knowledge is communication with others. The deforming tendencies of the French theorist Antoine Berman are based on respect for the "other" and avoidance of domestication in translation. He believes that the source text should be accepted and transferred as it is, and one should not seek to simulate it with one's own culture. The focus of Berman's cognitive translation point of view is respect for the foreign text, acceptance of the other, and recognition of his culture. Berman's theory, in which he believes that the structure of the source text should not be changed and equivalents should not be found according to structural and grammatical aspects, is the result of the extreme formation of the target-oriented movement in translation in his era. In order to criticize the issue of accepting Other based on the tendency of rationalization, we have examined Majedeh Al-Anani’s translation of the story Nūn wa al-Qalam by Jalāl Āl-e-Ahmad, and during the discussion and examination of the examples, we came to the conclusion that the translator in the translation of cultural terms tried to show her faithfulness to the original text, but in some cases, she was not successful and she was only able to replace the word without paying attention to its semantic load and rhetoric.Keywords: Nūn wa al-Qalam, Jalāl Āl-e-Ahmad, Antoine Berman, Majedeh Al-Anani, acceptance of Other.IntroductionSince the issue of "acceptance of Other" necessarily requires the translator to go beyond the body of the cultural and literary system of his society and pay more attention to the source than the target, and his priority should be the writer and not the reader, we found it appropriate to base our investigations and critiques on a theory whose foundation is respect for the author and the original language of the work. Therefore, we found Antoine Berman's Deforming Theory appropriate. Among the most important works of the Persian language, which is considered to be a view of the culture, political, cultural, scientific, and religious approach of Iranian society, is the book "Nūn wa al-Qalam" written by Jalāl Āl-e-Ahmad. This story has been translated into various languages, including Arabic. In the present article, we intend to investigate Majedeh Al-Anani's Arabic translation of Āl-e-Ahmad's "Nūn wa al-Qalam" based on the theory of Antoine Berman and see how the translator translated this work in the face of examples of the component of rationalization - out of the total of 13 components of Berman's theory? And to what extent has he accepted the original text and culture of the source language as "Other"?Literature ReviewBy searching various sources, we found that there are many articles and researches on the application of Antoine Berman's theory in various texts, but in connection with the story of Nūn wa al-Qalam and Berman's theory, there are several sources that we consider:- Reflection of Majedeh Al-Anani's Translation in the Characters of Jalāl Āl-e-Ahmad's Story Nūn wa al-Qalam (based on the elements of Berman's impoverishment) (2022) by Ahmad Lamei Giv. In this article, it has been shown that Al-Anani often intends to preserve the syntactic structure of the source language in the translation of character traits, but this has caused the quality of the translation to drop and has undermined the high meaning of the source text.- Equivalence of Iranian Folklore Categories; Case Study: Arabic Translation of Jalāl Āl-e-Ahmad’s Nūn wa al-Qalam (2018) Marzieh Rabiei and colleagues. This article examines Al-Anani's method of finding equivalents in translation and concludes that the translator has used the cultural equivalent or descriptive equivalent method above all else in finding equivalents that have a cultural connotation. In finding equivalents of material categories, Al-Anani also used various methods of transfer, transformation, etc., and performed weakly and inadequately in translating some terms.- Examination of Majedeh Al-Anani's Translation of Jalāl Āl-e-Ahmad's Nun wa Al-Qalam based on Baker's Idiomatic Equivalence Theory (2018) by Zohreh Ghorbani. This research has examined and analyzed the translation of the terms in the story of Nun wa Al-Qalam, and it is believed that Al-Anani, among the various methods that Mona Baker expresses in her Idiomatic Equivalence Theory, mostly used the method of translating terms into the form of similarity of meaning and change of form. Ghorbani believes that although Al-Anani is an Arabic speaker, she has a relatively correct understanding of Persian terms and proverbs, and this is the reason why she translated some Persian terms correctly.- The relationship between linguistic functions and personality types in the story of Nun wa Al-Qalam (2012) by Seyed Ahmed Parsa and Sa’di Haji, was conducted to examine the compatibility between the linguistic functions of the characters in the story and their personality types, which are important principles of story writing. The result is that in the story of Nun wa Al-Qalam, there is not much compatibility between the linguistic functions of people and their personality types.MethodologyIn the search conducted on the researches on this topic, we did not find an example that examined the rationalization component of Antoine Berman's theory in Majedeh Al-Anani's translation of Nun wa Al-Qalam based on the acceptance of "Other".In order to investigate the deforming tendency of Berman's rationalization in Majedeh Al-Anani's translation of Jalāl Āl-e-Ahmad’s story Nun wa Al-Qalam, the researcher first collected some theoretical foundations around keywords and then selected some samples from the original text and their translation and analyzed the samples with a descriptive-analytical method. After examining the samples, the researcher reached the following results:ConclusionIt can be said that Berman's theory should be applied in texts such as holy texts, literary texts, and scientific texts in which form and structure are important. However, in texts in which the message and effect are more important than the form, one cannot insist on accepting the Other and criticize the rationalization tendency, but the expressive possibilities of the target language should be taken into account so that it can leave the same message and impact on the target audience.In general, by examining the selected samples from the book, it can be concluded that according to Antoine Berman's theory, the foundation of which is the acceptance of the Other, respect for the original text, accompanying the author and his culture, and ignoring himself, the translator did not have acceptable performance and in most cases, intentionally or unintentionally, transferred the same words, phrases, and expressions, and considered the words, phrases, and expressions more than the meaning of the text.Al-Anani has forgotten the "Other" by transferring the same words, terms, combinations, and expressions and not paying attention to how to transfer the meaning and concept of the original text. This means that the audience as "Other" cannot accept the translated text, which has no semantic load in the target language, and refuses to accept it due to the feeling of alienation from the translation.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Zahra Karamzadegan; Fateme Mazaheri
Abstract
Critical discourse analysis gave the translators the permission to violate the principle of trustworthiness, and in the translation of texts that contain ideology, to recreate and make their language choices in line with the culture and ideology of the target text. On the other hand, the speed and intensity ...
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Critical discourse analysis gave the translators the permission to violate the principle of trustworthiness, and in the translation of texts that contain ideology, to recreate and make their language choices in line with the culture and ideology of the target text. On the other hand, the speed and intensity of the impact of media discourse has made the media the center of attention of politicians and those in power, and a tool for the dissemination of political discourses. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the application of the strategies presented in the critical discourse analysis approach in the process of translating political texts using a descriptive-analytical method and using the Vandyke model. The research data has been selected from the two news networks Al-Arabiya and Al-Sharq in the period of 2019 to 2022, focusing on the Yemen war. And the findings of the research indicate that these two news networks use the strategies of minimization, disclosure, delegitimization, legitimization, prejudice, empathy, generalization and magnification from the axis of syntax, and the strategies of initiation, marginalization and word order from the axis of syntax, the strategy of playing with numbers from the axis of rhetoric, the strategy of choosing words aligned from the axis of style, two strategies of anti-realistic forms and truth from the axis of reasoning and the strategy of changing behavioral actions from the axis of action, trying to present a negative representation of The actions of the Houthis are a positive representation of the actions of Saudi Arabia. And in the process of translation, the translator must reverse these representations in line with the politics of her country by using similar and sometimes opposite strategies to the strategies in the source tex.Keywords: Critical Discourse Analysis, Van Dijk Model, Media Discourse, Ideology.IntroductionEach type of political discourse is carried out with a special communication purpose and role, such as persuading, forcing, threatening or promising the audience. Writers and translators of political texts always use ideological strategies in order to reflect their thoughts, ideology, political beliefs and the ruling system of their society, in order to emphasize or downplay events and political actors. On the other hand, the approach of critical discourse analysis, which was formed due to the inadequacy of the formalist approach in the analysis of the discourse to the sentence and text, considers ideology as the guiding factor of the text, and the main task of the critical analyst is to discover and analyze the ideology reflected in the linguistic structures in the context. It knows its socio-political. Therefore, with the approach of critical discourse analysis, the translator can influence the feelings, opinions and thoughts of his audience through "intrusion and capture" or in other words by changing the linguistic forms of the source text.Literature ReviewSo far, countless researches have been carried out with the approach of critical discourse analysis in order to analyze texts from different genres in Persian, Arabic, English, etc. languages. In this article, we limit ourselves to mentioning examples from two groups of these researches.1-1-Researches that have investigated the reflection of ideology in political texts- In his article "Opinions and ideologies in the press" translated by Zahra Haddad and his colleagues (2006), Theon E. VanDyke explained the complex relationships between ideology, opinions and discourse structures and explained the ideological square and tools. Bayani, in ideological representation in media discourse, has done a detailed analysis of a part of the note printed in the Washington Post newspaper, which is written by Jim Hoagland.- Agha golzadeh and his colleague (2013) in the article "Analysis of representational methods of news selection based on the critical discourse analysis approach" to evaluate and analyze the vocabulary used in the media, including nouns, adjectives and adverbs, in the framework of lexical generalization strategies., addressed expressions, extreme vocabulary have been discussed.- Lotfollah Yarmohammadi (2013) in his book called "Communications from the perspective of critical discourse analysis", has given ten articles in the field of critical discourse analysis, which were written by him or with his colleagues. Among these articles, we can refer to the article "Research on the degree of openness or concealment of the message in selected Iranian editorials: a relationship between discourse-oriented structures and intellectual-social infrastructure structures".- Shahryar Niazi and his colleagues (2017) in the article "Study of Ideological Representation of Iran in the Asharq Al-Awsat newspaper based on the Vandyke model", after examining twenty political analyzes from the "Al-Sharq Al-Awsat" newspaper in a one-year period from 1996 to 1997, came to this conclusion. It has been found that news writers have tried to present a negative image of Iran by using strategies such as "default" and "distancing" and on the other hand, by using strategies such as "showing" a positive image of Saudi Arabia. have presented.1-2- Researches that have investigated the translation of texts, including political texts, with the approach of critical discourse analysis:-.Schäffner and his colleague (2010) in their article called "Political Discourse of Media and Translation" have analyzed political news and the way of their translation process and have reached the point that the target text is subject to the cultural conditions of its audience. and not a function of the structure of the source text.- Li (2010) in his doctoral dissertation entitled "Translating Chinese Political Discourse: A Functional Cognitive Approach to English Translations of Chinese Political Speeches", analyzed his selected political texts in Chinese. Then, by comparing these texts with their translation in English, he has extracted the strategies that the translators have applied based on the meta-discursive elements of ideology and power in order to manage minds strategically.- Ferdous Agha golzadeh and his colleague (2015) in the article "Investigation of Ideological Representation in English Political Translated Texts in the Framework of Critical Discourse Analysis: Style and Rhetoric Axes", selected their research data from 300 written paragraphs in English about Iranian political issues. and after confronting and comparing them with the Persian translation presented by them, they investigated the issue of how far the Persian language translators used strategies based on style and rhetoric in order to reflect their ideology.- Farshid Turkashund (2015) in his article entitled "The application of critical discourse analysis in translation from Arabic to Persian", while stating the advantage of the discourse approach and especially its critical type compared to the text-based approach, one paragraph from Manflouti, two paragraphs from Mikhail has analyzed Naimah and one paragraph of Tawfiq Hakim based on Farklough's model at three levels of description, interpretation and explanation, then he has translated the texts in consideration of the analysis done.- Ailin Firouzian and her colleagues (2017) in the article "The role of syntactic strategies in the representation of the ideology of Persian translators in translated social-political written texts from the point of view of critical discourse analysis", analyzing and examining 250 speech fragments from written English social-political texts which is related to Iran's issues at the international, national or regional level. This research compares the discourse of the source language with its re-creation in the target language, and relying on the Vandyke ideological square and the syntax axis from the six axes, it has extracted the strategies used by the translators.- Hanieh Qarakhan Bagli (2021) in her master's thesis entitled "Review and analysis of the translation of Arabic political news headlines in Fars news agency based on Van Dyke's discursive approach"; It tries to investigate and explain the differences between the news headlines translated in Fars news agency and their Arabic texts between July 30, 2019 and July 30, 2014, using the descriptive-analytical method and the Vandyke model.MethodologyThis research tries to provide solutions based on the approach of critical discourse analysis and the Van Dyke model (at both micro and macro levels Vandyke model (at both micro and macro levels), so that new Iranian translators, faced with political discourses containing ideologies that conflict with the ideology of their own country, can translate the source text. The research data were selected from the two news networks "Al-Arabiya" and "Al-Sharq" which are subordinate to the policies of Saudi Arabia, focusing on the Yemen war. Next, the news that covered the events in Yemen from 2019 to 2022 were examined, then due to the limitation of this research, some speeches and texts that included the most and most comprehensive strategies proposed by Van Dyke were selected. and analyzed. Then, based on the obtained analysis, the news were translated with the approach of critical discourse analysis and the translation was also analyzed.ConclusionThis research, by examining and analyzing political texts in general and the news of Yemeni war incidents in particular, showed us that in the media discourse, an incident is narrated in different ways and sometimes such incidents undergo changes and distortions. They look as if a new incident has happened. Therefore, translators of political texts need political, cultural and social knowledge in addition to linguistic knowledge. In fact, critical discourse analysis teaches them how to use their linguistic knowledge to discover and extract the ideology hidden in texts. Then, taking into account the accepted ideology in the target text, try to neutralize that ideology or even turn the ideology around. Also, the findings of this research showed us that in texts where ideology and politics are in conflict with each other in the source and target texts, using a strategy that is opposite to the strategy embedded in the source text can be a way forward for the translator. Also, along with other strategies analyzed in the article that lead to the neutrality or neutralization of the source text, the two strategies of deletion and addition are very effective in reversing the source text.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Nafiseh Emari Allahyari; Ali Zeighami; Habib Keshavarz
Abstract
In post-coronavirus societies and the return of enthusiasm and motivation of people to exchange cultures and travel, the need for translation is felt more than ever. In the meantime, different branches of the tourism industry have been associated with interpretation. The purpose of this research is to ...
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In post-coronavirus societies and the return of enthusiasm and motivation of people to exchange cultures and travel, the need for translation is felt more than ever. In the meantime, different branches of the tourism industry have been associated with interpretation. The purpose of this research is to find the most suitable solutions in the translation of proper names of tourism, know the most used strategy from the ten strategies of Van Coillie's theory (2007) in this documentary, and learn about its challenges. The research method is descriptive-analytical, in which 200 proper names were extracted from the tourism-historical documentary "Ma’alam Men Khuzestan" (Khuzestan at a Glance in Farsi) which was broadcast on Al-Kawthar International Channel, and after comparing the samples in the two Persian and Arabic versions of the documentary, it has been criticized and analyzed based on Van Coillie's theory. The research results indicate that the strategy of not translating, reproducing and copying has been used more than others. In the field of tourism, the strategy of non-translation, reproduction, and copying is considered the most appropriate translation strategies, because introducing the unique attractions of a region is one of the goals of the translator in this type of text, which must be preserved and distinguished by mentioning its original name. Other strategies are reproduction along with phonetic or morphological adaptation to the target language, deletion, non-translation along with additional explanation, and replacement with an equivalent in the target language, respectively.Keywords: Translation Strategies, Proper Names, Van Coillie, Al-Kawthar, Tourism.IntroductionKnowing the specific cultural, tourism, historical, and architectural elements of each country requires familiarity with translation approaches, which includes new researches in the field of translation of proper names. With the progress of communication and the increasing connection of all types of tourism, including cultural, religious, medical, urban, etc., with the Arabic language, the importance of translating proper names doubles.This documentary was produced by Maziar Mohajer Soltani and its text was translated into Arabic by Alireza Khajehpour. The narrators are Reza Mansour Jassim, Basmeh Shekarchi, and Manar Qitouli.Questions and Hypotheses 1- What are the challenges in the translation of proper names of tourism in Persian and Arabic languages in Van Coillie's theory?Analyzing Arabic proper names through a Western theory faces many challenges, because these strategies correspond to the structure of English grammar. The lack of Persian or Arabic theories in the translation of proper names and the lack of translation of Van Coillie's books are other problems of this research.2- In oral texts of tourism, what is the most appropriate strategy for translating proper names?It seems that combining several strategies is the best solution for translating proper names of tourism. 3- What is the most frequent method in translating proper names in this documentary and why is this method used more?It seems that the strategy of not translating, reproducing and copying has been used more than other strategies to preserve the priorities of the text or the author and transfer the cultural richness of the source language.Literature ReviewIn general, no research has been conducted on the translation of Persian proper names into Arabic in an oral tourism text. However, few research studies have been done on the translation of proper names in religious texts (Qur'an) and literary texts (novels).MethodologyThe research method is descriptive-analytical. In a way, 200 proper names were extracted from this documentary which was made in 1390-91 AH and was broadcast in 1395 in 13 episodes of 20 minutes on Al-Kawthar International Channel. After comparing samples in the two Persian and Arabic versions of the documentary, it was criticized and analyzed based on the ten strategies of Van Coillie's theory.In the theoretical literature section, the definition of proper and common nouns was mentioned, and different views on the division of proper names were also expressed.The ten axes of Van Coillie's theory are 1) Non-translation, reproduction, and copying. 2) Non-translation with additional explanations in the text or the footnote. 3) Replacement of personal name by a common noun. 4) Phonetic or morphological adaptation to the target language. 5) Replacement with the equivalent in the target language. 6) Replacement by a more widely known name from the source culture or an internationally known name with the same function. 7) Replacing a name with another name from the target language or substitution. 8) Translation of names with a particular connotation. 9) Replacement by a noun with another or additional connotation. 10) Delete. After presenting the ten strategies of Van Coillie's theory, 5 strategies were used by the translator more than other strategies, and under each strategy, explanations and several examples of those strategies and the percentage of their use compared to 200 samples were mentioned in the data analysis section.ConclusionThe strategy of non-translation, reproduction, and copying was recognized as the most used strategy of this documentary by 36%, and one can understand the source-oriented perspective of the documentary translator. According to statistics, the copying of the names of geographical places with 57% is more than the copying of the names of characters with 38%. In the field of tourism, the strategy of non-translation, reproduction, and copying is considered the most suitable translation strategy, because introducing the unique attractions of a region is one of the goals of the translator in this type of texts, which should be preserved and distinguished by mentioning its original name. In the second strategy, the criterion is the way of pronouncing a proper name with the phonetic rules of the target language, and the translation method had a special place in this strategy. In the third strategy, complete and incomplete deletion has occurred in some proper names. The fourth strategy or copying with additional explanations was used to inform the audience and express its implicit meaning. Finally, the last strategy, replacement with an equivalent, seems to be useful in the form of integration with another strategy in tourism texts. Therefore, in general, the combination of strategies is considered a suitable choice in the translation of proper names of tourism oral texts. In this documentary, we have seen examples of combinations, and one of the best combinations is the combination of copying with equivalence. But combination as an independent strategy remains hidden from Van Coillie's point of view.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Narges Samareh; Vahideh Motahari; Reyhaneh Mollazadeh
Abstract
Jean-René Ladmiral, a French theoretician, proposed components for the translation of words that are helpful for the translator in the process of conveying meaning and creating a balance between the words of the target text or the source text. In this article, the performance of the translator ...
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Jean-René Ladmiral, a French theoretician, proposed components for the translation of words that are helpful for the translator in the process of conveying meaning and creating a balance between the words of the target text or the source text. In this article, the performance of the translator in the Arabic translation of the words of the book Imamat va Rahbari and the quality of the translation have been evaluated based on Ladmiral's model and with descriptive-analytical and statistical methods. The findings of the research show that the translator tries to convey the meaning of the words through matters such as the selection of the translator, disambiguation, minimal interpretation, and addition, and provides a comprehensible and readable translation. In many cases, words have been borrowed. Sometimes, due to the inappropriate deletion of words and inappropriate selection of equivalents, the translator has not been able to recreate the content of the message for the audience, and therefore requires revision and re-editing.Keywords: Evaluation of Translation, Javad Ali Kassar, Imamat va Rahbari Book, Morteza Motahari, Ladmiral's Theory. IntroductionWith the scientific advances that are expanding in the world, to achieve the scientific and cultural achievements of societies, the translation of texts is essential. Along with the translation of texts, its evaluation also prospered and gradually took a scientific form and was able to eliminate many shortcomings of translations and by providing effective solutions, it became a path for future translators.Due to the innate need of mankind for religion, translators in every era have tried to translate holy texts into different languages and provide the basis for the development of religious thought. The translator of religious texts always faces challenges, one of which is vocabulary balance. In the field of religion, words are used that have a special cultural meaning, and if the translator cannot find an exact equivalent in the dictionary to convey their meaning, he uses the explanatory strategy of words or a close equivalent in the target language, and sometimes the translator prioritizes vocabulary borrowing.Among these texts is the book "Imamat va Rahbari" by Shahid Morteza Motahari, which was translated into Arabic by Iraqi religious researcher and translator Javad Ali Kassar. In this thesis, the most important tool of translation, namely "scientific criticism and evaluation", is used to measure the translator's performance in the way of transferring words. For the application of this criticism, Ladmiral’s model was chosen because the useful solutions of this model are very helpful for the translator in order to convey the meaning of the words and provide a good translation.Therefore, after explaining Ladmiral's theory about the process of word transfer, the present research examines the performance of the translator and the quality of the translation by comparing two Persian and Arabic texts and expressing their differences and similarities. For this purpose, the present research seeks to answer the following questions::How does the translator perform in transferring words to Arabic based on Ladmiral's model?How did the methods used by the translator to convey the meaning of the words have an effect on improving the translation?Literature ReviewFew research studies about the evaluation of the lexical process based on Ladmiral's model are as follows:- The article "Lexical Balance and its Importance in Detailed Understanding of the Text (Case Study of Five Persian Translations Of Nahj ul-Balaghah Sermons) " by Seyyed Mehdi Masbouq and others (2014).- The article "Induction of Translation of the Story of "Thousand and One Nights" by Abdellatif Tasouji Based on the Pattern of Jean-Rene Ladmiral" by Shahram Delshad, and others (2015).- The article "Evaluation of the translation process of Nahj al-Balaghah words based on the theory of Jean René Ladmiral" by Ali Syadani and colleagues (2016).- The article A Critical Review of Mohammad Dashti's Translation of Nahj al-Balāghah (Arabic: نهج ٱلبلاغه) Based on Ladmiral’s Model (1994) by Askar Babazadeh and others (1400).The difference between the present research and the mentioned studies is that so far no criticism and evaluation has been done for the Arabic translation of the words of the book "Imamat va Rahbari" by Morteza Motahari.MethodologyThis research has been written with a descriptive-analytical and statistical method and using library tools. To collect information, the thirty-third edition of the book "Imamat va Rahbari" (164 pages) and the second edition of the book "Al-Imamat" (234 pages) were compared based on Ladmiral's theory, and by using Excel software, the frequency of components of Ladmiral was obtained. Then, by extracting the statistical data and analyzing them, the performance of the translator in the transfer of words and the quality of the translation was determined.ConclusionThe findings of this research are:1- The translator has a more audience-oriented attitude and tries to convey the meaning to the audience at any cost.2- In transferring the words, the translator has tried to choose an appropriate equivalent from among the many equivalents found in the dictionaries, and if no appropriate equivalent has been found in the dictionary, he starts with minimal interpretation and explanatory additions in the form of nominal, adverbial, verbal, etc. in order to convey the semantic layers of the word to the audience, and sometimes he chooses an equivalent according to the context by his own discretion, and when there is no lexical equivalent and even with minimal interpretation, the implied meaning of the word is not conveyed to the audience, he transferred those words to the target language in the form of borrowing.3- Sometimes, by choosing inappropriate equivalents and inappropriate omissions of words, he has not provided a readable and acceptable translation.4- To fix the inappropriate translation of some words, it is better for the translator to review and re-edit.
