Translation in Arabic language and literature
Seyed Mahdi Hosseini; Seyed Hossein Seyedi
Abstract
from 1976 Simultaneously with inventing of the cohesion theory from Michael Halliday and Ruqaiya hasan it became the basis of many discourse analysis researches. on the other hand, the Holy Quran as a revelatory text had been a refrence for linguistics investigations for centuries and according to the ...
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from 1976 Simultaneously with inventing of the cohesion theory from Michael Halliday and Ruqaiya hasan it became the basis of many discourse analysis researches. on the other hand, the Holy Quran as a revelatory text had been a refrence for linguistics investigations for centuries and according to the old and contemporary Quran scholars “one of the best points of Quran is a kind of cohesion in a diffrent layers of it's texture” insofar the Quran scholars considered the smartly dicipline and the wonderful arrangement of the Quranic phrases besides the great content and eloquence of words between the miraculous aspects of Quran. one of the indications of cohesion is conjuctions cohesion that speaks from the conjuctions role in creating cohesion between phrases near the grammatical and lexical cohesion. Halliday and Hasan devided the cohesion's devices in four types: additive, contrasting, casual and time. there are so many cases of conjuctions in Quran but the important matter and the subject of this article is the quality of rebuilding this conjuctions in persian. for this purpose, at first, we described the basics of cohesion especially conjuction cohesion and conjuction cohesion in the Quran. then the situations of conjuctions in a selection verses of the Quran be checked and finally, we critisized the translators functions.The examined translations include Fouladvand, Khorramshahi and Makarem Shirazi’s translation. Based on the research findings, the importance of conjuction cohesion device is undeniable and duo to lack of this usage, there are several mistakes in translators functions during the diagnosing, Consequently translating the conjuctions.Keywords: Holy Quran, Pathology of Translation, Conjuction Cohesion, Conjuctions.IntroductionHoly Quran translation with the help of linguistics therories present a stability to the translation. With adventing of modern linguistics theories, the translation get a scientic and specialite frame and these theories donate a systematic frame to the translation, that began with functional systematic theory.Conjuction cohesion as a conherence device has a high frequency in making connection between Quranic phrarses and verses. In the other word, conjuction cohesion is organizing the varied phrases of the text in a consistent shape, But the important matter is that because of varied uses and meanings of conjuctions in Arabic it should be a linguistic classification to help translators in finding the correct equivalent of them. It’s happen for the first time by Michael Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan that they grouped the conjuctions in additive, contrasting, casual and time.Because of translator’s old approaches they mostly don’t pay attention to the linguistics advices and they just focus on the syntax points of the text, especially in translation of conjuctions. This reaserch believe and want to prove that cohesion conjuction can present a helpful tool in finding the best meaning of the conjuctions between the phrarses. In this article we also choosed two cases: Fouladvand and Makarem Shirazi as non-literary translations and a case Khorramshahi as a literary translation to evaluate the function of both approaches in translation.Literature ReviewThere are several researches about cohesion theory and it’s usage in various text and the Holy Quran has been the basis of these researches several times and we can mention to the following studies: “Aesthetics Analysis of the Verses of the Holy Quran based on the Device of Cohesion and Coherence: A case study of some of the special of Surahs of Resurrection” by Ghasem Mokhtari and Mehrangiz Khodabakhshnezhad (1397) “Cohesive Devices in the Surah of Noah” by Yunus Valiei and his colleagues (1395) “Cohesion Factors in Surah Al-Muzzammil Based on the Halliday and Hassan's Theory” by Ezzat Molla Ebrahimi and Zahra Rezaee (1399) And other articles that studied the cohesion conjuctions under the general topic of cohesion, but in none of them, conjuction cohesion has been investigated in a especialized way. In “The application of connective coherence in the analysis of conflicting cases of commentators of the Holy Quran” by mojtaba Torkashvand and his colleagues (1402) The conjuction cohesion was the base of the research But in this article, the topic of translation is not be mentioned.Just in “A comparative study of elements of textual coherence in Surah Al-NAS” by Gholam Hasan Ouraki and Alkhas Veisi the transliteration of the surah has also been noticed, but considering the shortness of the surah, an acceptable volume of cohesion conjuction is not visible.Therefore, this is the first time that the function of Quran translators in translating Quranic conjuctions is investigated based on the conjuction cohesion.Reaserch MethodologyAt first, the study was done with the analytical- descriptive method. For this, we described the basics of cohesion especially conjuction cohesion and conjuction cohesion in the Quran. then the situations of conjuctions in a selection verses of the Quran be checked and finally and in critical method we analyzed the translations. ConclusionsAccording to the research data, it is evident that in the translation of a conjunction, in addition to knowing its position in Arabic syntax, it is also necessary to use the conjuction cohesion tool Because in many cases, translating a conjuction by means of its equivalent in the target language cannot correctly express its meaning. The reason of it, is that these means are based on syntactic, and in these divisions, although the base of the signification of the conjuction is correctly stated, sometimes, in the second layer, there are more significations that the syntax didn’t include it. Therefore, in these cases, the translator must look for a different a suitable substitute according to the contex of the verse. Finally, based on the analyzes and in response to the questions of the study, we reached the following conclusions: 1- conjuction cohesion by providing an acceptable system for organizing the conjuctions, presented a suitable tool to the translators of the Holy Quran. As a result, the usage of conjuction cohesion tool can be beneficial for analyzing the phrase and selecting the correct equivalent for Quranic cunjuctions.2- In choosing the suitable equivalent for a conjuction, paying attention to the context of the sentence and the syntactic and expressive features has an important role.3- In order to find the exact position of a conjuction in the conjuction cohesion categories, it is necessary to searching in the interpretation and logical analysis of the relation between the verses. 4- Despite that we cant consider the translators defeated in translating the conjuctions, but due to the lack of their discourse analysis knowledge, there are some mistakes in the their translating of conjuctions and this is undoubtedly one of the disadvantages of the Quran translation process.5- Also, the mentioned point is one of the disadvantages of both literary and non-literary approaches in translation of Quran, and there is no difference between them in this matter.6- In the examples of the "Vav", all of the recognitions from the translators was completely incorrect.7- In the examples of the “Fa”, except in one case (YUNUS:12) from Makarem Shirazi, the rest of the translations were incorrect. 8-In the examples of the “Somma”, Khorramshahi in one case (ISRA: 68) and Foladvand in one case (YUNUS: 71) have made a correct diagnosis.9- In the example of the "Lam", the translators didn't succeed in identifying the corrrect meaning of this conjuction.10- In the translation of the two conjuctions "Vav and Fa", in addition to the conventional meaning, the contrasting meaning has a higher frequency.
Ali Saberi
Abstract
In the holy Quran, there are some words that translators for their translation to other languages need to have special precision and contemplation. One example of such words is reduction and amplification devices that the presence of these words in the text sometimes causes inconsistency or error in ...
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In the holy Quran, there are some words that translators for their translation to other languages need to have special precision and contemplation. One example of such words is reduction and amplification devices that the presence of these words in the text sometimes causes inconsistency or error in the translation. Additionally, it is sometimes seen that the translators ignore them. Such disorganization in the translation is probably attributable to various meanings of these words, such as the implication of the word " قَد"[Indicates emphasis or diminution] for emphasis, inquiry, approximation, reduction, and amplification. In addition, it sometimes bears similarity to other words, such as exclamatory “کَم “ [How many, How much, many a] to interrogatory “ کَم “. It could occur due to opposite concepts, such as the word «رُبَّ» [Indicates preponderance or diminution] that sometimes indicates the increase and other times it means shortcoming. These has caused the translators to commit errors in determining the type of these devises, their correct implication, and their part of speech. We decided to find out what are the methods of the translation of these devices and what solution can keep the translators safe from making errors? Initially, this study primarily demonstrates the disconformity between some translators and ccommentators and grammarians. Then it attempts to introduce the correct words to rectify the translation of the texts, and it scrutinizes the principles of determining the type of devices, such as «رُبّ» or «قد» that are used for reduction or amplification or other meanings and «کم» and «کأیّن» [Indicates preponderance or diminution] that are used for detection of binding element of the sentence. Therefore, a translator needs to be well aware of the rules of grammar and etymology.
