An Analytical Assessment of Translating the Conceptual Metaphors of Light and Darkness in the Quran by AI Models Based on Lakoff, Johnson, and Newmark’s Theories

Articles in Press

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Graduated from the University of Tehran in Linguistics

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Yazd University

Abstract

This study critically evaluates the translation of conceptual metaphors of «light» and «darkness» in the Holy Qur’an by three prominent AI language models _Grok, Gemini, and ChatGPT_ based on Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Newmark’s (1988) translation strategies. The metaphors of light and darkness, which symbolize concepts such as divine guidance, faith, misguidance, and disbelief, were analyzed in selected Qur'anic verses. Findings indicate that AI models primarily employ literal reproduction of metaphors. However, they often struggle to convey the deep cultural, theological, and spiritual meanings of these metaphors especially for audiences unfamiliar with the Qur’an’s conceptual and religious frameworks. The absence of explanatory elements and the inability to interpret profound meanings _such as «light» as divine guidance and «darkness» as ignorance or disbelief_ are among the key challenges. The study recommends enhancing AI-generated translations by integrating cognitive theories, incorporating interpretive Islamic sources, and applying Newmark’s supplementary strategies (e.g., footnotes). Thus, the potential of artificial intelligence in translating sacred texts can be utilized, provided that a deeper conceptual and cultural understanding is developed within the models.

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Main Subjects

Translation Researches in the Arabic Language And Literature

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 23 September 2025

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