Translation in Arabic language and literature
Yosra Shadman; Fatemeh Akbarizadeh
Abstract
Jean-René Ladmiral, in the field of translation theory with a destination-oriented approach, believes that limiting translation to simple encryption is incorrect and the translator should produce meaning or re-create it. This theoretician has provided solutions such as displacement, disambiguation, ...
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Jean-René Ladmiral, in the field of translation theory with a destination-oriented approach, believes that limiting translation to simple encryption is incorrect and the translator should produce meaning or re-create it. This theoretician has provided solutions such as displacement, disambiguation, addition, etc. This essay presents examples of successful translations according to ladmiral's components and analyzes their success according to the components. Then he mentioned other examples that were not successful according to the components and also stated their lack of success. Finally, the reasons for the strength and weakness of Amiri's translation are shown based on Admiral's theory. The result of the research shows that thetranslator has fully complied with the components of Jean-René Ladmiral in terms of disambiguation and augmentation and has presented a readable and understandable text in the target culture. But in some cases, especially in the examples of displacement and deletion, the translator used the components of the Admiral's model inappropriately and caused damage to the story in the transfer of meaning and rhetoric.Keywords: Translation Evaluation, Ladmiral's Theory, Migration Season to al-Shamal, Tayeb Saleh, Reza Ameri.IntroductionIn this study, among the literary works translated from Arabic to Persian, an excerpt of the novel entitled: "Season of Migration to the North" by Tayyab Saleh has been selected; because some prominent critics, due to the author's special ability in the field of fiction and novels, have made him to be famous as "Elite of Arab storytelling" and introduced him as the successor of the prominent novelist "Najib Mahfouz" (Molavi, 2010: 1). Reza Ameri; An Iranian translator has been assigned to translate this work. Based on the theory of Jean René Ladmiral, this article deals with the re-analysis of Reza Ameri's translation of the novel entitled: "Season of Migration to the North" to identify and examine the translation approach by evaluating the translator's method.Research QuestionsAccording to the solutions provided by Admiral, how did the translator act? Has the translator been able to present a readable and understandable text in the target culture, or has he alienated in the translation?Research ReviewDue to the significance of the novel entitled: "Season of Migration to the North", several works have been published in the review of its literary facets and have put emphasis on this novel in terms of story elements and post-colonial content. However, no research has been yet conducted in the field of criticism of the Persian translation of this work. The Persian translation of this work has been reviewed for the first time in Iran. Since this study evaluates the translation with Ladmiral's and Berman's approach, the researches related to this approach to the mentioned novel.The article entitled: "Research of Abdul Latif Tsoji's translation of the fundamental story of One Thousand and One Nights" based on the approach of JeanRené Ladmiral" (2015), written by Shahram Delshad, Seyyed Mehdi Masbouq, and Salahuddin Abdi. This article attempted to criticize Tasouji translation of the story "One Thousand and One Nights" based on Admiral' applied theory and evaluate the translator's performance in the context of the source text. The authors in this article accepted the principle as the most proper method for translating the book: "One Thousand and One Nights" is a goal-oriented and free method, and considered the Admiral's theory to be the most compatible with this principle.The article "Confrontational examination of the process of elimination or entropy in Persian translations of One Thousand and One Nights" (2015), written by Shahram Delshad. The article evaluated the elimination component, which is one of the components of the Admiral's model, in three categories of expression of love states, translation of Islamic Arabic poems, and signs in Persian translations of "Alif Laila and Laila". This study examined the Persian translations of the work only by analyzing the elimination theorem in three different aspects.The article "Evaluation of the translation process of Nahj al-Balagheh words based on Admiral's theory" (2016), written by Ali Sayadani and Siamak Asgharpour, examined various methods of interaction with Nahj al-Balaghah lexicons in translation, and also evaluated Ali Shirvani's performance in translating Nahj al-Balaghah concepts. The findings of the study showed that based on Admiral's components, the translator's approach is destination-oriented in some parts of the translation and origin-oriented in another part, and despite adhering to the vocabulary of the source language, he has also focused on conveying the textual message.The article "Criticism of the novel: Seasons of Migration to the North, based on the components of the modern novel" (2019), written by Ali Akbar Nursaideh and Parviz Jahanshahlou, analyzed the components of modernism such as lyricism, passing of time, different viewpoints, blending of reality with imagination, etc. The findings indicate that the components of poetry and time-lapse are among the most prominent indicators of modernism in this novel and are more prominent than the other components. Of course, this is due to the specific content and context of the novel.A study entitled: "Analytical study of the novel: Season of Migration to the North" by Tayyeb Saleh and its translations from Arabic to English by Donis Johnson Defis" (2017), written by Abdul Hamid Alili was defended at the University of Algiers, in which the author analyzed the English translation of the novel, and is mostly seeking the answer to whether it is possible to get help from literal translation to the literary translation, or not. Institutionalizing coherent theories such as Admiral's theory in the translation of literary texts leads to higher coherence of the translation. Its application in a wider sense is the main purpose of this study and also it is the main difference between the present study and the other mentioned researches.Research MethodologyThe propose study deals with the descriptive-analytical method and through library tools, aims to to re-analyze Reza Ameri's translation of the novel "Migration Season to the North" by Tayeb Saleh, relying on Jean René Ladmiral’s approach. Accordingly; some instances of translations aligned with Admiral's components have been presented and their success has been analyzed and reviewed according to the components, and the other instances which were not successful accordingly are mentioned, as well. Finally, the reasons for the strength and weakness of Ameri’s translation are presented based on Admiral's theory.ConclusionTo sum up, the translator has looked for localization by putting emphasis upon destination orientation, and despite adhering to the vocabulary of the source language; has also focused on conveying the concept and textual message. The result of the study reveals that the translator has completely agreed with Admiral's components in some concepts such as "disambiguation", "adjunction", and "redundancy" and has provided a readable and understandable text in the target culture. However, under some tops such as "displacement" and "the translator’ freedom of choice", sometimes the components of the Admiral's approach have not been seen and it has caused damage to the story in the meaning and rhetoric transfer. Finally, according to the statistics taken from the 24 samples of Tayeb Saleh's text, 3 of the translations were no in line with Admiral's approach of components.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Fatemeh Akbarizadeh; Yosra Shadman
Abstract
According to Bakhtin's theory, the novel as a literary type, appropriate to the spirit of the age and human society, has dialogical relations in linguistic dimensions. A conversational visual novel is the result of the entanglement of languages emerging from the characters, each of them with a different ...
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According to Bakhtin's theory, the novel as a literary type, appropriate to the spirit of the age and human society, has dialogical relations in linguistic dimensions. A conversational visual novel is the result of the entanglement of languages emerging from the characters, each of them with a different worldview, social and cultural level, is present in the novel and interacts with each other. The novel "Post-e Shabaneh" in a multi-voiced world, with the depiction of different sounds, has the heteroglossia feature, and the language of each character in each part of the novel interacts with other languages. This heteroglossia can be seen in the language, tone, and form of the novel, and its translation is very important, and this article will analyze this feature. The novel "Post-e Shabaneh" is a Persian translation of the Arabic novel "Barid Al-Layl" by Hoda Barakat. The present article tries to criticize its Persian translations with a descriptive-analytical method in order to find out how translators dealt with the heteroglossia feature of the novel in the translations. There have been three translations of this work by Hamidreza Mohajerani, Mansoureh Ahmadi Jafari, and Soha Banouni and published under the title "Post-e Shabaneh". In the study of more than 60 samples of translations in multiple languages manifested in the tone and language of the character and the double-voiced discourse, it seems that each of the translators has been successful in translating the heteroglossia feature to some extent. Banouni has performed poorly in this field and has often not provided an acceptable translation.Keywords: Novel Translation, Heteroglossia, Post-e Shabaneh, Hoda.Introduction The Arabic novel "Barid Al-Layl" by Hoda Barakat is the winner of the 2019 Arabic Booker Prize, and due to its importance in the contemporary Arabic novel, it is also translated into Persian under the title "Post-e Shabaneh" by three translators (Hamidreza Mohajerani, Mansoureh Ahmadi Jafari and Saha Banouni). By explaining this feature of the novel, this article is trying to examine with what components it is possible to translate the heteroglossia style of the novel and whether the translations of this work have been able to reflect this important feature in the style of the novel. Because a good translation of a novel is not a translation of words and sentences, but a translation of all the narrative, stylistic, and linguistic aspects of the novel; the present article tries to criticize the translations of the novel "Post-e Shabaneh" by Hoda Barakat, focusing on its "heteroglossia" feature. Therefore, this article examines the characters' utterances in accordance with the characterization, the interaction of the novel with other literary types, and the interaction of the speech styles of hybridization, polemic, parody, and stylization.The current research aims to answer the following questions:In what components can the feature of heteroglossia in the novel "Post-e Shabaneh" be studied and evaluated?Which of the translators has presented a more successful translation of the heteroglossia feature of the mentioned novel? The hypotheses are as follows:According to the narrative style of the letter in the first part and the self-talk of the characters in the last two parts, the novel "Post-e Shabaneh" has put the speech of the story characters in conversational interaction with other sounds and has established heteroglossia in the language of the characters according to the type of each character. Also, heteroglossia can be seen in the interaction of the language of the novel with other literary and non-literary types in the language of the characters, as well as double-voiced discourse in the interaction of speech styles such as hybridization, polemic, parody, and stylistics.In the examination of the double-voiced discourse of the novel, it seems that the translators have not provided a suitable translation and the interference of sounds and correspondence or correlation or contrast in the desired double-voiced discourse have not been considered.Literature ReviewIn analyzing the feature of heteroglossia in the novel, the following points can be mentioned:Akbarizadeh et al. (2014) in the article Heteroglossia Effects in the Novel Things We Left Unsaid, investigated the double-voiced discourse between the female writer and the characters and narrator's language and the language of literary and non-literary genres, and by studying the three levels of multilingualism in Pirzad's novel for women, they analyzed different elements in the creation of an inconsistent language system in the discourse of the novel.Baloo and his colleagues (2016) in the article Bakhtinian Polyphony and Heteroglossia and Their Presentation in the Novel Sangesabor, besides the polyphonic feature of this novel, paid attention to heteroglossia feature, and while enumerating the characteristics of the sounds of the text manifested in the characters, they also dealt with the conversational relationships between them and enumerated the aspects of parody and consonance between them.Professor Mohammadi and his colleague (2016) in an article entitled Multilingualism and Polyphony: Post-modernism Features in "Possible Night" (Shab-e Momken) Novel, while enumerating the novel's postmodern characteristics, pointed out multilingualism and listed the use of English and French alongside Persian as well as the use of colloquial language and the use of words different from the official language by the characters as manifestations of multilingualism.MethodologyIn order to understand a novel, it is important to pay attention to its linguistic and stylistic layers. Also, it is necessary to discover and understand the different language varieties that have emerged according to linguistic rules. The novel "Post-e Shabaneh" is a Persian translation of the Arabic novel "Barid Al-Layl" by Hoda Barakat. This article tries to criticize the Persian translations of Hamidreza Mohajerani, Mansoureh Ahmadi Jafari, and Soha Banouni with a descriptive-analytical method and library tools in order to understand how the heteroglossia feature of this novel is translated.ConclusionAccording to the analysis of the discourse of the novel "Post-e Shabaneh" by Hoda Barakat; in confirmation of the first hypothesis, it can be found that the words of the characters in the novel in the official language of the letters are appropriate for each character as well as the specific time and place of writing.Heteroglossia can be seen in the language of the characters, in the mixing of the language of religion, popular culture and science in the words of the characters. The double-voiced discourse is arranged in relation to the voice of the hypothetical addressee of each letter, as well as the voice of the society and the ruling presuppositions and taboos. Where another voice has an objective embodiment in the speech of the speaker, we are faced with a hybrid discourse. However, when another voice is implicitly considered during the speech, or the speaker's voice is consistent with another voice, it is the stylistic double-voiced speech, or it is in contrast with the other, and the representation is contradictory. It is very important to pay attention to the interference of sounds in speech and translators should consider the type of personality, insight, and social level of the person as well as another voice, to represent the double-voiced speech and translate the multiple voices and choose the appropriate interpretations and words. Among more than 60 selected samples, some of which were mentioned in a small part of the article, it was observed that the second hypothesis is somewhat true and the translators tried to translate these heteroglossias in an experimental way and were successful to some extent.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Yosra Shadman; Mina Arabi
Abstract
In order to improve the quality of translation, theorists have provided many models, each of which shows the acceptability of literary works in the target language. By evaluating the translation in the form of a pattern, the positive and negative features of the translation show themselves, and this ...
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In order to improve the quality of translation, theorists have provided many models, each of which shows the acceptability of literary works in the target language. By evaluating the translation in the form of a pattern, the positive and negative features of the translation show themselves, and this indicates the adequacy and acceptability of a translation. In this research, an attempt has been made to evaluate and criticize the translation of the novel "Tashari" written by Anam Kajaji under the title "My Pieces" by the efforts of Karim Pour Zubeid based on the model suggested by Garces. Garcés's model is one of the most basic theories in the field of linguistics, the main purpose of which is to determine the qualitative level of translations. Garcés analyzes four levels to evaluate translation, each of which is formed by subcategories. The most important findings of this research, which have been written by descriptive-analytical and statistical methods, indicate that: Poor Zubeid did not rely on the source language and even in some cases disrupted the main concepts of the story. It also has the highest case density at the (stylistic-scientific) level, and since the subsets of this level are included in the form of negative features, it can be said that this translation does not have the necessary adequacy and acceptability.
Yosra Shadman; Mohammad Nabi Ahmadi; Sahar Malekian
Abstract
Cognitive metaphorical theory is a term used in linguistics to refer to an idea or conceptual field based on another idea or concept. Examples from the book Sahifa Sajadieh and its two translations by Mousavi Garmaroodi and Elahi Ghomshey have been selected in order to investigate the relationship between ...
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Cognitive metaphorical theory is a term used in linguistics to refer to an idea or conceptual field based on another idea or concept. Examples from the book Sahifa Sajadieh and its two translations by Mousavi Garmaroodi and Elahi Ghomshey have been selected in order to investigate the relationship between cognitive metaphors at the two main levels: similar metaphors, special metaphors, with the act of translating and paying attention to the translators. In these examples, the metaphorical element was extracted and the performance of each translator in dealing with it was investigated. The results suggest that although translators have taken a different approach to translate the meanings of the source text, the success of both translators in translating metaphors has been similar. Mousavi Garmaroodi, as a translator of literature, has used creative metaphors, while Elahi Ghomshei has, in some instances, translated abstract concepts without metaphor in order to facilitate translation. In this research, the translation of Sahifa Sajadieh's conceptual metaphors is examined by the descriptive-analytical method and comparative approach.
