Translation in Arabic language and literature
Hesam Hajmomen Sichani
Abstract
With an emphasis on the requirement for having an applied attitude toward the translation education, the present study tries to pass over abstract scope of the grammatical comparisons between the Persian and Arabic languages and examines that structures of the linking clauses with the verb “AST” ...
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With an emphasis on the requirement for having an applied attitude toward the translation education, the present study tries to pass over abstract scope of the grammatical comparisons between the Persian and Arabic languages and examines that structures of the linking clauses with the verb “AST” are equivalent with which structures in Arabic, having a text-based attitude toward translation from Persian into Arabic for patterning the applied methods for such an equivalence by analyzing relationships between structures of this kind of clause in Persian and its equivalent structures in Arabic. The theoretical support for this study is the theory proposed by J. C.Catford from the applied linguistics viewpoint that offers an applied method for analyzing the equivalence between structures of these two languages by bringing two concepts of “Formal Correspondence” and “Textual Equivalence”. This study is conducted using an analytical-descriptive method, focusing on “Today’s Iranian Poetry” book (Persian text with Arabic translation) and it finally attains six applied patterns in translation of linking clause structures with the verb “AST” into Arabic, including: (1) The grammatical aspect of the links in Arabic and its correspondent with the verb “AST” in Persian; (2) Verbal aspect of the links in Arabic and its correspondent with the verb “AST” in Persian; (3) Verbal aspect of the links in Arabic and its correspondent with the verb “AST” and another element of the Persian clause; (4) The correspondent Arabic vocabulary group with the linking clause with the verb “AST”; (5) The cliché styles and idiomatic interpretation in Arabic which is correspondent with the linking clause with the verb “AST”; (6) Changing the expression method in Arabic in an equivalence with the linking clause with the verb “AST”.Keywords: Linking Clause; The Verb “AST”; Translation into Arabic; Formal Correspondence; Textual Equivalence; Catford.IntroductionOne of the most important areas that affects the written translation from Persian into Arabic is the comparative studies between the grammars of these two languages that shows the grammatical correspondences between their structures. But the applied attitude toward the translation shows that the textual equivalence is farbeyond the grammatical correspondences of these two languages because a semantic structure from the language of origin may be equalize with various semantic structures in the language of destination. Therefore, the applied attitude toward translation education requires that references for education of translation from Persian into Arabic show that translators actually use what structures in Arabic language in order to equalize a Persian grammatical structure.This analysis methodology finds its theoretical support in J. C. Catford’s Translation Theory from the applied linguistics viewpoint that, setting forth the “Formal Correspondence” and “Textual Equivalence” duality, argues that we shot go far beyond the formal correspondences between two languages and extract the applied patterns translation by examining actual equivalents from the texts of origin and translation in order to analyze the equivalence in translation.In this respect, the present study focuses on the linking clause with the verb “AST” as one of the most used clause structures in Persian language and tries to determine what applied structures exist to equalize this kinds of Persian clause in translation into Arabic. The study’s samples are taken from “Today’s Iranian Poetry” (2005), abilingual book, which is translated by MousaAswar and published by the Academy of Persian Language and Literature.Thus, examining the said work, this study attempts two answer this question: Which applied patterns exist in Arabic for equalizing the linking clause with the verb “AST”?The hypothesis of this study is that, beyond results obtained from the comparative grammars, the said equivalences have variousapplications that may be actually determined by referring to translations from Persian texts into Arabic.History of the StudyAlthough the author has found no independent research in the area of this subject, some references for grammatical comparison between Arabic and Persian or references for translation education have implications to this subject. For example, for example, Tabiban in “Grammatical Equivalents in Arabic and Persian” (152: 2008) and Helmi in “Comparison between Arabic and Persian Grammars” (78: 1992) have analyzed the grammatical relationship between the linking clause in Persian and noun clause in Arabic. In some sources for translation education, it is set forth that the linking verb “AST” has no equivalent in Arabic; for example, Marouf in “Translation Technique” (236: 2007); Zarkoub in “New Methodology for Translation Technique” (106: 1999); Fatehinezhad&Farzaneh in Translation Methods” (30: 1998). But some authors have directly or indirectly implied that we may use a verb for translation of a linking clause with the verb “AST” into Arabic. For example, Asoudi in “Translation Technique and Applied Translation into Arabic” (39, 37: 2017); Asghari in “A New Approach Toward Translation from Arabic” (69: 2016) and Tahmasbinezhad&Naghizadeh in “Workshop for Translation into Arabic” (150: 2020).Research MethodologyThis study is conducted using analytical-descriptive methodology. Using this method, all linking clauses with the verb “AST” in thePersian text are extracted together with their equivalent in the Arabic translation and patterns ruling on relationships between samples are described and finally a set of applied patterns are explained for translating this type of Persian sentence into Arabic.ConclusionFor equalizing the linking clause with the verb “AST” in Arabic, there are six applied patters:Using Arabic clauses in which the links are obtained from grammatical relationship between subject and predicate without any verb in the sentence.Using Arabic clauses in which the link is attained through a verb and the verb simulates the relationship established by “AST” between the subject and predicate in the Persian sentence;Using Arabic clauses in which links are established through a verb and the verb is chosen from the Persian clause based on meaning of an element and at the same time the element and verb “AST” is used as a correspondent.Transforming the Persian linking clause from a sentence and diminishing it to an Arabic phrase which is used as a structure in another clause.Using prevalent cliché styles or idiomatic interpretations in Arabic that impose the specific grammatical structure to the Arabic clause with no correspondent grammatical relationships between their elements with the Persian linking clause’s elements. Expressing concept of the Persian linking clause in form of an Arabic clause which is its equivalent semantically but it is different in terms of method of expression and type of phrasing.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Forough Farahmand Haromi; Hossein Mohtadi; Mohammad Javad Pourabed
Abstract
The style of exaggeration, as one of the most frequent syntactic styles, with many latent meanings, has always been the focus of translators. Examining the translation of this style in Nahj al-Balagha, which is a book mixed with eloquent expressions, is very important. On the other hand, Catford, as ...
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The style of exaggeration, as one of the most frequent syntactic styles, with many latent meanings, has always been the focus of translators. Examining the translation of this style in Nahj al-Balagha, which is a book mixed with eloquent expressions, is very important. On the other hand, Catford, as a theoretician in translation who has presented a precise and meticulous theory in translation, can be a good criterion and scale for analyzing the meaning of translations of Nahj al-Balagha. Be exaggerated in style. This style is used in morphological, syntactic, and rhetorical structures; but since one of the most used of this style is the modified weights of the subject noun, this research has tried to extract these weights with a descriptive-analytical method and apply them to this theory in order to determine the degree of this correspondence or lack of correspondence in reflecting the meaning of exaggeration in the word. Arabic with its translation in Shahidi and Foladvand translations should be identified as two translations that have a special place in terms of literature. After the investigations, it was observed that these translations could not accurately reflect the meaning of exaggeration in the Arabic language based on this theory and failed to reflect the meaning of exaggeration in these weights.
Hossein Mohseni; Amin Sheikh Bagheri
Abstract
Translation, as one of the leading means of transmitting cultures among nations, is a challenging field in the field of comparative literature. The existence of multiple layers of meaning between the main and virtual meanings of poetic words and the unfamiliarity of translators with the semantic rotation ...
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Translation, as one of the leading means of transmitting cultures among nations, is a challenging field in the field of comparative literature. The existence of multiple layers of meaning between the main and virtual meanings of poetic words and the unfamiliarity of translators with the semantic rotation between words and meanings in verses prevent the correct transmission of poets’ thoughts to the audience in literary texts. Among the famous Iranian poets, the translation of Hafez's poems, due to the interpretability of existing concepts and lexical localization, requires the translator to be more careful in his intellectual layers, cultural requirements, and religious beliefs. This research is based on the descriptive-analytical method and investigates the pathology of translating multi-layered concepts of words and poetic idioms of Hafez in the Arabic translations of "Ibrahim Amin Al-Shawarbi" and "Ali Abbas Zuleikha" according to Catford's theory of formal changes in the lexical, grammatical, omission, and addition sections. The results of this research show the complete failure of the above-mentioned translators in translating the multi-layered meanings of Hafez's poetic terms, and the neglect of paying attention to the semantic rotations of the terms has been identified as the main cause of this issue.
