Translation in Arabic language and literature
Nikoo Nikrah; Alireza Nazari; Ali Asghar Shahbazi
Abstract
Abstract Translation is the process of transferring linguistic data in many literary texts, especially fictional works, due to the existence of various specific cultural elements of the source culture, it acts as a bridge for cultural interactions and their ability to select the correct or more correct ...
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Abstract Translation is the process of transferring linguistic data in many literary texts, especially fictional works, due to the existence of various specific cultural elements of the source culture, it acts as a bridge for cultural interactions and their ability to select the correct or more correct equivalent in the target text can be considered as a factor in assessing the success or failure of the translator. Newmark, more than other theorists, was aware of the importance of this issue and, in addition to categorizing concepts, provided solutions for replacing cultural elements. The novel "Safar" by Mahmoud Dowlatabadi, with its internal content and narrative movement within the framework of traditional Iranian culture, encompasses all the cultural elements that Newmark considers, and the translator of this work into Arabic has faced multiple challenges in this regard. This article, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on Newmark's theory, attempts to analyze and criticize the translator's selection of cultural elements and to evaluate and even perform a stylistic analysis of the translator's performance in using Newmark's solutions. The results show that the most frequent cultural elements were related to material culture and proverbs, and the translator used a combination of more strategies than other methods in translating cultural elements. It can be said that the reason for the translator's frequent use of this method is the large number of some cultural concepts, including material culture and proverbs, and also to eliminate ambiguity and provide explanations in footnotes for better familiarity of Arabic-speaking audiences.Keywords: Arabic Translation, Cultural Elements, The novel “Safar”, Mahmoud Dowlatabadi, Salim Hamdan.IntroductionTranslation is generally defined as the transferring of data and information from one natural language to another natural language; But in fact, it is a bridge of communication between two cultures that is created with the tool of language; Therefore, the act of translation,both as a product and as a process, has always been the focus oftheorists in various fields of linguistics and other sciences related to linguistics, and each of them from their own perspective and the goals for translationconsiders and analyzes it. But the experience of the last few decades in the field of translation studies, which is being studied, taught and criticized by the world's leading theoreticians, who are currently in the universities and scientific institutions of the world, shows that with the development of views and theories Many, especially considering the introduction of translation in the topics of artificial intelligence or vice versa, maybe translation will become a machine thing that can save humans from its labors. However, when we face translation as a bridge to transfer culture and its numerous and diverse elements, we believe translation as a challenging matter more than ever.Among the numerous theorists of the 20th century who have presented theories about translation, its types and solutions, we must give a special place to "Peter Newmark" who delicately explained the importance of cultural elements in the matter of translation and the challenges and The attractiveness of choosing equivalents of these often unique elements in the target culture showed special attention and in addition to categorizing these elements, it offers several solutions to the translators in facing these challenging elements; He divided cultural categories into five categories and presented seventeen solutions in the field of translating cultural elements, which briefly include: transference method, naturalization, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, synonymy, through translation, compensation, reduction and expansion, couplet, etc. (Newmark, 1382: 103-117) Also, Newmark believes that the most important issue to be investigated in translation criticism is the quality or the amount of semantic defects of the translation. In addition, the translation should be examined as an independent writing from the original text, and in the next step, it should be addressed to what extent the translator has preserved the personal style of the original text. (Newmark, 1382: 245) Therefore, his theory is a translation training class before being a theory. In such a way that it can be inferred that the translator must master the cultural background of two languages before getting to know and master the source and destination languages. These cultural differences are more prominent in fiction, especially in Persian and Arabic literature, which deals with traditional topics and rural and somewhat ancient society.Among the Persian novels, the novel "Safar" by Mahmoud Dowlatabadi is one of such texts, whose translation into any language is challenging and troublesome for the translator. This challenge will not come from its various cultural elements. Therefore, in this article, an attempt will be made to criticize and analyze the equivalent choices of the translator of this work in the Arabic translation with descriptive-analytical method, and through this analysis, the following questions will be answered, which are the most frequent cultural elements. Which are in this work? According to Newmark's theory, which strategies did the translator use more than others in transferring cultural elements? And what is the reason for this type of exploitation?According to the mentioned questions, in order to reach the answer, we will first categorize the cultural categories of the novel and then we will criticize and analyze the performance of the translator while fully examining the equivalent of these elements by citing evidence and examples. Literature ReviewAlthough the Arabic translation of the novel "Safar" has never been the subject of an article about translation from Newmark's point of view, this approach has been examined on various works in two languages, including the following:The article "Exploration of the Arabic translation of the cultural components of the novel The Buyer of Love based on Newmark's theory" by Salimi et al. (1400) in the Quarterly Journal of Translation Research in Arabic Language and Literature is the title of another study whose results show that the dominant method In the translation of the cultural component of ecology, the translator is "transferring the word and localizing it" and in addition to using the cultural equivalent method and literal translation, he has also used the transfer method.The article "Arabic translation of the cultural categories of the Persian story Shakar is by Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh based on Newmark's approach" by Rahimi Khoygani (2016) in the Quarterly Journal of Translation Research in Arabic Language and Literature is a research title that shows some of its results. It means that the translator has provided a culturally equivalent solution and an audience-oriented translation.Rabiei et al. (2018), in a research entitled "Equivalence of Iranian folklore categories: a case study of the Arabic translation of Nun and Al Qalam by Jalal Al Ahmad", while enumerating the strategies of translating cultural elements from Newmark's point of view, most of the methods The use of a translator is considered a cultural equivalent and a descriptive equivalent. Gerji et al. (2019) in a research titled "Criticism of the translation of the cultural elements of the book "Tezkri" based on similes and allusions", by applying the Newmark model, believe that the translator has succeeded by using the functional equivalent method. .The article "Challenges of translatability of cultural elements in Najib Mahfouz's Al-Lass and Al-Kalab novels: a comparison of two translations based on Newmark's theoretical framework" written by Roshanfekr et al. Some of the novels of Al-Las and Al-Kalab have been discussed; the results indicate that the fusion method is one of the most successful methods for translating elements of Arabic culture into Persian.Esmaili and Shahbazi (1402) in a research entitled "Reviewing the Arabic translation of the cultural elements of the school principal's story based on Newmark's theory" believe that functional equivalents and the explanation of the concept of cultural elements in translation are the dominant and frequent approach of the translator, and the translator tries to use the text Make the story closer to the target language.Research MethodologyThe method of data collection in this library research and the data processing method will be descriptive-analytical in such a way that with the method of total induction, all the cultural elements in the novel will be extracted and quantified according to Newmark's classification, and all The data categorized based on all Newmark's strategies in the translation of cultural elements are examined, analyzed, and frequency based on the strategies so that the research result fully covers both aspects of this theory. Then, based on the importance and frequency of each category of elements and solutions, examples of the analysis of the translator's method in translating cultural elements will be mentioned as examples. The result of the research will be based on the calculation of all elements.ConclusionIn this research, while categorizing cultural categories, the methods used by translators in translating travel novels were investigated.- Out of the total of 83 cultural elements extracted from the novel "Safar", 38 items are related to material culture, 2 items are related to social culture, 4 items are related to customs, 3 items are related to gestures and habits, 3 items are related to currency units. 19 cases are related to proverbs, 11 cases are related to colloquial terms and 3 cases are related to titles.- The translator of the novel "Safar" in the translation of cultural elements, 42 times by the couplet method, 10 times by the cultural equivalent method, 7 times by the literal method, 5 times by the functional equivalent method, 5 times by the transference method, 5 times by the descriptive equivalent method, In 4 cases of incorrect equivalence, he used the synonymy method 2 times, the through translation method 2 times and the modulation method 1 time. Also, the results show that the translator of the novel "Safar" used the couplet method more than other methods and by 1/50%. Also, 0/12% of the cultural equivalent method is more than other methods, and 4/8% literal 0/6% functional equivalent, 0/6% transfer, 0/6% descriptive equivalent, 8/4% incorrect equivalence, 4/2% synonym, 4/2% through translation. Has used vector and 2/1% modulation. Cases such as synonyms, through translation, and modulation show the least amount of use of these methods by the translator in translation. - The extensive use of the synthesis method in the translation of the novel "Safar" shows that the translator tried to provide an understandable translation by applying this method, as well as a basis for the Arab-speaking audience to become more familiar with Iranian culture and better understand the meaning. Provide the author. Also, due to the fact that items such as proverbs and names of cities and cultural materials and products, respectively, have the largest number among the extracted samples, and this has caused the translator to use the integrated approach more.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Masoud Fekri; Neda Fazeli
Abstract
The novel "Kiss the Lovely Face of God" is one of the successful fiction works of recent years in Persian literature, which attracted the attention of Iranian readers and translators of other languages. Due to entering various social and cultural situations in the modern and urban areas of Iran, this ...
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The novel "Kiss the Lovely Face of God" is one of the successful fiction works of recent years in Persian literature, which attracted the attention of Iranian readers and translators of other languages. Due to entering various social and cultural situations in the modern and urban areas of Iran, this novel contains many cultural components that challenge translators. Going through these cultural components requires exact interaction and familiarity with contemporary Iranian culture. This work was translated into Arabic twice in 2014. "Ivir" offers seven strategies for translating cultural elements, including borrowing, defining, literal translating, replacing, word-building, and deleting and adding. In this study, the performance of two translators of the novel "Kiss the Lovely Face of God" in the transfer of cultural elements based on "Ivir" approaches has been investigated. By analyzing and comparing the two translations, it is clear that the most used method is the replacing strategy, which is sometimes accompanied by defining and adding.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Zahra Salimi; Sajjad Esmaili; Alireza Sheikhi
Abstract
Cultural elements as major parts of texts play an important role in conveying the main concepts to the readers. Understanding these concepts is the main concern of translators of different scripts. Therefore, a translator can convey not only the meaning of the text but also the sentiments of the author ...
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Cultural elements as major parts of texts play an important role in conveying the main concepts to the readers. Understanding these concepts is the main concern of translators of different scripts. Therefore, a translator can convey not only the meaning of the text but also the sentiments of the author to the readers using cultural synonyms. To this end, in this paper, we analyze the “Kharidar Eshgh” novel by Mohammad Ali Behzad Rad using the cultural pattern of Mark Newman. Moreover, we investigate how a translator deals with cultural elements and how he/she approaches finding the equivalent of cultural expression in Arabic and Persian language. We use a descriptive-analytical method in our research and we show that the translator of this novel has concentrated more on interpreting the meaning of text rather than conveying the author’s sentiments and feelings. Hence, word-by-word translation in some cases led to the ambiguity of translation. Furthermore, the actual meaning of expressions and metaphors have not been apprehended properly and inappropriate synonyms for words have been chosen. Among cultural components in this novel, cultural contents, proverbs, and ecology have the highest frequency, respectively.
Marzie Rabiei; Abdolali Alebooye Langerodi; Ahmad Pashazanos
Abstract
Cultural elements are the identity of a nation and can also be added to the cultural transfer of the destination if it is correctly translated. Therefore, the translator must have sufficient control over the language of the source language and the target language, while at the same time interpreting. ...
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Cultural elements are the identity of a nation and can also be added to the cultural transfer of the destination if it is correctly translated. Therefore, the translator must have sufficient control over the language of the source language and the target language, while at the same time interpreting. The present study intends to examine the equivalence of the cultural elements of the novel "Noun Valley" by Jalal Al-Ahmad based on the categorization of Sadegh Hedayat's cultural categories in the Arabic translation of Majeede Al-Annani. Since the transmission of all the semantic layers of a word from one language to another is difficult and cannot be precisely determined for each of the cultural elements of the language in the target language, the explanation of the concept of each term commensurate with the semantic realm and cultural theme requires an independent solution to equivalence Is. Hence, the Newark guidelines are the basis of this research. The findings of this research, which have been deductively inductively, and its important examples have been chosen as the content of the article, suggests that in translating cultural material elements, the interpreter has often used the cultural equivalents and descriptive equivalents that can be derived from the cultural-cultural coherence of the source and the destination. In the translation of the spiritual elements of the translator, in addition to the cultural mean, the functional equivalent and the descriptive equivalent of the compilation method are used and explains the interpretation of the desired category.
Alireza Nazari; Leila Jalali Habib Abadi
Abstract
Narrative work is one of the literary types that have more cultural and indigenous elements than other literary forms, and this plays a key role in the translation research, from the theory of translation and translation strategies. ‘The Blind Owl’ is one of the masterpieces of contemporary ...
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Narrative work is one of the literary types that have more cultural and indigenous elements than other literary forms, and this plays a key role in the translation research, from the theory of translation and translation strategies. ‘The Blind Owl’ is one of the masterpieces of contemporary Persian literature, which has many cultural components in many places, so that translators are faced with many challenges in translating it into other languages. This prominent novel was translated into Arabic by Ibrahim El Desouki. Ivir is one of the theorists who have presented his own approach to translating cultural elements, which includes transcription, definition, literal translation, substitution, lexical creation, omission, and addition. The present study aims to investigate translation methods of cultural elements of the Blind Owl in Arabic based on Ivir’s approach using the descriptive-analytical method. By analyzing the translation method of the Blind Owl, it is evident that in most cultural cases the translator has preferred to use the mixed method, whether in the combination of replacement and definition, and/or borrowing and definition, and even addition and definition in the footnotes. By analyzing the method of translating the Blind Owl, it is clear that in most cultural cases the translator has preferred to address equivalence by substitution method, although such an approach has some problems. In cases where the translator has succeeded in the translation, it is because he has used footnotes to explicate the cultural elements.
Kobra Roshanfekr; Hadi Nazari Monazam; Ahmad Heydari
Volume 3, Issue 8 , September 2013, , Pages 13-34
Abstract
Translation is one of the most important contemporary cultural issues. Thetranslator's jobis not only to replacewords, butasamediator, to createsome sort of coordination betweenthe national cultureandthe source culture thathasits owncustoms. This makes difficult the work of translator and makes his mission ...
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Translation is one of the most important contemporary cultural issues. Thetranslator's jobis not only to replacewords, butasamediator, to createsome sort of coordination betweenthe national cultureandthe source culture thathasits owncustoms. This makes difficult the work of translator and makes his mission even more complex. Newmark, the American scholar and theorist in the field of translation proposed a method for translating cultural elements thathave been accepted in scientific circles. This study used a descriptive-analytical method, and based on Newmark's theoretical framework, it attempted to criticize and reviewthe translation of cultural concepts inthe novel "El-lis'swal-kilab" by Naguib Mahfouz, which has been translated by two Iranian translators. Despitethe efforts made by the two translators, there can be seen complexities and short comings in the translation of cultural elements.The results show that in the translation, the integrative approach is less used as a method for the successful translation of cultural elements.
