Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Javad Asghari; Hossein Jowkar
Abstract
AbstractCurrently, there is no precise and all-encompassing model available for evaluating the translation unit in the translation of the Quran. To attain such a model, it is necessary to first analyze the effectiveness of the components of the translation unit. In this new study, we aim to examine the ...
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AbstractCurrently, there is no precise and all-encompassing model available for evaluating the translation unit in the translation of the Quran. To attain such a model, it is necessary to first analyze the effectiveness of the components of the translation unit. In this new study, we aim to examine the translation unit used in translating the Holy Quran. This essay starts off by looking at how translation theorists have approached the idea of translation units. Following that, a thorough study and analysis of the translation units utilized by Quran translators in Iran have resulted in critiques of their effectiveness in interpreting the Holy Quran. In this study, alongside the utilization of translation units suggested by Western theorists, an additional groundbreaking unit was employed—a sub-word unit—which has not yet been utilized by any translation theorists in the Western context as a recognized translation unit. This article employs a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the translation unit. The examined translations include Moezi, Payandeh, Makarem Shirazi, and Ansarian's translation. The research findings indicate that the translation of the Holy Quran can be approached using several units, such as word unit, sentence unit, thinking unit, text unit, culture unit, and even units smaller than a word. The choice of unit depends on the specific context of each verse and the perspective of the translator. The percentage of sentence unit usage among the mentioned translators is higher than that of other units. Based on the research findings, it is not permissible for translators to make any modifications to the content of the Qur'an during translation. Therefore, the recommended translation unit for the Holy Qur'an is the sentence unit, which has proven to be the most impactful.Keywords: Holy Quran Translation, Translation Unit, Components of Translation Unit, Translation Critique.IntroductionThe exploration of various methodologies in the discourse around translation has given rise to numerous subjects within this domain. A problem that has been discussed in the theoretical field and has a direct impact on the practical field is the concept of the translation unit. The question at hand is: what is the optimal amount of text that a translator should choose as a translation unit? The translation unit refers to the portion of the source text that the translator selects for translation. It represents the unit of the source text that can be adjusted to match the unit of the destination text. Initially, the translator must choose a portion of the original text that has the essential meaning for translation. Subsequently, they must render it into the target language in its original form, or if that is not feasible, by implementing modifications. Translating religious literature is particularly delicate in comparison to other texts due to the significance of these texts in conveying divine revelation and words. This is because any alteration of the text's content by the translator is strictly prohibited. However, the sacredness of the term prohibits any alteration in the linguistic composition of the text.The translation unit is a theoretical concept in the field of translation that determines the portion of the source text that a translator can use to convey the meaning in the target language throughout the translation process. This article attempts to examine the usage of several linguistic units, such as word units, sentence units, thought units, text units, cultural units, and less-than-word units, by translators when translating the Quran from the source language to the destination language. Please have a look.This research has utilized twelve different translations of the Holy Quran. We selected these translators because we aimed to analyze various generations of translators and their distinct styles within the context of the translation unit. Our objective was to assess the utilization of different translation units by each translator.Literature ReviewIn the realm of Quranic translation, numerous subjects have been addressed, and thorough investigations have been conducted. Here are a few examples, summarized briefly: In their article titled "Criticism of Haddad Adel's Persian Translation of the Holy Quran from the Perspective of Conceptual Translation," Amraei and Marouf (2014) criticized Haddad Adel's Persian translation of the Holy Quran. They found that this translation, while drawing on the eloquent Persian language, adheres to the translator's belief in the method of conceptual translation. As a result, the translations are more equivalent and in harmony with the original language and structure of the Quran.In their 2013 article titled "Contemporary Literal Translations of the Holy Quran in Persian Language: Superiorities and Shortcomings," Naseri et al. examined the literal translations of the Holy Quran in Persian, specifically Dehlavi, Sharani, Mesbah Zadeh, and Moezi. They concluded that the literal translations of the Holy Quran have certain advantages and disadvantages when compared to the content translations. Although they have certain limitations, they also provide relative benefits.Azaddel et al. (2018) conducted a study titled "Criticism and Analysis of the Translation of Surah Al-Qara'a based on its Linguistic Context (a case study of the translations of Fuladvand and Makarem Shirazi)", where they compared two different translations of the Holy Quran. Fouladvand and Makarem Shirazi analyze Surah Al-Qaria by applying the principle of equivalence of linguistic context between the source and destination texts. Finally, they offer a recommended translation that is determined by analyzing the linguistic context using three key factors: lexical, morphological-syntactic, and rhetorical.Based on our observations, it has been discovered that numerous researchers have engaged in research endeavors focused on critiquing, examining, and evaluating translations of the Holy Quran. However, none of these studies have specifically focused on the act of translation itself. Thus, this paper aims to utilize the translation unit in translating the Qur'an to yield novel findings in the realm of Qur'an translation.Research MethodologyTo analyze the translation units in the translation of the Holy Qur'an, we initially determine the translation units available for the translator to utilize during the Qur'an translation process. In this study, alongside the translation units suggested by Western theorists, we will incorporate another groundbreaking unit: the sub-word unit. This article will analyze the translation of verses, focusing on translation units such as words, sentences, thoughts, texts, cultures, and smaller linguistic units. Next, an analysis is conducted on the efficacy of the translation units utilized by Quran translators in Iran for translating the Holy Quran. This article employs a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the translation unit.ConclusionUpon careful analysis of each translation of the Holy Quran, it becomes evident that the translators have rendered their translations based on their individual styles and personal preferences. This study demonstrates that the translator has the ability to utilize several units of translation, such as word units, sentence units, thinking units, text units, cultural units, and even units smaller than a word, when translating the Holy Quran. It is recommended to employ a single word in verses with jurisprudential difficulties that need to be translated without any interference.The sentence unit is the most frequently utilized due to its ability to effectively deliver messages without excessive or insufficient information. The usage of a unit of thought is suggested when it enhances the transmission of the message by being compatible with the target language and facilitating the audience's interpretation of the verse. Due to the significance of trustworthiness in conveying the message of the Qur'an and the concern of the translator's own bias, it is advised against utilizing the unit of the text.The cultural unit utilized varies depending on the specific cultural element and its relationship to the target text. However, its appropriate application will enhance the word's significance and promote familiarity with the culture of the Qur'an. In cases where the precise translation of individual letters is crucial, the unit is smaller, which enhances the accuracy of the translation. The study examined and criticized the translation units used by Quran translators in Iran.It found that the application of these units is highly effective in translating the Holy Quran. The use of translation unit components helps solve various challenges faced by translators, such as streamlining the translation process, avoiding inaccurate translations, addressing cultural differences, and accurately translating complex letters. Overall, the use of translation units greatly enhances the efficiency and accuracy of Quranic translation. Overall, the study on verse translation found that translators tended to use sentence units more frequently compared to other units. This is because sentence units allow for the translation of concepts without the need to add or remove any information. The verse's meaning is comprehended. Based on the research findings and the given reasons, the recommended translation unit for the Holy Quran is the sentence unit, as it is the most effective. This is because the sentence unit is particularly useful when the source language is concise (such as in descriptions or irony), which is also a characteristic of the Qur'an. Consequently, the sentence unit is considered the optimal and prevalent translation unit for translating the Quran.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Sajjad Esmaili; Mohammad Zangoei
Abstract
Cultural categories and non-verbal features are crucial components in visual and auditory texts, serving a vital function in effectively transmitting and eliciting the primary concepts to the audience. Translators, particularly those working on movies, are primarily concerned with accurately comprehending, ...
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Cultural categories and non-verbal features are crucial components in visual and auditory texts, serving a vital function in effectively transmitting and eliciting the primary concepts to the audience. Translators, particularly those working on movies, are primarily concerned with accurately comprehending, receiving, and conveying these aspects. The translator can effectively communicate the cultural concepts and non-verbal aspects of the movie to the audience by accurately employing textual counterparts in the movie subtitles. This research is focused on the translator's role in accurately conveying the intended meaning of cultural categories and non-verbal elements in audio-visual texts. It utilizes the descriptive-analytical method to examine the translation of subtitles in the movie "Melody." The translator should undertake the task of translating these elements. To evaluate the translation of subtitles, Gottlieb's methodologies and Peter Newmark's suggested cultural categories were both used to increase the accuracy of the findings. The analysis of the Arabic translation of the subtitles of the Melody movie revealed that the translator mostly employed semantic translation and made efforts to accurately transmit cultural characteristics in the target language for enhanced clarity of meaning. Thus, to accomplish this objective, the translator has employed the methods of "rewriting," "expansion," and "transformation" from the 10 strategies proposed by Gottlieb. However, when it comes to translating non-verbal aspects, the translator has chosen not to translate these parts because they are universally understood in both the source and target languages. As a result, the translation is focused on the needs and preferences of the audience.Keywords: Cultural Categories, Non-Verbal Aspects, "Melody" Movie, Newmark, Gottlieb.IntroductionPeter Newmark emphasizes the significance of cultural values and cultural imbalance in translation and cultural transmission. He argues that when translating cultural categories, it is important to analyze the concepts of meaning and their relationship with language and culture.The goal of translation should be to accurately convey and receive cultural influence with minimal alterations. Under the term of cultural categories, he has enumerated various classifications, including ecology, material culture (artifacts), social culture, institutions, conventions, gestures, and speaking habits. Aside from culturalcategories, non-verbal factors are also a significant aspect of translation. These elements communicate the information through non-linguistic behaviors such as facial expressions, eye contact, body movements, appearance, and voice actions. The translation of cultural categories and non-verbal elements is particularly crucial in the translation of audio-visual texts, such as movie subtitles.This is because films play a significant role in conveying the culture and ideas of a society, and their translation into another language requires meticulous attention. Translation scholars have identified multiple techniques for translating audio-visual texts, particularly the subtitling of movies and TV series. Henrik Gottlieb, a Danish linguist and translator, has contributed some of these ideas. He has implemented various strategies, including expansion, conversion, rewriting, adaptation, transcription, transfer, compression, shortening, and omission, for translating film subtitles.These strategies can be utilized to assess the translator's proficiency in accurately translating a discovered subtitle. This research intends to investigate the Arabic translation of cultural categories and non-verbal aspects in the Arabic subtitles of the 2006 film "Melody" by Jahangir Jahangiri. The objective is to develop ways for achieving the most optimal translation in this context. Two questions have been presented in order to accomplish these goals:What translation tactics does the translator employ to transfer cultural categories in the subtitles of the Melody movie, using Gottlieb's translation procedures?How effectively does the translator represent the non-verbal parts of the movie "Melody"? Literature ReviewSeveral studies have been conducted on the difficulties of translating films, including critiques of the Arabic subtitles for certain Iranian films. Some notable examples include: In his 2016 thesis, Hervi examined the strategies employed in translating cultural elements in Persian subtitles of American films, using Vladimir Ivir's classification. He concluded that the most frequently used strategies were borrowing, lexical translation, replacement, deletion, definition, adding more content or explanations, and making words.In his 2019 thesis titled "Investigation of Cultural Element Translation in Arabic Subtitles of the Films "Ekhraji" and "Miraji"," Masoudi explored the application of Newmark's model and its translation methodologies for translating cultural materials.In a research paper titled "A Critical Analysis of the Arabic Subtitle of the Film Cow (Produced in 1348) Directed by Dariush Mehrjooi," Rahimi Duraki examines the Arabic subtitle of the movie Cow and concludes that it is necessary for the translator to interpret this film.The topics covered include linguistic and non-linguistic variations, grammatical comprehension, literary industries, translation of poetry and lyrics in movie songs, proper names, hilarious thoughts, offensive terms, and curses. Take into consideration religious vocabulary and terminology.Research MethodologyThe research methodology employed in this study is descriptive-analytical. Initial research on the research topic's relevant sources helped establish the theoretical underpinnings of the study. Subsequently, the cultural categories and non-verbal elements utilized in the movie "Melody" were identified and extracted. Following that, each of these elements underwent analysis using Gottlieb's suggested strategies.Conclusion1) The translator's ability to convey cultural concepts has been rather effective. There are only a few mistakes in translation and dubbing, and the majority of the translator's decisions align with the existing norms and conventions of the target language (Arabic). During the translation process, the translator has employed three of Gottlieb's 10 methods, specifically rewriting, transformation, and expansion. The primary focus of the analysis is the data derived from the film and its corresponding subtitles. The translator has selected "rewriting" as the initial strategy for analysis. However, when considering the usage rate classification outside of the Gottlieb framework, this strategy is deemed brief. When comparing the Arabic language to the Persian language, the term "removal" will be the most frequently utilized by the translator.The Melody movie effectively communicates many of its themes and meanings to the audience through non-verbal components. The non-verbal behavior in this film serves as both a substitute for spoken signals and as a means to strengthen and highlight vocal ones. Nevertheless, when it comes to translating non-verbal aspects, the translator has chosen not to translate these elements and has refrained from equating them, based on the assumption that the meaning of these elements is universally understood in both the original and target languages. Non-verbal behaviors may have different interpretations for Arabic and Persian-speaking audiences. Neglecting to accurately translate non-verbal elements in subtitles can lead to misunderstandings and ambiguity in the translated subtitles. Hence, it is imperative to conduct a comparative analysis of the non-verbal elements used by Arabic and Persian speakers. This analysis aims to identify and categorize the unique non-common elements, which can then be incorporated into subtitle texts. The findings of this analysis can be further explored in a separate article.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Horiyeh Kokabi Dana; Ali Saedavi
Abstract
Keywords: Book of Al-Ayyam, Taha Hossein, Khadiv Jam, Al-Ayyam Translating, Referential Meaning, Slippage in theReferential Meaning.IntroductionWhether we consider the translation unit as a word, a sentence, a text, or even a concept, the quest for finding the appropriate equivalent for vocabulary remains ...
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Keywords: Book of Al-Ayyam, Taha Hossein, Khadiv Jam, Al-Ayyam Translating, Referential Meaning, Slippage in theReferential Meaning.IntroductionWhether we consider the translation unit as a word, a sentence, a text, or even a concept, the quest for finding the appropriate equivalent for vocabulary remains essential and effective. Understanding the meaning of sentences or texts does not occur in isolation; it is inherently connected to the vocabulary used. Therefore, when translating a text from one language to another, the translator’s initial task should be to assess the meaning of individual words.Peter Newmark contends that translators who dismiss the translation of individual words in favor of focusing solely on sentences and messages deceive themselves. After all, every sentence or text comprises words, each of which independently carries a meaning that reflects a tangible or abstract reality from the external world. Consequently, many experts prioritize the referential meaning—the genuine and concrete sense of words—over other potential meanings. As long as a translator can convey a word’s referential meaning accurately in the target language, there is no need to resort to alternative interpretations.Nevertheless, it is observed that translators occasionally falter when translating the referential meaning. In this essay, the authors aim to analyze and evaluate the translation of the second volume of Hossein Khadiojam’s book Al-Ayyam, specifically addressing the factors that led to deviations from the intended referential meaning.Literature ReviewNumerous studies have explored various aspects of meaning and the quest for equivalence in translation. Among these, the following noteworthy works can be highlighted:“Pragmatics of Referential Meanings of Words in the Translation Process of Nahj al-Balaghah” (1396-2016)by Seyyed Mehdi Masbooq: In this article, Masbooq and colleagues meticulously examine one hundred and twelve words from Nahj al-Balaghah across translations by Mr. Jafari, Dashti, Faqihi, and Faiz al-Islam. The study sheds light on challenges faced by translators, including issues related to vocabulary structure, as well as formal and spiritual nuances of the words.“Research on Translation from Arabic to Persian Based on the Process of ‘Spiritual Equivalence’ (Case Study of the Novel Al-Sakriye)” (1393-2013)by Adnan Tahmasabi and Siddiqa Jafari: This article delves into the translation process, exploring lexical equivalence and language structures across different lexical and semantic layers, with a focus on Al-Sukariyyeh’s novel.“Types of Meaning in Translation” (1393-2013)by Alireza Khan Jan: Khan Jan addresses the critical issue of distinguishing between various types of meaning, emphasizing its significance from Halliday’s perspective.“Criticism on the Translation of ‘Al-Ibarat’: A Testimony to the Necessity of Proficiency in Source and Target Languages” (2012)by Shahriar Gitti and colleagues: Through a critical examination of the translation of the textbook Al-Ibrate, the authors discuss common errors and their underlying causes, emphasizing the challenges faced by translators due to insufficient fluency in both the source and target languages.“Etymology of Words in Nahj al-Balagha: An Emphasis on Ibn-Faris’s Method” (1391-2013): Hossein Mu-yadi’s thesis delves into the etymology process of words found in Nahj al-Balagha. By analyzing the semantics and roots of the vocabulary, the study explores Ibn-Faris’s approach and its impact on vocabulary comprehension.“Pragmatics of ‘Translation Equivalence’ for Words in Quran Translation” (2011)by Hamidreza Mirhaji and colleagues: This article emphasizes the necessity of considering different semantic layers to achieve translation equivalence. The authors examine the process of equivalence and equality at the word level, highlighting that translations from the Quran often lack sufficient attention to the principle of “translation equivalence.” Translators tend to focus primarily on transferring the referential meaning, often overlooking other semantic layers.“Text, Metatext, and Analysis of Basic and Relative Meaning: A Comparative Study with Interpretation” (1386-2006)by Dr. Mohammad Baqer Saeedi Roshan: In this article, the author compares the perspectives of Muslim scholars and contemporary semantic approaches regarding situational meaning and pragmatics as the primary meaning of words, both within and outside the context. The study also explores the relative meaning of words, as understood from the context and text.Although referential meaning—one of the types of meaning—has been analyzed and evaluated in various books and research, there appears to be a gap in independent research regarding its importance, impact on understanding other meanings, and the factors contributing to translator errors in handling referential meaning during translation.On the contrary, the focus of this research lies on the referential meaning within the context of equivalence-seeking during the translation of the second volume of Al-Ayam. The authors aim to address the following questions:What factors contributed to Khadiojam’s errors in translating the referential meaning of certain words?Which factor occurred most frequently?To achieve this, the authors have extracted 69 examples from the second volume of Al-Ayam, where they believe Khadiojam deviated from the intended referential meaning. Due to space constraints, the article provides a select few examples for each factor, followed by an evaluation and analysis using a comparative approach.Conclusion
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Jalal Abidan; Morteza Zare Beromi
Abstract
The research aims to analyze source text tendencies when translating from Persian to Arabic, discussing translation principles. The mentioned research is divided into two parts: theoretical and comparative. The theoretical part focuses on Antoine Berman's attitude towards the transforming tendencies ...
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The research aims to analyze source text tendencies when translating from Persian to Arabic, discussing translation principles. The mentioned research is divided into two parts: theoretical and comparative. The theoretical part focuses on Antoine Berman's attitude towards the transforming tendencies of the source text. The comparative part includes an analysis of the translation of Imam Khomeini's political-divine testament based on Antoine Berman's model. Berman identified thirteen tendencies that influence the way the source text is presented. These tendencies are rationalization, clarification, expansion, ennoblement, qualitative impoverishment, quantitative impoverishment, assimilation, destruction of rhythms, the destruction of the underlying networks of signification, the destruction of linguistic patternings, the destruction of vernacular networks or their exoticization, the destruction of expressions and idioms, and the effacement of the superimposition of languages. Each tendency offers a unique perspective on the translator's decisions, based on different aspects of the original text. The research method used was descriptive and analytical. The results of the study revealed that the changing tendencies of the source text had varying impacts on the translation process of Imam Khomeini's political and divine testament. The extent to which each factor influences the process in question relies on the translator's decisions and the genre of the text. Rationalization is the most significant factor, while quantitative impoverishment, the destruction of expressions and idioms, and the effacement of the superimposition of languages have not been shown to have an impact.Keywords: Translation, Arabicizing, Antoine Berman, Text-Changing Tendencies, Political-Divine Testament of Imam Khomeini.IntroductionTranslation criticism theories are broadly categorized into two main branches: originalist theories which focus on the original text, foreign language, and culture, and destinationist theories which center around the reader, target language, and culture. The primary objective of transformational tendencies is to modify the original text in such a way that it presents an acceptable meaning and beautiful form to the users of the target language. Given this definition, it is crucial to evaluate the extent of destruction caused by the changing tendencies since the target text's essence usually rejects the source text's form in favor of syntactic independence and semantic clarity.In his translation evaluation model, Berman examines various methods of transferring text from the source language to the target language. He identifies tendencies that can impact the quality of the translation: rationalization, clarification, expansion, ennoblement, qualitative impoverishment, quantitative impoverishment, assimilation, destruction of rhythms, the destruction of the underlying networks of signification, the destruction of linguistic patternings, the destruction of vernacular networks or their exoticization, the destruction of expressions and idioms, and the effacement of the superimposition of languages. Berman provides many examples to explain the cultural and linguistic reasons for these distortions, including the destruction or modernization of native language networks, the destruction of expressions and idioms, and the effacement of the superimposition of languages. Familiarity with Berman's model is essential for teachers and translation students of the Arabic language, especially in translating key texts like the political-divine testament of Imam Khomeini, which require a strong tendency towards localization. It can improve their skills in translating from Persian to Arabic and vice versa.Literature ReviewThe search in the databases revealed that there has been no independent research on the translation of Imam Khomeini's political-divine testament based on Antoine Berman's model of the transforming tendencies of the original text. However, it might be helpful to mention the completed works based on the mentioned model and their description for the audience.In their article on the review of the latest translation of the novel "The Stranger" based on Antoine Berman's text distortion system (2016), Farsian and Esmaili discussed seven cases of the changing tendencies of the original text in the analysis of Mehran Zindabudi's translation of Albert Camus's "The Stranger." They concluded that 1) the translator had to use "rationalization" due to the structural differences between French and Persian languages; 2) the translator had sometimes made "clarification" in unnecessary cases; 3) The tendency of the translator to "expand" is the result of the two previous tendencies; 4) The "ennoblement" of the translator compared to the source text had sometimes led to the improvement and sometimes to the degradation of the linguistic level of the translation; 5) "Destruction of rhythm", "the destruction of linguistic patternings" and "the destruction of expressions" are among other tendencies that change the shape of the original text in the translation of Zindabudi from the Book of stranger; 6) Although Berman's model is very perfectionist and its application leads to word-for-word translation, it is quite effective in distinguishing the differences between the target text and the source text.In their article examining the effectiveness of Berman's model in the evaluation of Quran translation: the study of rationalization tendency (2019), Niazi et al. pointed out that the said model emphasizes preserving the originality of the source text and avoiding its change and distortion in the translation. They concluded that 1) rationalization in the translation of the Holy Quran is sometimes mandatory and sometimes optional; 2) optional rationalization is included in negative analysis and avoided in positive analysis; 3) The reason for forced rationalization in the translation of the Holy Qur'an is to avoid making the target text unpleasant.Amirian, in his article on the review of the Arabic translation of Ainaha according to Berman's morphometric model (1400), pointed out that the level of validity of the target text and its quality is determined by the application of translation evaluation models. In his research, he discussed Ahmed Musa's translation of the novel Chashm'hā'yash (Her Eyes) by Bozorg Alavi based on the six tendencies of Burman's model and concluded that 1) "quantitative impoverishment" and "qualitative impoverishment" more than other tendencies had changed the original text in the translation and this had caused a semantic difference between the source and destination text; 2) The translator's "ennoblement" is a decision to be reader-oriented and to achieve a destination text that is more beautiful than the source text; 3) "ennoblement" and "expansion" are effective in "clarifying" the translation; 4) The "rationalization" of translation is unavoidable due to the grammatical differences of the source and target languages.The present research is innovative compared to the works that have discussed the types of translation based on Antoine Berman's model. It is dependent on three factors: 1) the application of all thirteen tendencies that transform the original text in the analysis of the translation of Imam Khomeini's political-divine testament and avoiding act selectively in this field; 2) the structural and content expansion of disruptive tendencies; 3) Focusing the analytical part of the research on translation learning from Persian to Arabic.Research MethodologyThe current study methodology is both descriptive and analytical. The objective of the description is to address the theoretical framework of the investigation. At this stage of study, commonly accepted generalisations are often outlined, and the gathered data is not subjected to analysis. During the analytical phase, the research model is applied to the text being studied. This essay examines the translation process of Imam Khomeini's political-divine testament, using Antoine Berman's concept of the transforming tendencies of the original text. The goal is to uncover the effects of deforming tendencies in the translation from Persian to Arabic.ConclusionOut of the thirteen tendencies that alter the structure of the original text, 10 have influenced the translation of Imam Khomeini's political-divine testament.1) Rationalisation: This inclination entails repositioning adjectives, transforming nouns into verbs, simplifying the lexical chain, altering the placement of verbs, and converting noun phrases into verbs. It also involves eliminating redundant words, adding or removing inflections, converting unfamiliar terms into familiar ones, and vice versa. The change in the text of the Imam Khomeini's testament in translation has been most influenced by converting complex statements into simple ones. Additionally, additional instances, particularly related to grammar, can be identified that contribute to the imparting of wisdom.2) Clarification: The act of clarifying the translation of the testament of Imam Khomeini has occurred in two ways: firstly, by clarifying the element of the original text in the translated text after adjusting it to Arabic grammar; and secondly, by considering and defining the concept of the element of the original text in the destination.3) Expansion: The translation of the testament of Imam Khomeini has been carried out in two ways: creating synonyms and transforming words into phrases. Both approaches share the characteristic of including superfluous text in the final output.4) Ennoblement: This movement involves translating the testament of the Imam Khomeini into the Arabic language. In this revision, the objective is to enhance the aesthetic appeal of the target text by rephrasing the sentence structure and incorporating eloquent punctuation marks.5) Qualitative Impoverishment: Inevitable qualitative impoverishment occurs when translating the testament of Imam Khomeini due to the reliance on the word form in the language. Excluding the lexical borrowings between Persian and Arabic, it is impossible to rectify the deficiency in the quality of other terms.6) Assimilation: Assimilation refers to the process of reviewing and amending the source text before translation in order to prepare it according to the preferences of the translator. The translation of the Imam Khomeini’s testament undergo significant changes, mostly due to a trend towards assimilation.7) Destruction of Rhythms: The destruction referred to in the translation process of the Imam Khomeini’s testament has frequently occurred for two reasons: firstly, the utilisation of punctuation marks that deviate from the original text, such as quotation marks, brackets, and solid lines to separate sentences; and secondly, the implementation of substantial alterations in the context of the source text.8) Destruction of Underlying Networks of Signification: The network of signifiers and implicit meanings is destroyed when certain signifiers or crucial words from the original text are not translated. The translation of the imam's testament has partially dismantled the network of symbols and underlying connotations.9) Destruction of Linguistic Patternings: The identified tendency indicates Antoine Berman's scepticism towards translators and his pessimistic view of translation. He has observed that the target text lacks the original organisation of the source text because of the employment of morphing tendencies. Additionally, these justifications put the Imam's testament translation at risk of destruction due to systemic tendencies.10) Destruction of Vernacular Network or Their Exoticisation: The destruction of native language networks occurs when native languages and culturally-specific terms are ignored or eliminated from local varieties of the standard language. On the other hand, innovation happens when elements of the native language are emphasised in the standard written language, such as through the use of italics or bold writing. It has been hard to translate the Imam's testament into the framework that has been talked about because of changes in some culturally specific language. There has been no innovation in this context.Three out of the thirteen tendencies that alter the structure of the original text were not influential in the translation of Imam Khomeini's political-divine testament.1) Quantitative Impoverishment: This case demonstrates that synonyms or lexical variations associated with a certain meaning in the testament of the Imam were translated using only one term, neglecting the presence of other words with similar meanings.2) Destruction of Expressions and Idioms: Berman examines two factors to elucidate this phenomenon. Firstly, the significance of proper nouns in the main text's discourse. Secondly, there is a lack of interchangeability among idioms. He regarded the act of removing the listed things and substituting them with indigenous items as indicative of the obliteration of the original text's expressions and terminology in the translation. Upon examining and analysing the testament of the Imam, it was determined that the original text remained unaffected by the localization of phrases and idioms during the translation process, thus preserving its discourse intact.3) The Effacement of the Superimposition of Languages: This trend aims to eradicate the linguistic variations present in the source text throughout the translation process. This inclination has not had an opportunity to influence the translation of the testament of Imam, as the language used in the text of the testament of Imam does not encounter linguistic variety.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Somayeh Salmanian; Keivan Ehsani
Abstract
Within the text of Nahj al-Balagha, one may come across words and phrases that can be classified as profane or offensive statements. These terms serve two purposes. Some of them denote profanity and obscenity, while others seem to be using profanity. However, it possesses a metaphorical connotation and ...
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Within the text of Nahj al-Balagha, one may come across words and phrases that can be classified as profane or offensive statements. These terms serve two purposes. Some of them denote profanity and obscenity, while others seem to be using profanity. However, it possesses a metaphorical connotation and does not include any profanity. Understanding the historical origins of these statements, as well as their textual and temporal context, is essential and highly beneficial for comprehending the intended meaning of Imam Ali (peace be upon him). This study employed a prescriptive methodology to extract fourteen collective curses from Nahj al-Balagha and analyze the translation performance of five translators in relation to this work. The translators are Faiz al-Islam, al-Shahidi, al-Faqihi, al-Dashti, and al-Ansari. Each of these translators embodies a distinct translation style. The research findings revealed that many statements that may appear to be curses were not employed as insults but rather served various purposes such as praise, adoration, attention, and punishment. These translators neglected this difficulty and attempted to translate these meanings either word-for-word or with an imprecise functional equivalent, resulting in an incorrect translation of these meanings. Of the various translation methods available, the faithful approach and the literal method offer greater potential for translating this specific category of fixed language structures.Keywords: Translation, Fixed Form of Language, Cursing, Nahj al-Balagha.IntroductionGiven the intimate connection between translation and culture, the primary obstacle for the translator will be to convey these ideas accurately in the target language. Multiple hypotheses have been put out in the process of converting these concepts into different languages. Newmark (2011) has put forward a total of eighteen approaches, while Ivier (1987) has suggested a total of seven methods. Gradler (2000) and Harvey (2000) both postulated four distinct procedures. Additionally, Chesterman (1997) and Pedersen (2007) have put up alternative approaches. The primary distinction in the categorization of methodologies in these types of studies lies in the specific focus that each method places on the primary unit of language in translation (Alizadeh, 2019: 54). Profane expressions are seen as established linguistic and cultural phenomena that vary across different cultures. Consequently, translators often opt for literal translations, disregarding cultural nuances, resulting in inaccurate translations. To ensure a dependable scientific outcome, we chose five translations of Fayz al-Islam, al-Shahidi, al-Faqihi, al-Dashti, and al-Ansari from a pool of several translations of Nahj al-Balagha. We next examined how well these translations rendered eight collective cursing expressions. The primary objective of the ongoing research is to determine whether the cursing idioms found in Nahj al-Balagha exclusively convey the act of cursing or if alternative interpretations may be attributed to them based on the context and circumstances.Can a Persian-compatible cultural counterpart be provided for these allegedly cursed phrases? If the answer is yes, then which translator achieved greater success?Which translation method offered the most optimal approach for translating profanities?Literature Review The majority of research conducted in the realm of translating cultural components focuses on English translation. The research conducted in the domain of Arabic is exceedingly restricted. The majority of the works conducted in this domain, with the exception of a small number, pertain to the genre of novels and stories. This article introduces and critiques the following research studies relating to the subject:The study titled "A Study of the Content and Structure of Cursing Expressions in Nahj al-Balagha" was authored by Mir Ahmadi and his colleagues and published in the Journal of Studies in Nahj al-Balagha in 2017. Through an analysis of the rhetoric, style, and structure of cursing words in Nahj al-Balagha, the researchers aimed to examine the concept of politeness in Nahj al-Balagha from various perspectives. Their objective was to demonstrate that the Imam (peace be upon him) adhered to the teachings of the Holy Qur'an even when using cursing, maintaining a sense of politeness, and refraining from using vulgar language. The research approach employed in this study diverges significantly from the current essay, which seeks to critique the translation of profane terms in Nahj al-Balagha.The paper titled "A Study of the Expressions of Cursing and Cursing of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) in Nahj al-Balagha" was authored by Akbar Tawhid Law and published in the Journal of Modern Studies in Nahj al-Balagha in 2016. This essay focuses on elucidating the semantic and conceptual distinctions between the idioms of cursing found in the Qur'an and Nahj al-Balagha.The subject of the current research is novel and groundbreaking in comparison to earlier studies, and no research has been conducted using this approach thus far.Research MethodologyThis research used a prescriptive methodology. In this approach, after examining each sample, the researcher provides explicit instructions or recommendations that outline a particular approach for conducting translation tasks (refer to Manafi Anari, 2015: 13). The chosen samples are additionally evaluated and examined using the techniques suggested in the Newmark model.ConclusionThe results gained from researching five Persian translations of Nahj al-Balagha's sermons and messages for expressing collective cursing expressions are as follows:Translators have encountered comparable difficulties while translating profane terms, which include: A) Restricting their analysis to the surface meaning of certain curses and disregarding their purpose in early Islam. B) The inaccuracy lies in the verb's structure in translation, as it is employed to convey meaning based on a different structure. C) Failing to embrace a singular approach. When encountering comparable circumstances, the process of translating a term takes place.2: Upon evaluating the translators' performance, we observed deficiencies and inadequacies in their ability to accurately comprehend and convey meaning in this domain. The translators, as a whole, did not execute their tasks correctly and did not adhere to the established scientific principles of translation studies. Consequently, it is not possible to favor the performance of one translator over another.Some of the profanities found in Nahj al-Balagha serve purposes beyond mere cursing. They are employed in various contexts to express admiration, astonishment, caution, and other intentions.Hence, translators must diligently consider the many connotations of these terms and render them in accordance with the specific context in which they are employed. It is advisable for them not to solely depend on the Nahj al-Balagha dictionary and its explanations. Instead, students should explore these terms in poetry, ancient prose, collections of proverbs, and other sayings to get insight into their various applications and the intended meaning by the Imam.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Zahra Khafaje Karimoy; Hossein Shamsabadi; Seyed Mehdi Nouri Keyzoghani
Abstract
In our interconnected global society, the ability to communicate effectively across many languages is of utmost importance. Nevertheless, the process of translating writings in several languages frequently presents obstacles that hinder the precise alignment of specific thoughts or expressions. The reciprocal ...
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In our interconnected global society, the ability to communicate effectively across many languages is of utmost importance. Nevertheless, the process of translating writings in several languages frequently presents obstacles that hinder the precise alignment of specific thoughts or expressions. The reciprocal relationship between culture and language elucidates the reason why, throughout the act of translation, we invariably encounter both the cultural context and the original language. In this scenario, the translator, acting as a cultural middleman, should align the source culture with the language. Thenovel "Al-Nazzara al-Sauda" by Ihsan Abdel Quddous was chosen for analysis to determine the translatability of its linguistic and cultural words and phrases. This examination was conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner. Upon careful examination of the expressions, we have discovered numerous instances in both the realms of linguistics and culture that defy translation. The translator is thus faced with the task of rendering words and sentences in a manner that aligns with the language and culture of the source (Persian) while remaining comprehensible to the intended audience. Consequently, the translator has predominantly relied on the "role equivalent" method to translate parts that cannot be translated directly.Keywords: Literary Translation, The Concept of Untranslatability, The Process of Equalization, Al-Nazzara al-Sauda, Ihsan Abdel Quddous.Introduction"Al-Nazzara al-Sauda" is a renowned work that explores the intricate themes of love, identity, and self-awareness. This narrative offers a profound understanding of the human condition within a conventional Middle Eastern society. Ihsan Abdel Quddous has adeptly employed linguistic tricks, cultural allusions, and poetic metaphors to convey the intricate elements of the text, although these pose difficulties when it comes to translation. Hence, the writers were motivated to explore the concept of untranslatability in the current novel due to the imperative of comprehending the intricacies and subtleties of language, culture, and translation, as well as devising strategies to overcome language barriers and enhance intercultural communication. Literature ReviewAn extensive study has been conducted on the topic of translation studies, specifically focusing on the untranslatability of literary texts. In the following, we will highlight a few notable studies on this subject.Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kadkani wrote the 2013 essay "On the Untranslatability of Poetry," which is a source for other papers with the same title."The Inability to Translate Scientific Theories Using Different Terminology" (2017) the author of this essay is Mohammad Mahdi Hatef. This article presents a clear definition of translation words and addresses the issues raised by critics. Fatemeh Rakei's article, titled "Reflection on the Aspects of Translation (un)acceptability of Contemporary Persian Poetry" (1400), explores the translatability and translation of contemporary Persian poetry into English. The article aims to investigate this specific aspect of translation in this field. The results collected demonstrate that certain elements, such as content and expressive innovations, metaphors, symbols, and cultural and societal issues, can be effectively translated. However, aspects such as weight, rhyme, pun, and meaning are found to be untranslatable.Another work by Nosrat Hijazi and Rouya Shirin is "Translatability and Acceptability of Cultural Elements in Audio-Visual Texts: A Case Study of French Subtitles of the Iranian Television Series Der Cheshm Bad" (2019). This article examines the process of transferring and translating cultural aspects into audiovisual texts using subtitles.Alireza Nazari, Fatemeh Ferozan Qalabin, and Muhaddezah Samiiwrote the article "Analysis of the Role of Linguistic Factors in the Untranslatability of the Text of the Qur'an (a Comparative Study of Verses from Surah Yusuf in Four Famous Translations of the Qur'an)" (2014).In this article, the authors focus on the specific role of linguistic factors in the verses of Surah Yusuf and subsequently analyze these factors in four well-known contemporary translations of the Qur'an.The paper titled "Difficulty of Translatability of Kitab al-Mubin as a Literary Work" was authored by Abolfazl Hari in 1386. This essay analyzes the Qur'an as a piece of literature and concludes that while its rhetorical and linguistic intricacies are not entirely impossible to translate, they are indeed challenging to translate.Based on the authors' thorough investigations, no previous independent research has been conducted specifically on the issue of untranslatability in Ihsan Abdel Quddous’ novel "Al-Nazzara al-Sauda." Consequently, the writers have chosen to introduce a novel contribution.Research MethodologyLiterary translation is considered the most aesthetically pleasing form of translation. This is as a result of the translator carefully choosing the most appropriate and harmonious language in accordance with their literary preferences. The presence of various verbal and spiritual arrangements is clearly apparent in literary translation (Marouf, 1384:17).Linguistics and societal customs: When considering the connection between language and culture, it may be argued that language serves as an integrated system that represents and propels culture. According to this, all text elements might have a cultural aspect since language is inherently connected to culture as a distinct and autonomous entity (Hijazi and Shirin, 2019: 71).Intranslatability: The presence of linguistic diversity can provide obstacles to the process of translation, particularly when it involves words, phrases, or cultural nuances that are difficult to effectively convey. An obstacle that might hinder accurate communication is untranslatability, as it directly affects the interpretation of the message. Several theorists have discussed the concept of untranslatability in the process of translation, and each of them has put forth ways for achieving accurate translation. Hermans and Santos argue that untranslatability encompasses both the linguistic structure and the interplay between language and culture. They propose a division of untranslatability into two categories: "linguistic untranslatability" and "cultural untranslatability" (Hermans, 2019: 602; Santos, 21:2006).David Harvey, a different scholar, has put out four approaches for rendering features that cannot be translated:Equivalent role (functional) 2: A visual representation of the same meaning in language 3- Loaning 4: Translation that provides an explanation and description of the text (Khairkhah and Sajjudi, 2013:24).ConclusionThis research has served as a paradigm and a reference to prevent the occurrence of untranslatability, aligning with one of David Harvey's proposed solutions. Consequently, based on the categorization and detailed analytical examination of the excerpts extracted from the novel, it can be concluded that translators are obligated to offer a recommended translation that is compatible with the linguistic structure. In the majority of instances, Farsi employs the approach of role or function to convey desirable linguistic and cultural concepts to the reader. However, it also utilizes other techniques, such as descriptive translation, to achieve the same objective effectively.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Zohreh Ghorbani Madavani; Ehya Komasi
Abstract
The phenomenon of linguistic relativity has long posed a significant barrier for translators, arising from the diverse life experiences of language users. Cultural underpinnings, encompassing practices, ideas, and social phenomena, are intrinsically linked to linguistic notions, drawing from the collective ...
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The phenomenon of linguistic relativity has long posed a significant barrier for translators, arising from the diverse life experiences of language users. Cultural underpinnings, encompassing practices, ideas, and social phenomena, are intrinsically linked to linguistic notions, drawing from the collective experiences of language users. The term "organ names" refers to the terms that describe the various parts of the human body, such as eyes, head, and ears. These names can encompass cultural and cognitive notions, including knowledge, perception, emotions, and conventions. Conversely, there exists asemantic correlation between the physiological principles (pertaining to the structure of body parts) and the notions of sociology. An exploration of the cultural and cognitive foundations of these phrases, along with consideration of the speakers' background and lived experiences, can serve as a valuable tool for translators to comprehend the precise meaning and then convey it accurately in the target language. The significance and placement of organ names in language, together with the frequent usage of hand-related terms in Arabic and its dialects, have motivated us to conduct a descriptive-analytical investigation on the word "hand" and its variations. Let's explore the linguistic and cultural conceptualizations of it. In order to examine the semantic and linguistic aspects of this term, we need to select its Persian equivalent and translate it accordingly. The use of formulation in both the source and destination languages can have an impact on the translation and presentation of concepts, which is a significant finding. Sometimes, the translation is based on a shared formulation, while other times it is based on a different formulation. When there is overlap in the translation, it can convey the cultural background and worldview of the source language. Linguistic relativity arises when concepts cannot be effectively conveyed through overlapping translations. In such cases, heterogeneous translation, also known as concept translation, must be employed. This approach ensures that the translation aligns with both the cultural norms of the source language and the cultural norms of the target language.Keywords: Linguistic Relativity, the Names of Hand Organs, Translation, Cultural Foundations. IntrodcutionOne of the enduring obstacles faced by translators throughout history is selecting precise equivalents and effectively conveying concepts from the source language to the target language. Several linguists argue that the translation and equivalency of words do not provide an exact representation of the original language. This is due to the varying cognitive and cultural experiences of language speakers over history. The findings of linguistic studies conducted over a long period of time indicate that each language possesses its own distinct formulations and conceptualizations. Consequently, speakers of different languages have varying perspectives and worldviews.The research inquiries are as follows: What are the linguistic terms and cultural ideas associated with the naming of different parts of the hand in the Arabic language? How might the linguistic relativity arising from the conceptualizations of hand and limb be applied to the Persian language? The research hypothesis posits that there exists a form of linguistic relativity in the conceptualizations of the name of the hand organ in the Arabic language that cannot be adequately conveyed by translation into the target language.Literature ReviewExtensive research has been conducted in several languages about the nomenclature of organs and the examination of their cognitive and cultural concepts, as well as their translation.Ildiko (1990), a researcher in the field of English language, has demonstrated that the utilization of organ names can enhance the breadth of vocabulary in language. Gibbs and Wilson (2002) argue that the human body serves as a cognitive resource in our metaphorical language.Yu (2000), a Chinese researcher, compared the names of the palm and finger organs in the Chinese and English languages. He posits that the conceptions derived from the names of the organs are universally shared cognitive experiences among all humans.Researchers in the field of Persian language also made significant advancements in studying the names of organs and conceptual metaphors. One notable research study is the work of Veisi Hisar and colleagues (2013), titled "Metaphor and Culture: A Cognitive Approach to Two Translations of Khayyam's Quatrains." Saad-allah Homayoni and Maryam Fuladi wrote the article (1401) titled "Analysis of the Role of Linguistic Formations and Cultural Domains in the Translation of Metaphorical Compounds from the Perspective of Cognitive Linguistics."Ali Ganjian Khanari and Ahya Kamasi (1402) have authored an article titled "Cultural and Cognitive Structure of the Singular Nasal and Synonyms in the Arabic Language in the Context of Cultural Linguistics and Wang Li's Theory." This article partially aligns with the objectives of the ongoing research.Research has been conducted to explore the Arabic names of organs and their equivalents in the Persian language. The presence of relativity in the translation of Arabic into Persian has not been thoroughly examined. Research MethodologyThe forthcoming article is based on a cognitive-cultural approach. In order to accomplish the intended objective, we shall employ the principles of cognitive-cultural linguistics as a means to progress the research. This study explores the utilization of hand part names in the Arabic language and subsequently investigates their corresponding counterparts in the Persian language.ConclusionBased on the study of the research data, the following conclusions can be drawn: The semantic domains in Arabic and Persian are established around the concept of "the hand as a tool for measuring and determining direction." This suggests a cultural and biological shared experience among speakers of both languages. Nevertheless, it is undeniable that relativity is present in certain formulations and conceptualizations of the limbless hand, particularly those that are based on experiences derived from the material world.Overlapping translation refers to the identification of linguistic structures that arise from shared experiences. However, when attempting to discover suitable replacements for language structures that arise from the diverse experiences of language users, a process of heterogeneous translation emerges. When translating various and diverse expressions, the translator must consider the cultural norms of both the original and destination languages. Linguistic relativity manifests in various forms, making it difficult to transfer concepts through overlapping translations. Heterogeneous translation, on the other hand, refers to a type of translation that effectively conveys the concepts of the source language while also aligning with the cultural norms of the target language.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Rezvan Beyranvand; Ali Nazari; Seyed Esmaeil Ghasemi Mousavi
Abstract
Translation evaluation and quality assessment have always been crucial in the field of translation studies. Among the several models and theories proposed for assessing translation, Juliane House's context reconstruction model is widely recognized as one of the most renowned models. The concept of translation ...
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Translation evaluation and quality assessment have always been crucial in the field of translation studies. Among the several models and theories proposed for assessing translation, Juliane House's context reconstruction model is widely recognized as one of the most renowned models. The concept of translation can be categorized into two distinct types: overt and covert. In an overt translation, the text and its elements are oriented towards the culture of the source language, and the recreation of context is evident. However, in a covert translation, the norms and culture of the target language are clearly apparent, and context is being generated. This study seeks to assess the quality of Alireza Baqer's Persian translation of the novel Fardghan by Youssef Zaidan. The research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical approach, with the Julian House Translation Quality Assessment model serving as the foundation for the study. The translation quality was assessed by comparing the source text (ST) with the target text (TT), and both obvious and hidden faults were examined. The resulting data was then displayed in the form of tables and graphs. The results indicate that the translator made efforts to employ strategies such as incorporating terms and proverbs from Persian culture and colloquial language, as well as utilizing omission as a common translation strategy to align the translation with the target language and culture. However, the prevailing strategy observed was open translation.Keywords: Youssef Zaydan, Translation of Fardghan’s Novel, Julian House, Evaluation of Translation Quality, Alireza Baqer.IntroductionFardqan, written by Youssef Zaydan, is a novel that recounts the imprisonment and exile of Avicenna, the renowned Iranian scientist, to Fardqan, a well-known stronghold in Hamedan. It is worth noting that Alireza Baqer translated this novel into Persian. Throughout the history of translation, the assessment and appraisal of translated materials have consistently held significance. Given the particular significance of translating literary writings, the evaluation of the quality of these translations has been of even greater relevance. Julian House (1997) proposed the translation quality evaluation model as one of the methodologies and models for translation evaluation. This model aims to assess the worth of translation, particularly in the context of literary translation, by employing defined and practical criteria instead of relying on subjective judgments of taste.The objective of this study is to analyze the translation of Alireza Baqer, the initial published translation of the esteemed novel "Fardqan" by a prominent Egyptian author, employing House's model. The present research focuses on a translation that has undergone textual modifications. The chosen translation is of significant importance due to Zaydan’s novel. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to examine this translation. The research focuses on studying and critiquing the Persian translation of a modern novel that explores the life and contributions of the great Iranian scientist Avicenna. The study aims to answer the following questions: The Persian translation of the novel "Fardqan" is being evaluated based on the House model. The translator's tendency towards covert and open translation is being analyzed, specifically in which parts of the novel. Alireza Baqer's translation of "Fardqan" leans more towards open translation strategies in general, indicating that it is an open translation. Is it seen as explicit or concealed?Literature ReviewValuable research has been conducted in recent years in both English and Arabic language and literature to evaluate the quality of translations using House's model. Researchers have sought to employ House's comprehensive model for precise and scientific translation criticism. Several research studies have been conducted using this paradigm. Some notable examples include:In his master's thesis titled "The Application of Julian House's Translation Quality Assessment Model Regarding the Persian Translation of the Book (Prophet) Gibran-Khalil-Jibran by Meshya Barzegar," Eskandari Durbati (2014) compared these translations and found that Barzegar's translation is highly intricate and abstract in Farsi, while Daryabandari's translation is structurally more understandable.In his master's thesis, Vakili (2014) evaluates the quality of the translation of the book "Be a Follower of Your Heart" by Andrew Matthews, conducted by Vahid Afzalirad and Zahra Nabi, using the House model. The focus of the study is on comparing the explicit translation tactics employed by the two translators. The translator has determined that Afzali's translation is more faithful to the essence of the original text and therefore more suitable.Salimi and Ansari (2019) conducted a study titled "Examination of the Translation Quality of Nahj al-Balaghah based on House's Role-oriented Model (a case study of Allameh Jafari and Shahidi's translation of the ghost sermon)". Their conclusion, based on House's model, was that both translations are clear.In his master's thesis titled "Utilizing the House Model to Assess the Quality of Two Persian Translations of Charles Dickens' Book 'Great Desires' by Yonsei and Akhwan," Ahmadi Darani (1400) conducted an evaluation of the translation quality. The findings indicate that Yunsi's translation of Akhwan is characterized by greater clarity and accuracy, while also noting the removal and alteration of cultural elements due to the influence of the cultural filter.Despite extensive study, the writers did not uncover any studies that assessed the quality and critique of Alireza Baqer's Persian translation of the novel "Fardqan" or attempted to analyze the translation's quality using the Julian House model.Research Methodology This research has used Julian House's model to find answers to the aforementioned questions. It aims to analyze the text profile by considering the genre of the text and the context of the speech, including the discourse range, agents, and style. Furthermore, it examines the style of discourse by identifying both obvious errors and hidden translations, such as the removal of certain parts of the text. This also encompasses incorrect selection and cultural filtering in the translation process, as well as the use of direct or indirect discourse. By analyzing these factors and compiling the relevant data, the research aims to determine the style of Alireza Baqer's translation of Fardqan’s novel.ConclusionUpon careful analysis and comparison of the source and destination texts, it can be concluded that this translation is congruent with the source text. Both of them are widely recognized and embraced in terms of their shared topic and societal impact in the original and final texts. Both books exhibit a sophisticated discourse style when it comes to media style. The translation successfully maintained the historical-romantic genre and the contextual elements of the original text. Upon analyzing the comparisons, we also examined evident errors, and the evaluation findings indicate that the number of evident errors in translation is greater than concealed errors, suggesting that the translator has a preference for translating overtly.Based on the conducted studies, it can be concluded that translators often employ covert translation strategies by manipulating frames and utilizing cultural subtleties in areas of the text that are intricate and perplexing for the reader. This is done to express an equivalent representation of the target language culture and ultimately achieve the objective of role equivalence. The text has been imbued with an indigenous essence, and via thorough examinations, 59 instances of the translator's adherence to cultural authenticity were identified.The translator employed phrases and proverbs that align with Persian folk culture to effectively translate the cultural aspects requiring concealed translation.Furthermore, the translation maintains the genre of the source work. However, modifications have been made in the discourse, a component of context, without compromising the substance of the subject. The source text employs both direct and indirect speech, and the translation adheres to the same approach. In several sections, the translator opted to employ direct speech rather than indirect speech, as found in the original text. The apparent objective of this alteration is to allure a larger audience and render the narrative of the novel more palpable.By analyzing the characteristics of the source and destination texts and scrutinizing both the concealed and evident mistakes, it has been seen that in certain instances, the source text has been disregarded. This disregard encompasses actions such as deletion, addition, erroneous selection of equivalents, doubtful acceptance, and irregularities, all falling under the category of obvious errors. From a statistical standpoint, deletions have the highest frequency, constituting about two percent (0.2) of the entire text. Conversely, the translator has inserted words and phrases into the text where ambiguity has been eliminated or replaced with alternative words and phrases. Incorrect equivalences were made in certain sections, resulting in the detection of 19 instances of such errors during the investigations. These errors were entirely incorrect and led to the failure to accurately transfer the message from the source text to the destination text.According to Julian House's model, Baqer's translation can be categorized as a combination of hidden and open translations. While Baqer has incorporated elements of cultural purity, his translation mostly adheres to the role and norms of the source text, resulting in a clear and faithful rendition in the target language.As Julian House explained in his translation of the book (Fardqan), Baqer used two translation techniques, namely hidden and open translation. However, it is worth noting that the majority of the translation was conducted openly.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Oveis Mohammadi
Abstract
The poem's phrases possess significant semantic depth, with each one conveying numerous concealed and enigmatic connotations. Therefore, comprehending its meaning necessitates a meticulous analysis of the poetry. An effective approach to comprehending word meanings is to analyze them through the lens ...
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The poem's phrases possess significant semantic depth, with each one conveying numerous concealed and enigmatic connotations. Therefore, comprehending its meaning necessitates a meticulous analysis of the poetry. An effective approach to comprehending word meanings is to analyze them through the lens of the theory of conceptual relations. In this theory, we aim to comprehend the precise significance of each word by analyzing the correlation between words. Synonymy is a relationship between words in which they have the same or similar meanings. When analyzing meaning through synonymy, the goal is to gather and compare terms that have the same meaning. This process helps to refine and clarify the semantic boundaries of each word by considering additional synonymous words. Synonymy can be applied in the translation of poetry and its criticism. This article critiques the equivalence of terms in the book "To turn green from love" by utilizing the notion of synonymy. This book features a compilation of Nizar Qabbani's love poems that have been translated from Arabic to Persian by Musa Aswar. During the analysis of equivalences, the initial step involved extracting the denotations of the words under discussion from the dictionary. Subsequently, the extra-lexical meanings of these words, such as their emotional and stylistic connotations, were decoded by taking into account the context of the poem. In the following, the process of selecting the most similar equivalent to the source text by gathering counterparts with the same meaning is described. Additionally, the translator's equivalence is evaluated and criticized. The research findings indicate that in certain instances, translation equivalents do not align with other terms within the context of the poem. Furthermore, many counterparts in the translation exhibit reduced emotional intensity compared to the words in the original text, while others possess a broader and more encompassing significance than the words found in Nizar's poems. Additionally, certain equivalents have caused the translated text to be unclear or open to interpretation.Keywords: Synonymy, Conceptual Relationships, Poetry Translation, Nizar Qabbani, Musa Aswar.IntroductionAn effective approach to comprehending the significance of language words is to analyze them through the lens of structural linguistics. According to this perspective, linguistic units are not discrete signs with fixed meanings, but rather they are interconnected and have a systematic relationship with one another. Hence, words should not be regarded as self-contained vessels that possess a fixed and unchanging content. Instead, they resemble fragments of a visual jigsaw, where the significance of each piece is illuminated when placed adjacent to others. Hence, to comprehend the significance and precise connotation of any word, one must verify its correlation with other components.One of the connections between words is through synonyms, or words that have the same or similar meanings. Across all languages, there exist words that have highly similar meanings. These terms are referred to as synonyms. Words that are considered synonymous are not entirely interchangeable in any language, as each term carries its own distinct and specific meaning. The distinction between these synonyms may lie in their respective usage categories. For instance, certain synonyms may be considered official, while others may be deemed unofficial. Additionally, certain synonyms may be classified as literary, while others fall into the non-literary category. For instance, the term "woman" is more formal than "wife." Occasionally, synonyms possess distinct contextual associations. For instance, the adjectives "big" and "large" are synonymous when describing a "big house" or a "large house," but they differ when applied to a "big sister" or a "large sister." (Rambaud, 2012: 125). Two words with synonymous meanings may exhibit a relationship of inclusion, where one word encompasses the other. As an illustration, we can provide a car as an example. The term "car" is used twice in this context, and while in some instances these two occurrences can be interchangeable, there are occasions when substituting one "car" with another is not feasible. For example, in the sentence "I cut my beard with a car," it is not conceivable to substitute "car" with another "car" (Safavi, 1379: 106). Additionally, it is plausible that synonyms may vary in their emotional connotations. An illustrative instance of this distinction can be observed in "please have a seat," "Sit down," and "sit." The reference is taken from the same source and page number as the previous citation (Ibid., 108).By conducting a comparison of synonyms, one can gain a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between them and discern the precise meaning of each term. Comparing synonyms is widely employed in the fields of translation equivalence and translation critique. To broaden the options for selecting appropriate equivalents in the target language, translators or translation critics can gather various equivalents with similar meanings for a word and then compare them to determine the most closely matching equivalent.Literature ReviewIn "Research on the Structure of Synonymy of Verbs in the Arabic Language and the Role of Conjugation in Determining the Meaning," Youssef Nazari (1400) has analyzed the five types of Arabic synonyms. This article specifies the meaning of each verb by examining its similarities to other linguistic elements.Farzdouhi and Safari (2019) conducted a study titled "Evaluation of Synonymy (Taba, Khatm, Ghalf, and Safar) in the Translations of Behbodhi, Sadeghi Tehrani, Mojtbavi, and Makarem Shirazi." The study focused on analyzing the four verbs mentioned in the title and their compatibility with the word "heart" in various translations. The researchers criticized the translations of these verbs based on their ability to coexist with the word "heart."In their publication, "Synonyms in the Words of the Qur'an and the Problems of Their Translation," Raisian and Kordloui (2013) researched and analyzed several perspectives on synonyms in the Qur'an. Specifically, they focused on the concepts of dread, sadness, grief, avarice, and greed, as explored by multiple translators of the Qur'an.The indicated papers differ from the previous article in terms of their substance and methodology. The original article is connected to the current article solely in terms of its theoretical foundation. While both articles share the same underlying meaning, they diverge in terms of research methodology, content, and textual presentation of the issue. Furthermore, the current article serves as a critique of the translation, whereas the aforementioned piece does not share this characteristic. In contrast to the previous article, the other two papers employ synonyms in their critique of the translation. However, they differ in terms of their study methodology and the content of their research topic. This article focuses on examining the synonymy between equivalent words in the target language. In contrast, the previous research explored the synonymy among source words in the Arabic language.Research MethodologyThis article aims to analyze the Persian translations of the poetry collection "To turn green from love," which consists of selected passages from Nizar Qabbani's poems. The analysis focuses on identifying and exploring the synonyms used in the translations. The equivalents will be assessed using three different methods. Initially, the user consults dictionaries to obtain the primary or inherent definition of the term, along with some synonyms that convey the same idea. Subsequently, through contextual analysis and the examination of word co-occurrences, the meanings of the term are deciphered and elucidated. Simultaneously, the chosen translation equivalent is scrutinized, and a more appropriate alternative is proposed.ConclusionThe research findings indicate that certain equivalents were selected in the translation process without taking into account the principle of cohabitation or closeness of terms. Occasionally, other terms have been used that differ from the primary word of the poem in terms of both usage and style. In certain locations, alternative terms have been selected that possess a greater depth of significance compared to the primary word. These equivalents express the meanings of the destination words in a broad manner; therefore, the translations do not possess the gracefulness of the phrases in the original poem. Among the similar terms in Farsi, certain examples have been chosen where the emotional intensity is lower compared to the Arabic word in the source text. However, it should be noted that there are instances in Persian where the emotional intensity is higher. The translator frequently employed literary counterparts that failed to capture the full meaning and emotional depth of the Arabic words, resulting in a challenging reading experience for the poem.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Zeinab Nazemian; Batool Meshkinfam; Nasrin Faghih Malek Marzban
Abstract
"Motion" is the fundamental basis of existence. Multiple scientific disciplines have examined and established this concept based on their own fields of study. Cognitive linguistics approaches this category from a philosophical-mental-linguistic perspective and investigates the process of how motion concepts ...
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"Motion" is the fundamental basis of existence. Multiple scientific disciplines have examined and established this concept based on their own fields of study. Cognitive linguistics approaches this category from a philosophical-mental-linguistic perspective and investigates the process of how motion concepts are formed and transferred from the external world to the mind and from the mind to language. Talmy introduces the notion of motion verbs, categorizing languages as either verb-oriented (lexical) or satellite-framed based on the demonstrative direction of verbs. The present study employs an analytical-descriptive method to examine the translation of the novel Alfatah Al-Akhira from Arabic to Persian. The study focuses on the extent to which translators utilize verb-oriented verbs and satellite framing. Additionally, the study aims to investigate the reasons behind the differing translation choices made by different translators in terms of verb-oriented and satellite-framed translations. The findings of the current study indicate that two translators, when translating the novel Alfatah Al-Khaira, deemed satellite framing as a more appropriate template for conveying motion concepts from Arabic to Persian. Also, when the translations of these motion verbs were compared and looked at, it was found that being satellite-framed does not always mean that the idea is communicated better and more completely. However, taking into account the elements of association and substitution, as well as the verb's connection with other components of the phrase and the context of the text, is crucial to ensuring a more effective translation.Keyword: Cognitive Linguistics, Leonard Talmy, Lexicalization, Satellite Framing, Alfatah Al-Khaira.IntroductionThe initial indication of existence is "motion," making it the paramount element to be regarded in the context of both existence and transformation. The significance of this concept has led intellectuals in the realms of philosophy and cognitive science to assign considerable value to it and develop theories about it in recentyears. In the field of philosophy, Merleau-Ponty, a prominent phenomenologist, introduced the theory of "physicality of perception" and emphasized the role of motion in creating time and space. Contrary to popular belief, Merleau-Ponty does not argue that space and time must exist before motion. Instead, he posits that motion itself generates the required space and time. (Shokri, 1395: 113) Heidegger's concept of "being in the-world" can be understood as the origin of motion.Leonard Talmy, a distinguished professor of linguistics and philosophy at the University of Buffalo in New York, has developed a renowned theory in the field of cognitive linguistics. This theory, known as the "theory of motion verbs," focuses on the conversion of motion concepts into linguistic expressions. Talmy's expertise lies in the study of semantic communication, formal linguistic structures, and semantic taxonomy.Talmy's theory of lexicalization explains the transformation of different motion aspects, such as cause, manner, state, path, context, and body, from a physical state to a conceptual state and subsequently into words that become part of language. According to this theory, motion verbs fall into two categories: verb-oriented and satellite-framed. The initial category comprises basic verbs that "lexicalize" motion, while the subsequent category consists of complex verbs that incorporate satellite with the basic verb to convey certain nuances of motion notions. Consequently, we can conceptualize a continuum for action words, with lexicalization on one end and the satellite axis on the other end. The present study is centered around the translation of these verbs from Arabic to Persian, with a specific focus on analyzing the variations and commonalities in their translation within two different renditions of Nadia Murad's novel "Alfatah Al-Akhira.".The challenge in Thalami's theory lies in the fact that not all languages in the world adhere to the same pattern when it comes to verb-oriented or verb-oriented motion verbs. Some languages exhibit a greater emphasis on verbs, while others exhibit a lesser emphasis.However, as elucidated in the article, it is evident that when translating Arabic verbs into Persian, they can be rendered in either verb-oriented or satellite-framed forms.The current study is significant as it applies Thalami's theory of motor verbs to the field of translation. Furthermore, it not only compares verbs in two distinct languages but also expresses and evaluates their translation by two separate translators. Given the absence of prior studies on the intersection of translation and cognitive linguistics in the relevant areas, the significance of this analysis in the field of translation studies is considerable. Simultaneously, it is regarded as an innovative contribution to the present research.Literature ReviewSeveral studies have been conducted about the subject matter of this article. The following study findings are worth mentioning:In their 2019 research titled "Analysis of the use of the motion verb 'anzal' in the Qur'an based on Talamy's linguistic theory," Behrouzi et al. conducted an analysis of this verb and determined that it functions as a directed and dynamic verb. The medium that focuses on the disclosure of the Qur'an and the expression of kindness towards humanity is characterized by a significant level of occurrence.In their 2018 research titled "Comparison of verbs of motion in Persian and English from the Cognitive Point of View and Cognitive Category," Eslamipour and Sharafzadeh conducted a comparative analysis of verbs of motion in Persian and English. They determined that the Persian language differs from English in this aspect. The English language exhibits a greater inclination for satellite framing. In Farsi, dominant satellite refers to the state, but in English, it refers to the orientation.In their 2011 research titled "Lexicalization in Persian Verbs of Motion: A New Model," Ezekia and Sassani examined the concept and process of lexicalization in Persian verbs. They found that when analyzing the event of motion, two distinct approaches are taken. The first approach, known as the holistic approach, focuses solely on integrating the central conceptual structures within the action verb. The second approach, referred to as the partial approach, takes into account the peripheral conceptual structures, which also play a role in the integration with the action verb.Hamedi Shirvan and Sharifi looked at the category of satellite in Talamy's theory of language classification in their 2013 study, "Investigation of the Cognitive Category of the Category "Satellite" in the Event Construction of Motion Verbs in Persian Language." They found that the Persian language can be classified as both satellite-oriented and verb-oriented according to Talmy's division. This is because certain features of Persian align with satellite-oriented languages, while others resemble verb-oriented languages.In their study titled "Investigation of the Conceptualization of Motion in Persian Compound Verbs: A Cognitive Approach" (1401), Azgoli et al. examine the lexicalization of compound verbs of motion in the Persian language. They find that the components of motion and manner have a higher frequency of lexicalization. Ilkhanipour and Karimi Dostan looked at three semantic dimensions of facet in Persian facet attributes in their 2015 study called "Lexicalization of the Semantic Dimensions of Facet in Persian Facet Attributes." These dimensions are facet power, facet base, and source of order. They find that in Persian facet attributes, the three forces of obligation, possibility, and necessity are highly lexicalized.Upon further examination, it has been discovered that no research has been conducted in Iran thus far that explores the notion of thalamic verbs in translation. Therefore, the novelty of this current research lies in its focus on addressing this particular issue.Research MethodologyFor this study, we have chosen two Persian translations of the Arabic novel Al-Hattat al-Akhira. Subsequently, a selection of motion verbs has been haphazardly pulled from various sections of this text. Next, the translation of these verbs was extracted and assessed in a comparative manner by comparing two translations. Regarding the topic of discussion, an analysis has been conducted to determine whether the two translators exhibit a preference for verb-oriented or satellite-oriented translation while translating motion verbs. What are the reasons for selecting each one, and how does the meaning-development process occur in them?ConclusionThe outcome of the discussion is that, because the Persian language is satellite-oriented, there is a greater preference for using satellite-oriented verbs. The translation of verbs in the form of verb-oriented or satellite-oriented does not alter the semantic component.To address the initial question of the discussion and validate its hypothesis, it is important to note that a comprehensive analysis was conducted on the novel "Alfatah Al-Akhira." A total of 44 motion verbs were identified as the statistical population for this study. The translations of these 44 verbs were then compared in two different translations by Chobani and Nazari. It was noted that neither of the translators used the past tense for any of the 44 verbs translated in a verb-oriented form. This suggests that the employment of motion verbs in verb-oriented form is uncommon in the Persian language. Among the 44 verbs, Chobani and Nazari have translated 23 verbs into the satellite-oriented form. This observation highlights the prevalence of satellite-oriented motion verbs in the Persian language. In addition, Chobani translated ten verbs into a verb-oriented form, whereas Nazari translated them into a satellite-oriented version. However, Chobani has rendered eleven verbs in a satellite-oriented form and Nazari in a verb-oriented form, indicating a relatively equal distribution between the two translators. Consequently, it may be concluded that the two translators have deemed the form of satellite framing as a more appropriate paradigm for conveying motion principles from Arabic to Persian.Regarding the second question and supporting its hypothesis, it was found that being satellite-oriented does not always lead to a better and more complete way of expressing the idea through translation by comparing and looking at these motion verbs. Instead, it highlights the aspects of coexistence, substitution, and the verb's connection with other elements of the sentence. Furthermore, the context of the text plays a significant role in effectively conveying its meaning. Factors such as the verb's emphasis on action or activity, the verb'semphasis on the goal, origin, or journey, and the mental states of individuals inferred from the context of the text are some of the factors that impact the effective transmission of meaning. However, the verb being satellite-oriented does not imply that it is more comprehensive in terms of its meaning.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Mohammad Rahimi Khoigani
Abstract
An underexplored topic in the realm of Arabic-Persian translation is the impact of translation on political discourse. The study of political discourse in translation centers on the unavoidable ideological modifications that take place in any text throughout the process of translation, which warrant ...
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An underexplored topic in the realm of Arabic-Persian translation is the impact of translation on political discourse. The study of political discourse in translation centers on the unavoidable ideological modifications that take place in any text throughout the process of translation, which warrant careful examination and evaluation. Hence, the objective of this study is to examine several renditions of the dialogues between the Qatari Minister and the Saudi envoy during the commencement of the 148th session of the Arab League. This research aims to investigate the translation and representation of a single text by multiple media outlets, taking into account their ideological and political perspectives. Drawing on Christina Schäffner's theory and utilizing a descriptive-analytical technique, the study intends to determine the variations in translation and representation among these channels. The results of this study imply that both internal and external beliefs have an impact on translation modifications, and that various media platforms have altered the language and structure of the original text through word choice, grammatical changes, and textual reproduction.Keywords: Translation Critique, Christina Schäffner, 148th Arab League Summit, IdeologyIntroductionThe focus of translation critics lies on scrutinizing and assessing the essence of translation modifications and their underlying causes. This study seeks to examine the motives and techniques employed by different news agencies when modifying the texts of speeches delivered by Qatari and Saudi representatives at the 148th Arab League summit. Additionally, it aims to determine the impact of ideology and politics on the translation process and the selection of information. In order to accomplish this, the research utilizes Christina Schäffner's theoretical framework and applies it to the specific text. The study aims to ascertain the modifications made by various news outlets to the structure of Qatari and Saudi speeches, as per Christina Schäffner's theory.What was the rationale behind the modifications made to the speeches of the Qatari Minister and the Saudi Envoy, and how did these changes affect the overall content and tone of the text?The research hypotheses are assumed to relate to the following aspects: Observable changes are made in the translation and republication of the original text, encompassing word selection, information selection, transmission, and restructuring at all levels.The primary factor influencing changes in the translation process is linked to the beliefs and macro-policies of each news agency. Literature ReviewMofeh and others (2016) have attempted to examine the type of rewriting, selection, and transmission of political data.Khalozadeh et al. (2012) have tried to identify possible translation behaviors based on ideological concepts evident in the translations by fundamentalist and reformist newspapers in foreign media.Torkashvand (2016) has endeavored to demonstrate that, through critical discourse analysis, the existing ideology in the text is also revealed as a factor in its overall direction.Firouzianpour Esfahani et al. (2018) have focused on the role of syntactic strategies in representing the ideologies of Persian translators in translated political and social texts using critical discourse analysis.Abdi et al. (2021) have delved into the verbal tenses in a corpus consisting of two political biographies and their Persian translations from a critical discourse analysis perspective.Karamzadegan and Fatemeh Mozaheri (2023) have analyzed the dominant discourse in the translation of political texts (Arabic to Persian) from 2019 to 2022, focusing on the theme of war, concluding that each country's policies have directly influenced translation choices. Research MethodologyThe stages of this research are as follows:Extracting data through the source text and target text confrontation methods based on changes in the target text;Describing and analyzing the data using the ideological analysis approach based on Christina Schäffer's theoryConclusionDomestic and foreign news agencies had different approaches to the coverage of the dialogue and conflict between the Qatari Minister and the Saudi Ambassador in Egypt. This approach was evident in the selection of words, text reproduction, and information selection.The choice of words by foreign media, especially Al-Arabiya, includes two points: Firstly, sensitive words like the Arabian Gulf were issued by Qatar's representative, and this news agency merely conveyed these words. Secondly, by using the term "regime," efforts were made to draw a line between the government and the people of Iran.3: The words chosen by domestic media are in line with everyday use and Persian language customs. These media outlets have used what is common in the Persian language without considering the original text.4: Both domestic and foreign media have tried to select what aligns with their broader policies and their governments and avoid quoting other matters. However, among them, Al-Arabiya has had the highest volume of selection and omission.5: In the restructuring process, the media have tried to use strategies such as choosing titles, changing beginnings and endings, deletion, transforming direct quotations into indirect ones, transforming the face and form of verbs, etc. All of these efforts are aimed at creating a legitimate role for themselves and delegitimizing others. Additionally, part of the media's efforts is aimed at highlighting their positive features and the negative features of others.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Arezu Pooryazdanpanah Kermani
Abstract
The Garces model is a significant theory in the field of linguistics that focuses on the qualitative examination of translated literary works to assess the quality of translations. This approach assesses translations according to two criteria: acceptability and appropriateness. It evaluates positive ...
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The Garces model is a significant theory in the field of linguistics that focuses on the qualitative examination of translated literary works to assess the quality of translations. This approach assesses translations according to two criteria: acceptability and appropriateness. It evaluates positive and negative attributes at four different levels. The initial level of this theory focuses on analyzing the components associated with vocabulary and the transmission of meaning via language. The second level involves the analysis of syntactic and morphological components, while the third and fourth levels focus on evaluating discourse and text style. Farīd ud-Dīn ʿAṭṭār of Nishapur’s Mantiq Al-Tair is highly esteemed Persian mystical poetry that has been translated into other languages. Currently, Dr. Badi’ MohammadJomeh’s translation, which he conducted at Ain Shams University, is the most thorough of these translations. Furthermore, Mohammad Jomeh’s original translation of Mantiq Al-Tair by Attar has been praised for its self-worth in conveying the logic and invaluable ideas of the author to the Arab world. The translation is particularly notable for its precision, conciseness, eloquence, and literary highlights. As a result, it has been subjected to examination and evaluation using the Garces model and its four levels. The research findings suggest that the translator has faithfully followed the source language in the mentioned translation. Furthermore, the translation demonstrates greater acceptability and adequacy in terms of lexical and syntactic-morphological meaning compared to the other two levels. The translator's proficiency is particularly evident at these two levels. He has employed a greater number of constructive methods. However, the translation being examined has prominently featured negative tactics at two levels of discourse: functional and stylistic-semantic. This might be attributed to the choice of content for translation, specifically mystical systems. Despite incorporating culturally similar parts, the elevation of Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh’s translation can be attributed to lexical expansion, compensation, and changes in syntax and structure.Keywords: Translation Criticism, Literary translation, Mantiq Al-Tair, ʿAṭṭār of Nishapur, Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh, Carmen Garces.IntroductionMantiq Al-Tair is a highly significant oriental text that has beentranslated into various languages. Dr. Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh, anesteemed professor specializing in oriental studies at Ain ShamsUniversity, has successfully rendered a full translation of this work into the Arabic language. Evaluating the translation is vital to ensuring its accuracy, utilizing various translation principles and approaches. Translation criticism serves as a crucial connection between translation theory and translation practice. Garces's theory is a significant destination-oriented theory that consists of four stages. Due to its complete nature, it can serve as an effective model for assessing the quality of translations, particularly in the context of literary translated works, in terms of their acceptability and adequacy. This essay aims to assess the Arabic translation of Mantiq Al-Tair by Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh using Garces' methodology, employing an analytical-descriptive approach.Literature ReviewSome significant research has been conducted in the field of translation criticism, specifically regarding the translation of Mantiq Al-Tair and the application of the Garces model. Notable articles include "Mantiq Al-Tair of Attar in Lebanon (criticism on the research and translation of the Arabic Mantiq Al-Tair)" (1383) by Nik Manesh, "Criticism and review of the Persian translation of the novel Qalb al-Lil with the title Del Shab based on the model of Garces" (1396) by Ali Sayadani et al., "Lexual criticism of the translation of Sheikh Abdulhaq Mohadath Dehlavi from Fatuh al-Ghayb based on the semantic level - Garces Lexicon" (1400) by Bidkhoni and AghHosseini, "Hermeneutic view of the French translation of somemystical words of Al- Mantiq Al-Tair based on the opinions of Umberto Eco" (1400) by Moghaddam and Akrami Fard company, and "Study in Translation Al-Arabiya for the Mantiq Al-Tair" (2006) by Nadi Hassoun.It is evident that the Arabic translation of Mantiq Al-Tair has not been systematically and critically evaluated using translation criticism theories. Furthermore, the studies based on Garces theory are restricted to the translation of novels and fictional works, and despite the potential of Garces theory to assess the translation of poetic texts, no research has been conducted thus far to critique and evaluate text translations using this theory. Therefore, it is imperative to elucidate the acceptability and sufficiency of the planned translation by listing the favorable and unfavorable characteristics.Research MethodologyGarces theory is a comprehensive model used to assess literary writings. It goes beyond just the translation of words and phrases and takes into account four different levels. The Garces model is widely regarded as a prominent model for evaluating the translation of literary texts. The increasing adoption of this approach by scholars in recent years demonstrates its favorable standing among translation critics. This paradigm operates on the notion of parity between the source and destination texts. According to Garces, the source text and the translation should aim for maximum equivalence on all four levels. The four layers are: semantic-lexical, syntactic-morphological, discourse-role, and stylistic-intentional.ConclusionMantiq Al-Tair is a significant spiritual poem in Persian poetry and literature that has been translated into other languages. This essay critically evaluates the Arabic translation of . Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh’s Mantiq Al-Tair, using the Garces model as a framework for analysis. Upon evaluating this translation using the four levels of the Garces model, it was concluded that the translation being examined is in the original language. Out of the four levels in the Garces model, this translation demonstrates a higher level of conformity with the semantic-lexical level compared to the other three levels. The subgroups that have emerged in this translation at this level include assimilation, lexical expansion, lexical account, general and specific, definition and explanation, cultural equivalent, and syntactic expansion. At this stage, the translator has employed constructive methods with the exception of one instance (lexical explanation). Out of the subcategories stated, lexical expansion and lexical account are more frequent in this translation.The translation examines modifications in syntax or structure, alterations in viewpoint, compensation, implications, and the elimination of subsets at the syntactic-morphological level. Among these modifications, the change of syntax or structure is particularly prominent in this translation. In addition to implication and omission, which are negative strategies at this level, the translator has employed positive techniques. All subcategories within the two levels of discourse—functional and stylistic-semantic—are seen asnegative strategies. The most common ones are the translator's mistake and changing the function of rhetorical devices.
