Translation in Arabic language and literature
seyyed Mehdi Masboogh; Solmaz Ghafari
Abstract
Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda is one of the narrative works that revives a huge part of ancient popular culture and literature. This book contains many popular stories in the form of fourteen chapters, in which more than two hundred life stories of trapped people are depicted in the form of stories with moral ...
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Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda is one of the narrative works that revives a huge part of ancient popular culture and literature. This book contains many popular stories in the form of fourteen chapters, in which more than two hundred life stories of trapped people are depicted in the form of stories with moral themes. Dehestani has a high reputation for his translation of Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda. Today, with the expansion of translation studies, translation criticism aims to evaluate the translation compared to the original text and measure its quality, as well as find out how the translator works in translation. One of the appropriate models of translation criticism is Katarina Rice's model, which has been less studied by researchers. Considering the comprehensiveness of translation criticism techniques in Katarina Rice's model compared to other translation models, the present research can provide a comprehensive analysis of the Persian translation of the book Al-Farj after Al-Shada from two linguistic and meta-linguistic perspectives, while applying Rice's model; Because the structural difference of the two languages is definitely significant and undeniable in the translation process, and this issue can be useful in translation research and linguistic studies. Considering the volume of the book, its first chapter was examined as the body of the research. The result of the research showed that Dehestani's translation is an adapted translation of " Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda".
Translation in Arabic language and literature
fatemeh savari; Naeim Amori
Abstract
Criticism and evaluation of translation is one of the most important fields of study,which measures and recognizes the quality level of translated texts.This evaluation requires linguistic researches of prominent theorists. One of the most important linguistic models introduced and known is the translation ...
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Criticism and evaluation of translation is one of the most important fields of study,which measures and recognizes the quality level of translated texts.This evaluation requires linguistic researches of prominent theorists. One of the most important linguistic models introduced and known is the translation model of Mrs. "Carmen Garces". The present research, with a descriptive-analytical method, aims to investigate and evaluate the novel "Fi Qalbi Anthi Ibriya" by Khawla Hamdi translated by Ms.Asmaa Khajazadeh, using the model proposed by Carmen Garces as a measure and model for evaluating the quality of translation. Ms. Carmen Garces proposes four levels for measuring and evaluating translations, which are: 1- semantic-lexical level; 2- syntactic-word-building (morphological) level; 3- Discursive-applicative level; 4- Stylistic-semantic level.The current study examines only two levels of semantic-lexical and syntactic-lexical construction.Then it deduces that: the most prominent components of semantic-lexical levels in this translation are cultural or functional equivalents, syntactic expansion, syntactic contraction, ambiguity, and in the same proportion general or vice versa, and at the syntactic-lexical level, the most prominent components are literal translation, adaptation, changing syntactically or grammatically, changing the point of view, explaining or expanding the meaning, reducing and eliminating which change the type of sentence in translation.The adequacy and acceptability of a translation is based on counting its positive and negative features.Therefore the higher the number of positive features of the translated text, the higher is its adequacy and acceptability.It can be said that Khawajazadeh's translation conforms to the model of Garces and it has good adequacy and acceptability.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Jalal Abidan; Morteza Zare Beromi
Abstract
The research aims to analyze source text tendencies when translating from Persian to Arabic, discussing translation principles. The mentioned research is divided into two parts: theoretical and comparative. The theoretical part focuses on Antoine Berman's attitude towards the transforming tendencies ...
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The research aims to analyze source text tendencies when translating from Persian to Arabic, discussing translation principles. The mentioned research is divided into two parts: theoretical and comparative. The theoretical part focuses on Antoine Berman's attitude towards the transforming tendencies of the source text. The comparative part includes an analysis of the translation of Imam Khomeini's political-divine testament based on Antoine Berman's model. Berman identified thirteen tendencies that influence the way the source text is presented. These tendencies are rationalization, clarification, expansion, ennoblement, qualitative impoverishment, quantitative impoverishment, assimilation, destruction of rhythms, the destruction of the underlying networks of signification, the destruction of linguistic patternings, the destruction of vernacular networks or their exoticization, the destruction of expressions and idioms, and the effacement of the superimposition of languages. Each tendency offers a unique perspective on the translator's decisions, based on different aspects of the original text. The research method used was descriptive and analytical. The results of the study revealed that the changing tendencies of the source text had varying impacts on the translation process of Imam Khomeini's political and divine testament. The extent to which each factor influences the process in question relies on the translator's decisions and the genre of the text. Rationalization is the most significant factor, while quantitative impoverishment, the destruction of expressions and idioms, and the effacement of the superimposition of languages have not been shown to have an impact.Keywords: Translation, Arabicizing, Antoine Berman, Text-Changing Tendencies, Political-Divine Testament of Imam Khomeini.IntroductionTranslation criticism theories are broadly categorized into two main branches: originalist theories which focus on the original text, foreign language, and culture, and destinationist theories which center around the reader, target language, and culture. The primary objective of transformational tendencies is to modify the original text in such a way that it presents an acceptable meaning and beautiful form to the users of the target language. Given this definition, it is crucial to evaluate the extent of destruction caused by the changing tendencies since the target text's essence usually rejects the source text's form in favor of syntactic independence and semantic clarity.In his translation evaluation model, Berman examines various methods of transferring text from the source language to the target language. He identifies tendencies that can impact the quality of the translation: rationalization, clarification, expansion, ennoblement, qualitative impoverishment, quantitative impoverishment, assimilation, destruction of rhythms, the destruction of the underlying networks of signification, the destruction of linguistic patternings, the destruction of vernacular networks or their exoticization, the destruction of expressions and idioms, and the effacement of the superimposition of languages. Berman provides many examples to explain the cultural and linguistic reasons for these distortions, including the destruction or modernization of native language networks, the destruction of expressions and idioms, and the effacement of the superimposition of languages. Familiarity with Berman's model is essential for teachers and translation students of the Arabic language, especially in translating key texts like the political-divine testament of Imam Khomeini, which require a strong tendency towards localization. It can improve their skills in translating from Persian to Arabic and vice versa.Literature ReviewThe search in the databases revealed that there has been no independent research on the translation of Imam Khomeini's political-divine testament based on Antoine Berman's model of the transforming tendencies of the original text. However, it might be helpful to mention the completed works based on the mentioned model and their description for the audience.In their article on the review of the latest translation of the novel "The Stranger" based on Antoine Berman's text distortion system (2016), Farsian and Esmaili discussed seven cases of the changing tendencies of the original text in the analysis of Mehran Zindabudi's translation of Albert Camus's "The Stranger." They concluded that 1) the translator had to use "rationalization" due to the structural differences between French and Persian languages; 2) the translator had sometimes made "clarification" in unnecessary cases; 3) The tendency of the translator to "expand" is the result of the two previous tendencies; 4) The "ennoblement" of the translator compared to the source text had sometimes led to the improvement and sometimes to the degradation of the linguistic level of the translation; 5) "Destruction of rhythm", "the destruction of linguistic patternings" and "the destruction of expressions" are among other tendencies that change the shape of the original text in the translation of Zindabudi from the Book of stranger; 6) Although Berman's model is very perfectionist and its application leads to word-for-word translation, it is quite effective in distinguishing the differences between the target text and the source text.In their article examining the effectiveness of Berman's model in the evaluation of Quran translation: the study of rationalization tendency (2019), Niazi et al. pointed out that the said model emphasizes preserving the originality of the source text and avoiding its change and distortion in the translation. They concluded that 1) rationalization in the translation of the Holy Quran is sometimes mandatory and sometimes optional; 2) optional rationalization is included in negative analysis and avoided in positive analysis; 3) The reason for forced rationalization in the translation of the Holy Qur'an is to avoid making the target text unpleasant.Amirian, in his article on the review of the Arabic translation of Ainaha according to Berman's morphometric model (1400), pointed out that the level of validity of the target text and its quality is determined by the application of translation evaluation models. In his research, he discussed Ahmed Musa's translation of the novel Chashm'hā'yash (Her Eyes) by Bozorg Alavi based on the six tendencies of Burman's model and concluded that 1) "quantitative impoverishment" and "qualitative impoverishment" more than other tendencies had changed the original text in the translation and this had caused a semantic difference between the source and destination text; 2) The translator's "ennoblement" is a decision to be reader-oriented and to achieve a destination text that is more beautiful than the source text; 3) "ennoblement" and "expansion" are effective in "clarifying" the translation; 4) The "rationalization" of translation is unavoidable due to the grammatical differences of the source and target languages.The present research is innovative compared to the works that have discussed the types of translation based on Antoine Berman's model. It is dependent on three factors: 1) the application of all thirteen tendencies that transform the original text in the analysis of the translation of Imam Khomeini's political-divine testament and avoiding act selectively in this field; 2) the structural and content expansion of disruptive tendencies; 3) Focusing the analytical part of the research on translation learning from Persian to Arabic.Research MethodologyThe current study methodology is both descriptive and analytical. The objective of the description is to address the theoretical framework of the investigation. At this stage of study, commonly accepted generalisations are often outlined, and the gathered data is not subjected to analysis. During the analytical phase, the research model is applied to the text being studied. This essay examines the translation process of Imam Khomeini's political-divine testament, using Antoine Berman's concept of the transforming tendencies of the original text. The goal is to uncover the effects of deforming tendencies in the translation from Persian to Arabic.ConclusionOut of the thirteen tendencies that alter the structure of the original text, 10 have influenced the translation of Imam Khomeini's political-divine testament.1) Rationalisation: This inclination entails repositioning adjectives, transforming nouns into verbs, simplifying the lexical chain, altering the placement of verbs, and converting noun phrases into verbs. It also involves eliminating redundant words, adding or removing inflections, converting unfamiliar terms into familiar ones, and vice versa. The change in the text of the Imam Khomeini's testament in translation has been most influenced by converting complex statements into simple ones. Additionally, additional instances, particularly related to grammar, can be identified that contribute to the imparting of wisdom.2) Clarification: The act of clarifying the translation of the testament of Imam Khomeini has occurred in two ways: firstly, by clarifying the element of the original text in the translated text after adjusting it to Arabic grammar; and secondly, by considering and defining the concept of the element of the original text in the destination.3) Expansion: The translation of the testament of Imam Khomeini has been carried out in two ways: creating synonyms and transforming words into phrases. Both approaches share the characteristic of including superfluous text in the final output.4) Ennoblement: This movement involves translating the testament of the Imam Khomeini into the Arabic language. In this revision, the objective is to enhance the aesthetic appeal of the target text by rephrasing the sentence structure and incorporating eloquent punctuation marks.5) Qualitative Impoverishment: Inevitable qualitative impoverishment occurs when translating the testament of Imam Khomeini due to the reliance on the word form in the language. Excluding the lexical borrowings between Persian and Arabic, it is impossible to rectify the deficiency in the quality of other terms.6) Assimilation: Assimilation refers to the process of reviewing and amending the source text before translation in order to prepare it according to the preferences of the translator. The translation of the Imam Khomeini’s testament undergo significant changes, mostly due to a trend towards assimilation.7) Destruction of Rhythms: The destruction referred to in the translation process of the Imam Khomeini’s testament has frequently occurred for two reasons: firstly, the utilisation of punctuation marks that deviate from the original text, such as quotation marks, brackets, and solid lines to separate sentences; and secondly, the implementation of substantial alterations in the context of the source text.8) Destruction of Underlying Networks of Signification: The network of signifiers and implicit meanings is destroyed when certain signifiers or crucial words from the original text are not translated. The translation of the imam's testament has partially dismantled the network of symbols and underlying connotations.9) Destruction of Linguistic Patternings: The identified tendency indicates Antoine Berman's scepticism towards translators and his pessimistic view of translation. He has observed that the target text lacks the original organisation of the source text because of the employment of morphing tendencies. Additionally, these justifications put the Imam's testament translation at risk of destruction due to systemic tendencies.10) Destruction of Vernacular Network or Their Exoticisation: The destruction of native language networks occurs when native languages and culturally-specific terms are ignored or eliminated from local varieties of the standard language. On the other hand, innovation happens when elements of the native language are emphasised in the standard written language, such as through the use of italics or bold writing. It has been hard to translate the Imam's testament into the framework that has been talked about because of changes in some culturally specific language. There has been no innovation in this context.Three out of the thirteen tendencies that alter the structure of the original text were not influential in the translation of Imam Khomeini's political-divine testament.1) Quantitative Impoverishment: This case demonstrates that synonyms or lexical variations associated with a certain meaning in the testament of the Imam were translated using only one term, neglecting the presence of other words with similar meanings.2) Destruction of Expressions and Idioms: Berman examines two factors to elucidate this phenomenon. Firstly, the significance of proper nouns in the main text's discourse. Secondly, there is a lack of interchangeability among idioms. He regarded the act of removing the listed things and substituting them with indigenous items as indicative of the obliteration of the original text's expressions and terminology in the translation. Upon examining and analysing the testament of the Imam, it was determined that the original text remained unaffected by the localization of phrases and idioms during the translation process, thus preserving its discourse intact.3) The Effacement of the Superimposition of Languages: This trend aims to eradicate the linguistic variations present in the source text throughout the translation process. This inclination has not had an opportunity to influence the translation of the testament of Imam, as the language used in the text of the testament of Imam does not encounter linguistic variety.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Somayeh Salmanian; Keivan Ehsani
Abstract
Within the text of Nahj al-Balagha, one may come across words and phrases that can be classified as profane or offensive statements. These terms serve two purposes. Some of them denote profanity and obscenity, while others seem to be using profanity. However, it possesses a metaphorical connotation and ...
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Within the text of Nahj al-Balagha, one may come across words and phrases that can be classified as profane or offensive statements. These terms serve two purposes. Some of them denote profanity and obscenity, while others seem to be using profanity. However, it possesses a metaphorical connotation and does not include any profanity. Understanding the historical origins of these statements, as well as their textual and temporal context, is essential and highly beneficial for comprehending the intended meaning of Imam Ali (peace be upon him). This study employed a prescriptive methodology to extract fourteen collective curses from Nahj al-Balagha and analyze the translation performance of five translators in relation to this work. The translators are Faiz al-Islam, al-Shahidi, al-Faqihi, al-Dashti, and al-Ansari. Each of these translators embodies a distinct translation style. The research findings revealed that many statements that may appear to be curses were not employed as insults but rather served various purposes such as praise, adoration, attention, and punishment. These translators neglected this difficulty and attempted to translate these meanings either word-for-word or with an imprecise functional equivalent, resulting in an incorrect translation of these meanings. Of the various translation methods available, the faithful approach and the literal method offer greater potential for translating this specific category of fixed language structures.Keywords: Translation, Fixed Form of Language, Cursing, Nahj al-Balagha.IntroductionGiven the intimate connection between translation and culture, the primary obstacle for the translator will be to convey these ideas accurately in the target language. Multiple hypotheses have been put out in the process of converting these concepts into different languages. Newmark (2011) has put forward a total of eighteen approaches, while Ivier (1987) has suggested a total of seven methods. Gradler (2000) and Harvey (2000) both postulated four distinct procedures. Additionally, Chesterman (1997) and Pedersen (2007) have put up alternative approaches. The primary distinction in the categorization of methodologies in these types of studies lies in the specific focus that each method places on the primary unit of language in translation (Alizadeh, 2019: 54). Profane expressions are seen as established linguistic and cultural phenomena that vary across different cultures. Consequently, translators often opt for literal translations, disregarding cultural nuances, resulting in inaccurate translations. To ensure a dependable scientific outcome, we chose five translations of Fayz al-Islam, al-Shahidi, al-Faqihi, al-Dashti, and al-Ansari from a pool of several translations of Nahj al-Balagha. We next examined how well these translations rendered eight collective cursing expressions. The primary objective of the ongoing research is to determine whether the cursing idioms found in Nahj al-Balagha exclusively convey the act of cursing or if alternative interpretations may be attributed to them based on the context and circumstances.Can a Persian-compatible cultural counterpart be provided for these allegedly cursed phrases? If the answer is yes, then which translator achieved greater success?Which translation method offered the most optimal approach for translating profanities?Literature Review The majority of research conducted in the realm of translating cultural components focuses on English translation. The research conducted in the domain of Arabic is exceedingly restricted. The majority of the works conducted in this domain, with the exception of a small number, pertain to the genre of novels and stories. This article introduces and critiques the following research studies relating to the subject:The study titled "A Study of the Content and Structure of Cursing Expressions in Nahj al-Balagha" was authored by Mir Ahmadi and his colleagues and published in the Journal of Studies in Nahj al-Balagha in 2017. Through an analysis of the rhetoric, style, and structure of cursing words in Nahj al-Balagha, the researchers aimed to examine the concept of politeness in Nahj al-Balagha from various perspectives. Their objective was to demonstrate that the Imam (peace be upon him) adhered to the teachings of the Holy Qur'an even when using cursing, maintaining a sense of politeness, and refraining from using vulgar language. The research approach employed in this study diverges significantly from the current essay, which seeks to critique the translation of profane terms in Nahj al-Balagha.The paper titled "A Study of the Expressions of Cursing and Cursing of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) in Nahj al-Balagha" was authored by Akbar Tawhid Law and published in the Journal of Modern Studies in Nahj al-Balagha in 2016. This essay focuses on elucidating the semantic and conceptual distinctions between the idioms of cursing found in the Qur'an and Nahj al-Balagha.The subject of the current research is novel and groundbreaking in comparison to earlier studies, and no research has been conducted using this approach thus far.Research MethodologyThis research used a prescriptive methodology. In this approach, after examining each sample, the researcher provides explicit instructions or recommendations that outline a particular approach for conducting translation tasks (refer to Manafi Anari, 2015: 13). The chosen samples are additionally evaluated and examined using the techniques suggested in the Newmark model.ConclusionThe results gained from researching five Persian translations of Nahj al-Balagha's sermons and messages for expressing collective cursing expressions are as follows:Translators have encountered comparable difficulties while translating profane terms, which include: A) Restricting their analysis to the surface meaning of certain curses and disregarding their purpose in early Islam. B) The inaccuracy lies in the verb's structure in translation, as it is employed to convey meaning based on a different structure. C) Failing to embrace a singular approach. When encountering comparable circumstances, the process of translating a term takes place.2: Upon evaluating the translators' performance, we observed deficiencies and inadequacies in their ability to accurately comprehend and convey meaning in this domain. The translators, as a whole, did not execute their tasks correctly and did not adhere to the established scientific principles of translation studies. Consequently, it is not possible to favor the performance of one translator over another.Some of the profanities found in Nahj al-Balagha serve purposes beyond mere cursing. They are employed in various contexts to express admiration, astonishment, caution, and other intentions.Hence, translators must diligently consider the many connotations of these terms and render them in accordance with the specific context in which they are employed. It is advisable for them not to solely depend on the Nahj al-Balagha dictionary and its explanations. Instead, students should explore these terms in poetry, ancient prose, collections of proverbs, and other sayings to get insight into their various applications and the intended meaning by the Imam.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Zohreh Ghorbani Madavani; Ehya Komasi
Abstract
The phenomenon of linguistic relativity has long posed a significant barrier for translators, arising from the diverse life experiences of language users. Cultural underpinnings, encompassing practices, ideas, and social phenomena, are intrinsically linked to linguistic notions, drawing from the collective ...
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The phenomenon of linguistic relativity has long posed a significant barrier for translators, arising from the diverse life experiences of language users. Cultural underpinnings, encompassing practices, ideas, and social phenomena, are intrinsically linked to linguistic notions, drawing from the collective experiences of language users. The term "organ names" refers to the terms that describe the various parts of the human body, such as eyes, head, and ears. These names can encompass cultural and cognitive notions, including knowledge, perception, emotions, and conventions. Conversely, there exists asemantic correlation between the physiological principles (pertaining to the structure of body parts) and the notions of sociology. An exploration of the cultural and cognitive foundations of these phrases, along with consideration of the speakers' background and lived experiences, can serve as a valuable tool for translators to comprehend the precise meaning and then convey it accurately in the target language. The significance and placement of organ names in language, together with the frequent usage of hand-related terms in Arabic and its dialects, have motivated us to conduct a descriptive-analytical investigation on the word "hand" and its variations. Let's explore the linguistic and cultural conceptualizations of it. In order to examine the semantic and linguistic aspects of this term, we need to select its Persian equivalent and translate it accordingly. The use of formulation in both the source and destination languages can have an impact on the translation and presentation of concepts, which is a significant finding. Sometimes, the translation is based on a shared formulation, while other times it is based on a different formulation. When there is overlap in the translation, it can convey the cultural background and worldview of the source language. Linguistic relativity arises when concepts cannot be effectively conveyed through overlapping translations. In such cases, heterogeneous translation, also known as concept translation, must be employed. This approach ensures that the translation aligns with both the cultural norms of the source language and the cultural norms of the target language.Keywords: Linguistic Relativity, the Names of Hand Organs, Translation, Cultural Foundations. IntrodcutionOne of the enduring obstacles faced by translators throughout history is selecting precise equivalents and effectively conveying concepts from the source language to the target language. Several linguists argue that the translation and equivalency of words do not provide an exact representation of the original language. This is due to the varying cognitive and cultural experiences of language speakers over history. The findings of linguistic studies conducted over a long period of time indicate that each language possesses its own distinct formulations and conceptualizations. Consequently, speakers of different languages have varying perspectives and worldviews.The research inquiries are as follows: What are the linguistic terms and cultural ideas associated with the naming of different parts of the hand in the Arabic language? How might the linguistic relativity arising from the conceptualizations of hand and limb be applied to the Persian language? The research hypothesis posits that there exists a form of linguistic relativity in the conceptualizations of the name of the hand organ in the Arabic language that cannot be adequately conveyed by translation into the target language.Literature ReviewExtensive research has been conducted in several languages about the nomenclature of organs and the examination of their cognitive and cultural concepts, as well as their translation.Ildiko (1990), a researcher in the field of English language, has demonstrated that the utilization of organ names can enhance the breadth of vocabulary in language. Gibbs and Wilson (2002) argue that the human body serves as a cognitive resource in our metaphorical language.Yu (2000), a Chinese researcher, compared the names of the palm and finger organs in the Chinese and English languages. He posits that the conceptions derived from the names of the organs are universally shared cognitive experiences among all humans.Researchers in the field of Persian language also made significant advancements in studying the names of organs and conceptual metaphors. One notable research study is the work of Veisi Hisar and colleagues (2013), titled "Metaphor and Culture: A Cognitive Approach to Two Translations of Khayyam's Quatrains." Saad-allah Homayoni and Maryam Fuladi wrote the article (1401) titled "Analysis of the Role of Linguistic Formations and Cultural Domains in the Translation of Metaphorical Compounds from the Perspective of Cognitive Linguistics."Ali Ganjian Khanari and Ahya Kamasi (1402) have authored an article titled "Cultural and Cognitive Structure of the Singular Nasal and Synonyms in the Arabic Language in the Context of Cultural Linguistics and Wang Li's Theory." This article partially aligns with the objectives of the ongoing research.Research has been conducted to explore the Arabic names of organs and their equivalents in the Persian language. The presence of relativity in the translation of Arabic into Persian has not been thoroughly examined. Research MethodologyThe forthcoming article is based on a cognitive-cultural approach. In order to accomplish the intended objective, we shall employ the principles of cognitive-cultural linguistics as a means to progress the research. This study explores the utilization of hand part names in the Arabic language and subsequently investigates their corresponding counterparts in the Persian language.ConclusionBased on the study of the research data, the following conclusions can be drawn: The semantic domains in Arabic and Persian are established around the concept of "the hand as a tool for measuring and determining direction." This suggests a cultural and biological shared experience among speakers of both languages. Nevertheless, it is undeniable that relativity is present in certain formulations and conceptualizations of the limbless hand, particularly those that are based on experiences derived from the material world.Overlapping translation refers to the identification of linguistic structures that arise from shared experiences. However, when attempting to discover suitable replacements for language structures that arise from the diverse experiences of language users, a process of heterogeneous translation emerges. When translating various and diverse expressions, the translator must consider the cultural norms of both the original and destination languages. Linguistic relativity manifests in various forms, making it difficult to transfer concepts through overlapping translations. Heterogeneous translation, on the other hand, refers to a type of translation that effectively conveys the concepts of the source language while also aligning with the cultural norms of the target language.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Gol Mohammad Basil; Sayed Azimullah Esmati
Abstract
In this research, an analytical-statistical method was used, and our main goal was to show the extent of the use of the translation process in the academic system of Afghanistan. The findings of this research indicate that the year (2019) had the highest number of subjects registered for translation ...
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In this research, an analytical-statistical method was used, and our main goal was to show the extent of the use of the translation process in the academic system of Afghanistan. The findings of this research indicate that the year (2019) had the highest number of subjects registered for translation compared to recent years. So, a difference of about 30% can be seen between the mentioned year and the previous year. Although the number of translated works has not been impressive so far, it is a good step towards strengthening the materials and resources for the researches of the country's academic system. The main question that was addressed was how to start the translation process in Afghanistan's higher education institutions in order to use the works and researches of other nations. So, it can be seen that the restoration process in the year (2019) was unprecedented in Afghanistan's higher education institutions compared to the 90s.Keywords: Translation, Goals, Motivation, Scientific Needs, Higher Education Institutions. IntroductionTranslation is considered an excellent and vital approach in the process of teaching and transferring data and solving problems from one language and culture to another language and culture.Also, translation causes the sharing of theories, viewpoints, mindsets, and methods of scientific-literary studies among nations.Today's Afghanistan society, especially the academic and scientific generation needs access to academic texts more than ever. Undoubtedly, it is translation that can give a suitable answer to many of these needs and introduce relevant, enriched, and important texts for us.Translation has a history of thousands of years. Humans have used this approach since time immemorial to exchange their thoughts and opinions. Translation has always been used as a principle of interaction between living languages. But sometimes, due to its necessity, translation becomes an important matter, the denial of which causes unforeseeable losses in that society. Although many books from other languages have been translated into Farsi and other languages in different eras, in the mentioned periods, the passion for translation was so great that the activity of translation in those periods was called (translation movement). After the arrival of Islam, Muslim translators have played a very prominent role in translating from other languages into Arabic as the language of government, religion, and science. The process of translation has had many ups and downs in different periods of history. However, the chaotic situation and the ever-increasing disturbances have always prevented translation activity in Afghanistan. Despite the fact that some people called Afghan translators residing in other countries or within Afghanistan have tried to translate, there has been no effort to meet the needs of the society. If it is carefully considered, the practice of translation in other countries has specific goals and motivations that have made it flourish. In the absence of goals and motivation, one can never reach the destination, for example, Mohammad Ghazi says his motivation for translation is primarily (love for translation) and then (material needs). Languages are limited. In the same way, whoever has done the act of translation has also expressed his motivation. Although the historical course of translation in Afghanistan has been examined from different perspectives by translators abroad, we have explored and examined the translations of 2019 in state institutions of higher education led by the Ministry of Higher Education. The result obtained from it showed that in the early 90s due to the problems that affected the people of Afghanistan, the translation process was not taken care of much, but in the last half of this decade, we have witnessed the relative growth of this process; a number of books have been translated from international languages into the national languages of Pashto and Dari Farsi, for example, we can refer to books translated from Arabic, for example, Türkiye Meydan al-Sara' bein al-Sharq va al-Gharb was translated by a professor at Badakhshan University. From a literary point of view, this translation has some errors, because the translator is a history professor and does not know much about Persian grammar, which is why it has some literary errors. I have read this work once. Similarly, other works that have been translated into Pashto in other universities of the country are not free of literary errors. Because those who translate the books are not experts in the mentioned languages in terms of expertise. For example, the following books have been translated from Arabic to Pashto: the rules of fasting and philosophy in Dhu al-Qur'an and Sunnah, al-Zahreh fi fan al-Takhrij and Drasa al-Asatid, Taysir al-Qava'ed al-Narhulllambtadiin and the book of al-Qava’ed al-Ulama, Al-Adab and Fanoonah, Nizam al-Syasi fi al-Islam, which were translated by professors in Nangarhar and Kandahar universities, the only flawless translations that have been translated by language experts, among which the number of language experts is limited.Literature ReviewWe did not come across any articles about translation in Afghanistan's higher education institutions. Therefore, we decided to write an article about the activities carried out regarding the translation from other living languages to national languages.Significance of the StudyThis article has examined and researched the process of scientific-research translations in Afghanistan's higher education institutions in the year (2018). Moreover, it discussed some points about the translation services in higher education institutions which are done for scientific promotion of professors. For this reason, the present article is new in terms of content and is of great importance.Purpose of the StudyThe main purpose of translation research in higher education institutions is to reveal the services of Afghanistan's higher education academic staff members. Its partial goals are to estimate the amount of translation services provided according to the conditions, whether it is in accordance with the needs of the present age or not. Whether so many different works from living languages have been translated by the academic staff members of Afghan universities to meet the academic needs or not.Another secondary goal of this research has been to reveal this process with its importance and path along with objective evidence, so that every student and researcher can easily understand how many necessary works have been translated by the scientific staff members of higher education.Research Questions:What was the main purpose of starting translation in Afghanistan's academic institutions?How many of the desired works of Afghanistan's academic field have been provided through translation so far?To what extent can works translated from foreign languages into national languages of Afghanistan help in the scientific process of Afghanistan?MethodologyA statistical method has been used to investigate the problem. The statistical population of the mentioned research was the source of data from the Department of Research, Compilation, and Translation of the Ministry of Higher Education. Our way of working was that we first presented each university in separate tables, and then at the end of it, we analyzed the received data of works translated in all universities of Afghanistan in the year (2019).FindingsSo, we talked about the definition, literature review, purpose, significance, and questions of translation. The findings of this research show that the motivation for translation has increased among the academic staff members of some universities. This increase will bring hope for the translation process in the following years.Among the educational institutions, the professors of Kabul University have the highest motivation for translating the work from international languages to the national language, and in the second step is Nangarhar University, followed by academic members of Harat and Balkh universities. The experience of academic members and researchers shows that there have been significant considerations in the quantity and quality of the translated works. The most frequent and expressive translations in the year (2019) are the translations that have been translated using the semantic method (free meaning).The Importance of the Translation Process in Academic FieldsTranslation, as one of the simplest and most effective tools and means of communication between humans, has always received special and public attention throughout history. The requirements of the current era (technology) and the revolution of communication in the current century have made the lives of countries dependent on each other. The multi-dimensional reliance of the age of communication has forced contemporary people to be aware of each other's conditions and understand each other's needs.Therefore, the universities of Afghanistan, which are the cradle of science, and the members of its scientific staff are considered among the scientific and academic assets of the same society and expected to play their valuable part in the development of this process.ConlusionAfter many efforts for the present research and due to an agreement with the translation management department Research, Compilation, and Translation Department of the Ministry of Higher Education, we were able to obtain a relative database in which the scientific topics of the professors are recorded. The works of professors are registered in the database of scientific subjects based on the name of the translator, academic institution, and academic rank. But we proceeded by removing some things, and we only mentioned the name of the works, faculty, group, and year. Regarding the translated topics, it should be said that most of the translated topics are specialized and they have been translated according to the expertise of the group or field that was mentioned. In general, it can be said that the most translated works are from English and then from Arabic. Translators of works in Afghanistan's institutions of higher education have mostly used semantic methods (conceptual translation) and this is the usual and acceptable method of the Ministry of Higher Education of Afghanistan. The results obtained from the present research show that the most works for translation in the year (2019) were first registered at Kabul University, followed by Nangarhar University, Harat University, University of Medical Sciences, Sheikh Zayed University, Balkh University, and others, which is summarized in the diagram below.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Forough Farahmand Haromi; Hossein Mohtadi; Mohammad Javad Pourabed
Abstract
The style of exaggeration, as one of the most frequent syntactic styles, with many latent meanings, has always been the focus of translators. Examining the translation of this style in Nahj al-Balagha, which is a book mixed with eloquent expressions, is very important. On the other hand, Catford, as ...
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The style of exaggeration, as one of the most frequent syntactic styles, with many latent meanings, has always been the focus of translators. Examining the translation of this style in Nahj al-Balagha, which is a book mixed with eloquent expressions, is very important. On the other hand, Catford, as a theoretician in translation who has presented a precise and meticulous theory in translation, can be a good criterion and scale for analyzing the meaning of translations of Nahj al-Balagha. Be exaggerated in style. This style is used in morphological, syntactic, and rhetorical structures; but since one of the most used of this style is the modified weights of the subject noun, this research has tried to extract these weights with a descriptive-analytical method and apply them to this theory in order to determine the degree of this correspondence or lack of correspondence in reflecting the meaning of exaggeration in the word. Arabic with its translation in Shahidi and Foladvand translations should be identified as two translations that have a special place in terms of literature. After the investigations, it was observed that these translations could not accurately reflect the meaning of exaggeration in the Arabic language based on this theory and failed to reflect the meaning of exaggeration in these weights.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Narjes Ansari; Zahra Salimi; Abdul Ali Al-Boyeh Langroudi
Abstract
Among different types of texts for translation, poems are one of the challenging ones given their aesthetic specifications that are in harmony with the meaning. A poem can convey a variety of aspects of meaning to the audience, which is not easy to do in other ways. In addition, creating a balance at ...
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Among different types of texts for translation, poems are one of the challenging ones given their aesthetic specifications that are in harmony with the meaning. A poem can convey a variety of aspects of meaning to the audience, which is not easy to do in other ways. In addition, creating a balance at all levels of the target text to create an equal and similar text to the original text is not feasible, which in many cases leads to a failure to convey the whole meaning and concept. Literary recreation is an approach that is expected to attract more attention for making a versified version of the poem translation. The present study examines Jami Poetry Collection by Taiyeh ibn Faraz in terms of semantic, superficial, and aesthetic aspects and the transfer of meanings from Arabic into Farsi in a versified form. The study was carried out through a descriptive-analytical method. Taking into account the notable similarities between Jami and Taiyeh ibn Faraz’s poems in terms of words, sounds, and clarity of words, Jami’s work can be considered as a translation loyal to the original text. The poet does not attempt to create literary aspects to convey the idea via an independent work in Farsi. The translator has made himself committed to finishing the verses with words identical to the original text in terms of sound so that in many cases he has finished the sentences with the exact Arabic word. This approach has created ambiguities in the meaning and highlighted the loyalty of the translation to the original text.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Saadollah Homayooni; Maryam Fouladi
Abstract
Paying attention to contextual, cultural, and cognitive limitations in translation as a multi-dimensional process is of particular importance and the analysis of language formations from this perspective will have a significant impact on improving the quality of translation. Since cognitive structures ...
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Paying attention to contextual, cultural, and cognitive limitations in translation as a multi-dimensional process is of particular importance and the analysis of language formations from this perspective will have a significant impact on improving the quality of translation. Since cognitive structures determine the desired conceptual content through the formation of conceptual categories, it is essential to examine these metaphors as one of the most widely used language formations that play a significant role in inducing the concepts and ideas of any language. The present research aims to discuss the meaning load of each of these metaphors and how to translate them equally or unequally, while examining examples of conceptual metaphors in Persian, Arabic, and English, using the analytical-comparative method. The results indicate that the conceptual metaphors in the above-mentioned languages are culture-based and are formed according to the lived experiences of the speakers of these languages and they have had a significant impact on the conceptualizations. Therefore, the translation that is considered to convey the meaning of the expressions must be an unequal translation and in accordance with the culture and lived experiences of the speakers of the target language. Consequently, in general, it can be said that paying attention to cognitive categories in translation and conceptualizing the message based on the intellectual and cultural foundations of the source and the target language leads to a correct understanding of the worlds of meaning in the two languages and, accordingly, provides a suitable translation. Based on this, the translator, without forcing himself to be balanced in the translation, should transfer the concepts according to the system of knowledge, epistemology, culture, and worldview of the target language.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Masoud Fekri; Neda Fazeli
Abstract
The novel "Kiss the Lovely Face of God" is one of the successful fiction works of recent years in Persian literature, which attracted the attention of Iranian readers and translators of other languages. Due to entering various social and cultural situations in the modern and urban areas of Iran, this ...
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The novel "Kiss the Lovely Face of God" is one of the successful fiction works of recent years in Persian literature, which attracted the attention of Iranian readers and translators of other languages. Due to entering various social and cultural situations in the modern and urban areas of Iran, this novel contains many cultural components that challenge translators. Going through these cultural components requires exact interaction and familiarity with contemporary Iranian culture. This work was translated into Arabic twice in 2014. "Ivir" offers seven strategies for translating cultural elements, including borrowing, defining, literal translating, replacing, word-building, and deleting and adding. In this study, the performance of two translators of the novel "Kiss the Lovely Face of God" in the transfer of cultural elements based on "Ivir" approaches has been investigated. By analyzing and comparing the two translations, it is clear that the most used method is the replacing strategy, which is sometimes accompanied by defining and adding.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Seyed Mehdi Masboogh; Solmaz Ghafari
Abstract
Aesthetic theory is one of the theories in the field of literary criticism that was developed by the followers of the German school of Constance under the influence of the school of phenomenology. Since this theory focuses on the reader and his perception of the work, it seeks to examine the multiplicity ...
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Aesthetic theory is one of the theories in the field of literary criticism that was developed by the followers of the German school of Constance under the influence of the school of phenomenology. Since this theory focuses on the reader and his perception of the work, it seeks to examine the multiplicity of horizons in the reception process based on the translators' strategies and their interpretations of reading the text. The novel "Season of Migration to the North" by the Sudanese writer Al-Tayyib Saleh is one of the best novels of the twentieth century and has a high literary status. This research, which is organized by the descriptive-analytical method and confrontational approach with the aim of explaining the uncertainty of meaning and the reader's activity in reading the text, has investigated the various semantic readings of this novel based on the aesthetic theory of receiving at three levels of words, phrases, and structure in three translations of Davis (Arabic-English), Ghabraei (English-Persian), and Ameri (Arabic-Persian), and examined how to accept the text on the basis of establishing the artistic position of the work in different horizons and its richness from one translator to another. The result showed that a reader who, in response to white spaces and gaps, interprets and updates the text in a natural way and provides an explicit reading in accordance with the rules of the target language, can overcome the aesthetics of the target text. Accordingly, Ghabraei as a reader has been able to move from a simple reading to a critical understanding by filling in the gaps in accordance with the spirit of a culture. His participation in the reading process, relying on his semantic horizon, has both preserved the beauty of the source text and added to the aesthetic components of the target text.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Soudabeh Ebrahimi Fahraji; Rohollah Sayadi Nezhad; Ali Najafi Ivaki
Abstract
Language is a translation of imagination and mental concepts, so the connection between language and translation is an irrefutable fact. Applicability as a subbranch of morphology studies examines some of the speeches inside context. Speech act is one of the most important applicability concepts, which ...
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Language is a translation of imagination and mental concepts, so the connection between language and translation is an irrefutable fact. Applicability as a subbranch of morphology studies examines some of the speeches inside context. Speech act is one of the most important applicability concepts, which is somehow related to discourse analysis since discourse is a series of speech acts. Because of the importance of this topic, writers want to compare the translation of speech acts in Maryam Surah based on translations of 5 different translators, Ghomshei, Khorramshahi, Fouladvand, Saffarzadeh and Makarem Shirazi by a descriptive-analytic method. One of the results of this research is that translators did well in translating direct speech act like direct and true imperative action and promissory act, but in the translation of declarative, emotional, persuasive, and especially interrogative actions, which sometimes deviate from their original meaning due to rhetorical reasons, they performed poorly and in some cases did not even convey the meaning to the reader and just paid attention to the syntactic structure of the verse. The other result is that these translations didn’t pay attention to the context and important elements in speech like speaker, audience and message and time, and place and also didn’t use important ways of transmitting speech act, especially indirect speech acts such as punctuation marks and some syntactical and musical norms of the Qur'an.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Masoumeh Ghanbarnejad; Ebrahim Anari Bozchaloui; Mohammad Jorfi; Ahmad Omidali
Abstract
Deviation from the usual lexical arrangement in any language creates constructions called marked informational constructions. Marked constructions have pragmatic meanings and a communicative role in the discourse, and since translation is a communicative act, it is necessary to pay attention to these ...
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Deviation from the usual lexical arrangement in any language creates constructions called marked informational constructions. Marked constructions have pragmatic meanings and a communicative role in the discourse, and since translation is a communicative act, it is necessary to pay attention to these constructions in order to establish a pragmatic and communicative balance between the discourse of source and target. In this research, after examining the theoretical foundations of information construction and the initiation process, which is one of the most important information constructions, seven examples of Persian translations of the novels "Al-Shahaz" and "Al-Tariq" by Naguib Mahfouz, a famous Egyptian writer who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1988, are shown in a descriptive-analytical manner. The novel "Al-Shahaz" was translated into Farsi by Mohammad Dehghani under the title "Gada" and the novel "Al-Tariq" by Mohammad Reza Marashipour under the title "Rah". In the works of Najib Mahfouz, including the two mentioned novels, deviations from the usual lexical arrangement have marked informative constructions of signs, which make their correct transmission in the same signified form necessary to express the author's intention. The results obtained from this research have shown that the translators often translated with their own linguistic symbols and as a result, they translated the marked constructions in an unmarked form. This has caused a part of the meaning intended by the author to not be expressed, and the communication and role balance between the two discourses has not been achieved.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Seyed Mahdi Nouri Keyzghani; Masoud Salmani Haghighi; Reyhaneh Hosseinabadi
Abstract
Linguistics deals with the study of language and provides solid and productive theories about how language works, and since translation is considered a linguistic activity, it is reasonable to imagine that linguistics can have something to say about translation. One of the techniques presented for translation ...
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Linguistics deals with the study of language and provides solid and productive theories about how language works, and since translation is considered a linguistic activity, it is reasonable to imagine that linguistics can have something to say about translation. One of the techniques presented for translation is Schweitzer and Ratsker's Russian approach. This approach includes the components of the format of sufficiency or transformation of translation, which includes 4 elements of objectification, logical derivation, opposite translation, and compensation. In this essay, relying on the descriptive-analytical method, he criticized and examined the components of the sufficiency format in selected examples of Kazem Al Yassin's translation of the novel "Qalb al-Lil" based on Schweitzer and Ratsker's approaches, and at the end, the frequency of adherence to this pattern in the target language is displayed in two circular and column charts. The result of the research shows that the translator, in most cases, while respecting the style and components of the source text and its transmission, prioritizes the linguistic subtleties and expressive methods of the target text. Since translating all aspects of the original text, the structure and the message of the text is a difficult and possibly impossible task, so Kazem Al Yassin's effort to present a fluent text based on the components of the sufficiency format seems appropriate and acceptable.
Solmaz Ghaffari; Sayyed Mahdi Masboogh; Sedigheh Zoodranj
Abstract
The close connection between Persian and Arabic language and literature has led to numerous exchanges between the two languages. Among them is the translation of Saad al-Din Varavini's book "Marzbannameh" by Ibn Arabshah in the ninth century. Ibn Arabshah has taken an adaptive and free approach in his ...
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The close connection between Persian and Arabic language and literature has led to numerous exchanges between the two languages. Among them is the translation of Saad al-Din Varavini's book "Marzbannameh" by Ibn Arabshah in the ninth century. Ibn Arabshah has taken an adaptive and free approach in his translation and tried to disguise his translation by creating a metamorphosis and recreating the original text. The present study is based on the model of Vinay and Darbelnet and aims to evaluate the quality of Ibn Arabshah's translation and explain his use of the components of adapted translation. Due to the wide volume of the book, its fifth chapter was examined as a body of research. The result of the research showed that "Fakheh al-Khalifa" is an adapted translation of Marzbannameh and the translator has made the translation language normal by substituting simple expressions instead of complex structures, increasing and decreasing the meaning of words, and using equivalents in the target language. In adapting his translation to the model of Vinay and Darbelnet, it was also found that the translator has presented another metamorphosis of the precious work of "Marzbannameh" through indirect translation and using the techniques of transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation. He brought the target text closer to the horizon of the Arabic-speaking reader in a way that, in addition to providing a readable context, enabled the Arabic-speaking reader to communicate well with the text.
Reza Shirvani Denyani; Rasoul Ballavi; Sayyed Naser Jaberi Ardakani
Abstract
Khayyam's quatrains contain fundamental questions about man and existence that have attracted the readers’ attention and caused them to translate into many languages. Mohammad Noureddine is one of the translators who have translated Khayyam's quatrains into Arabic. He has sometimes undergone deforming ...
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Khayyam's quatrains contain fundamental questions about man and existence that have attracted the readers’ attention and caused them to translate into many languages. Mohammad Noureddine is one of the translators who have translated Khayyam's quatrains into Arabic. He has sometimes undergone deforming changes based on the beliefs and ideas in his society in transmitting the concepts of quatrains to Arabic. Antoine Berman emphasizes that the translation of any foreign text should keep its strangeness in the target language, and any deletion, addition, or change should be considered as the distortion of the original text. This paper adopts a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the deforming tendencies in Mohammad Noureddine's translation of Khayyam's quatrains based on Antoine Berman's theory and examines seven deforming tendencies, which are rationalization, clarification, redundancy, boastfulness, qualitative weakening of the text, quantitative weakening of the text and destruction of the subtextual semantic network to determine the degree of Mohammad Noureddine's adherence to the source text and his success in conveying concepts and meanings. Findings indicate that the translator weakens the quantity and quality of the text by avoiding translating some words or choosing an equivalent that does not reach the level of the source word in terms of semantic richness, and he has tried to rationalize by changing the structure of sentences and punctuation. It has turned to clarification and boastfulness by adding explanations to the text and the tendency to beautify the destination text. Moreover, he has used his mystical and social thoughts in it through the changes in meanings and concepts.
Fatemeh Mohammadnasab; Fereshteh Afzali
Abstract
There are many commonalities in translation between language and culture. Folk words become popular in a certain period and, after a short period, they are whether forgotten or enter into the colloquial and official language. The use of slang manifests itself in the form of breaking words, reduction, ...
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There are many commonalities in translation between language and culture. Folk words become popular in a certain period and, after a short period, they are whether forgotten or enter into the colloquial and official language. The use of slang manifests itself in the form of breaking words, reduction, repetition, change, heart, increase and decrease of phonemes, colloquial words, prayer, oath, curse, etc. In the present study, we used the descriptive-analytical method to equate and localize the components of slang in the field of vocabulary and syntax, i.e. terms, allusions, homogenization, street and market words, phrases, prayers and curses, spelling, etc., against each of the Arabic words and expressions. For this purpose, we chose the famous Arabic author Naguib Mahfouz for the collection of stories Al-Hob Fawqa Hadabit al-Haram. The results show that regarding the components in the translation of the collection of stories, "semi-complete sentences" (due to the abundance of such forms in the original text) and "displacement of sentence elements" and then more slang expressions and slang words were used. It is worth mentioning that the component of "oath" (due to its lack of use in the text of the story) and then the component of omission had a small amount in translation.
Asieh Zouelm; Ali Hajikhani
Abstract
“Multi-meaningfulness” referring to several meanings of a word is one of the disputed linguistic principles in the Qur’an, which is divided into two types of Lexical and Syntactic. Assuming the acceptance of this basis, due to the role of translation in conveying the message of the ...
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“Multi-meaningfulness” referring to several meanings of a word is one of the disputed linguistic principles in the Qur’an, which is divided into two types of Lexical and Syntactic. Assuming the acceptance of this basis, due to the role of translation in conveying the message of the Qur’an, how to apply it in translation becomes important. This research seeks to find the correct way to apply multi-meaningfulness in the translation of the Qur’an and examine some translators’ opinions about its acceptance by the descriptive-analytical method. To translate multi-meaning phrases, several meanings are expressed with the conjunction “and” in order to avoid distortion and semantic loss by considering criteria such as non-conflict of meanings with each other and with definite reasons. Among the translators under review, Meshkini and Makarem have specified the acceptance of “Multi- meaningfulness” as well as Rezaei has applied this basis with different ranges and methods in translation. Safavi does not accept “Multi-meaningfulness” based on Al-Mizan, as well as Moezzi and Fouladvand have never stated several meanings in the translation of a phrase.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Mohammad Bidkhuni; Hossein Aghahosseini Dehaghani
Abstract
Vocabulary critique is one of the critiques used to evaluate translations of various texts. Garces' (1994) theory is one of the most comprehensive models presented in this type of critique, which radically evaluates the quality of translation and is based on the principle of equality between the source ...
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Vocabulary critique is one of the critiques used to evaluate translations of various texts. Garces' (1994) theory is one of the most comprehensive models presented in this type of critique, which radically evaluates the quality of translation and is based on the principle of equality between the source and destination text at four levels: semantic-lexical, syntactic-explicit, discourse-role, and style-cognitive purpose. This research intends to evaluate and critique the lexical choices of Mohaddith Dehlavi's translation of Fotuh al-Ghayb based on the semantic-lexical level of Garces' model by a descriptive-analytical method. For this purpose, after a brief introduction of Mohaddith Dehlavi and his translation, Garces' theory is briefly explained, and then the applicable cases of this theory are mentioned in detail in separate titles on the examples taken from the book. The findings of this study show that the terms of Dehlavi's translation can be evaluated and criticized from the perspective of the components of Garces' theory. In addition to being interpretive, this translation contains many instances of equivalence and similarity, lexical expansion, and ambiguity.
Alighorban Bagheri; Masoud Fekri
Abstract
The present research endeavors to deploy a survey methodology towards studying the challenges of teaching Arabic-Persian translation at the Islamic Republic of Iran’s universities. To achieve this objective, a questionnaire was prepared using the SPSS software in three levels of general, professional, ...
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The present research endeavors to deploy a survey methodology towards studying the challenges of teaching Arabic-Persian translation at the Islamic Republic of Iran’s universities. To achieve this objective, a questionnaire was prepared using the SPSS software in three levels of general, professional, and translation principles. The statistical population comprised 18 translation professors randomly selected from prestigious public universities. One of the most critical findings is the importance of all the titles included in the questionnaire from the teachers' point of view. Additionally, the principles of translation, having scored an average of 32.4 is more important to the experts of this field compared to other specialized subjects concerning translation, which scored an average of 26.4. On the other hand, the findings suggest that a low percentage of the statistical population was engaged in the field of translation and used traditional and teacher-focused teaching methods, therefore being unaware of new methods in teaching translation. Suggested solutions could include determination of specific and codified topics, enhancement of bilingual capabilities of students through introducing them to different types of parallel texts, encouraging them to increase studying different types of texts, using workshop-oriented and group translation, enhancing the capability of the student to defend his/her translation, modifying and correcting the translation, and introducing students to new methods and tools to facilitate translation through corpora and social media networks.
Rezaali Ghaseminasab; Sadeq Askari
Abstract
Vocabulary is chosen purposefully in the media to convey specific concepts. A quick look at how words are chosen in the media shows that the meaning of the media is hidden behind the words. Targeted vocabulary selection also includes media translation activities. In this research, we first point out ...
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Vocabulary is chosen purposefully in the media to convey specific concepts. A quick look at how words are chosen in the media shows that the meaning of the media is hidden behind the words. Targeted vocabulary selection also includes media translation activities. In this research, we first point out the importance and position of media translation, and then we talk about factors such as politics and ideology and how they imperceptibly penetrate the lower layers of meaning and introduce themselves to the audience in the form of truth. The research method in this research is descriptive and analytical and the statistical population is news texts translated from Arabic to Persian and vice versa. We searched the Arabic and Persian media and collected news texts published in these media in the last few years. And among these news texts, phrases that were in line with the objectives of the research were purposefully selected and examined. The purpose of choosing different media is to say that the technique of using words to convey the hidden meaning in media translation is not limited to specific media and exists in different media. The results show that media translators are subject to their media beliefs and policies in their choice of words. Therefore, they try to cleverly choose a word to convey the meaning in the translation that meets the goals and demands of their media and their desired meaning is conveyed to the audience. Using alternative words, using words with negative semantic load, changing words, and adding adjectives to some words are some of the methods that media translators use to induce their own meanings and concepts in translation.
Reza Nazemian; Zohreh Ghorbani Madavani
Abstract
Contemporary linguists have two completely different perspectives on the meaning and significance of a word; some believe that meaning can only be obtained in relation to other words and in the world of language, and some are opposed to this view and believe that in addition to the world of language, ...
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Contemporary linguists have two completely different perspectives on the meaning and significance of a word; some believe that meaning can only be obtained in relation to other words and in the world of language, and some are opposed to this view and believe that in addition to the world of language, the world outside language should also be studied and analyzed to get the exact meaning of the sentence. Therefore, the non-linguistic context, which is called the situational context, is of great importance. But the important point is that Islamic scholars such as Sibavayeh, as the first Arabic grammarian, also paid special attention to context. Although he did not use the term context, in "AlKetab" we come across methods and words which are called context today. Therefore, this article tries to show the context in "AlKetab" and the factors involved in the interpretation of sentences in a descriptive-analytical way and then translate them. The results of this study show that in addition to the linguistic context, Sibavayeh also attaches great importance to the speaker, the audience, and the conditions of speech. The audience of "AlKetab" is of two types: the audience who is next to the speaker and present in the phrases, and the audience who is outside of "AlKetab". The speaker also appears in the form of the absent pronoun and the addressee. Therefore, it is suggested that in the translation process, these pronouns be rendered to their references.
Raja Aboali; Behzad Asbaghigigloo
Abstract
Translation of a literary text is the most difficult type of translation and faces special challenges which makes it even more difficult. This type of translation requires theoretical approaches to provide strategies for a better translation and success for the translators. Antoine Berman is a translator, ...
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Translation of a literary text is the most difficult type of translation and faces special challenges which makes it even more difficult. This type of translation requires theoretical approaches to provide strategies for a better translation and success for the translators. Antoine Berman is a translator, theorist, philosopher and historian of translation whom under the influence of philosophy took a new look towards translation studies. As a translator and theorist, Berman paid a particular attention to the original text and believed in the loyalty of the translator in translation. This study which is conducted using a descriptive-analytical method, examines the translation of Rabee Jabir’s work, Al-Itirafat, by Fatemeh Jafari according to Berman’s seven deforming tendencies: rationalization, expansion, ennoblement, qualitative and quantitative impoverishments, destruction of rhythm and destruction of expressions and idioms. The result of the study shows that destruction of rhythm and expansion are the most recurring factors of text distortion in Fatemeh Jafari’s translation. These tendencies in turn influenced the expansion tendency and in some instances there was an increase of expansion in Jafari’s translation. In terms of transferring the structure and content, she was loyal to the original text and in terms of rationalization, qualitative and quantitative impoverishment and the destruction of expressions and idioms she had the least deviation from the original text. The frequency of each deforming tendency in translation of Al-Itirafat novel is shown using a bar chart.
Zohreh Gorgi; Ensieh Khazali; Dalal Abbas
Abstract
In the process of translating stories, proverbs and allusions are key cultural elements, which convey meanings and messages of the original text to the reader. The main problem for translators in this process is the accurate way of confronting these elements. In this challenge, the equivalents are one ...
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In the process of translating stories, proverbs and allusions are key cultural elements, which convey meanings and messages of the original text to the reader. The main problem for translators in this process is the accurate way of confronting these elements. In this challenge, the equivalents are one of the important factors which pave the way for the translator. A good equivalent should convey not only the meaning, but also the spirit, feeling and experience of the literary writer to the reader. The present study aims at criticizing the translation of one of the most popular works of Resistance Literature, “DON'T FORGET” , by applying Newmark’s approach. In his model, Newmark considers cultural elements and divides them into five groups (ecology, material culture, social culture, institutions, customs, concepts, movements, gestures, and body language). The present study focuses on the fourth category and investigates the quality of translation of concepts, including allusions and proverbs, and analyzes them by applying Newmark's methods of translation of cultural elements. In this descriptive-analytical research, following an investigation of several examples and adapting them to Newmark's strategies, it was found that the translator has been successful in translating the concepts of the book by using the functional equivalent method. Furthermore, he has used semantic translation more. And sometimes the meaning of the proverbs or allusions are not well understood, as a result, a wrong equivalent has been entered in the text.
Naser Zare
Abstract
Iḥsān Abbās (1920-2003), Palestinian literary scholar, critic, editor, translator and historian, was a renowned and unique scholar in the contemporary era. He produced various valuable works including translation, editing and literary criticism. One of his critical works is Trends in Contemporary ...
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Iḥsān Abbās (1920-2003), Palestinian literary scholar, critic, editor, translator and historian, was a renowned and unique scholar in the contemporary era. He produced various valuable works including translation, editing and literary criticism. One of his critical works is Trends in Contemporary Arabic Poetry. Since its first publication in 1977, this book has been a reputable source in the field of contemporary Arabic poetry criticism, especially the poems of pioneering poets. This book has eight chapters and one appendix. Those eight chapters deal with the criticism of contemporary Arabic poetry. That appendix contains some poems which were examined in the eight chapters. This book was translated into Persian by Habib Allāh Abbāsi with a preface and footnotes in 2005. This translation is a hasty, confused and full of obvious faults and errors including neglecting Arabic grammar, mistranslating words, terms and sentences, neglecting context, register and subject and leaving out parts of the book. The method that is used to analyze this translation is a contrastive approach. What will be studied in this paper is only the tip of the iceberg. In other words, errors in the translated text, especially in the prose parts of the book, show us that they are not in many cases in harmony with the original Arabic text but are in total contrast with it. The errors in this translation are to such an extent that retranslation or at least a total revised edition is an inevitable necessity.
