Hojat Rasouli; Saeed Foroughinia
Volume 1, Issue 1 , December 2011, , Pages 1-26
Abstract
Abolqāsem al-Shābīis one of the renowned contemporary poets who is considered a Romantic poet and most of the critics have emphasized his tendency toward Romanticism; however, his poems show traces of symbolism as well. Now the question is whether al-Shābī is a poet merely with romantic tendencies ...
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Abolqāsem al-Shābīis one of the renowned contemporary poets who is considered a Romantic poet and most of the critics have emphasized his tendency toward Romanticism; however, his poems show traces of symbolism as well. Now the question is whether al-Shābī is a poet merely with romantic tendencies or he also subscribes to the school of symbolism. This paper examines al-Shābī's poemswith regard to their symbolism and discusses his innovations in imagery and symbolsusing a descriptive-analytical methodology. First the poet's Divan is studied closely and then its symbolic and mysterious aspects are analyzed within the theoretical framework of this study. The examination of the poems revealed that he has a tendency toward mystery and symbol. As one of the poets of Apollo school, he has been influenced by symbolism; some of the features of symbolism such as synaesthesia, attention to musical rhythm, rhyme and meter suggest that he has a tendency toward symbolism.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Sajjad Esmaili; Mohammadreza Keshavarz
Abstract
Abstract Gideon Toury, a leading theorist in linguistics and translation, contested the source-oriented approach to translation and introduced a target-oriented model that includes three categories of norms: initial, preliminary, and operational. This methodology was a crucial advancement in the standardization ...
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Abstract Gideon Toury, a leading theorist in linguistics and translation, contested the source-oriented approach to translation and introduced a target-oriented model that includes three categories of norms: initial, preliminary, and operational. This methodology was a crucial advancement in the standardization of translation. This study intends to apply this model by employing a descriptive-analytical approach and consulting library resources to evaluate and analyze the Persian translation of Naguib Mahfouz's novel "Zuqaq al-Midaq," translated by Mohammad Reza Marashi-Pour. This study's findings indicate that, regarding the initial norm, the translator emphasizes the linguistic standards of the target language, guaranteeing that the translated text operates efficiently and is well received within the cultural and linguistic framework of the target audience. The translator follows operational standards, adhering to structural norms like the insertion or exclusion of words, sentences, and footnotes, while also integrating linguistic norms, such as equivalence and stylistic elements. The translator has effectively produced a fluent and clear interpretation of the content.IntroductionHistorically, diverse civilizations and cultures have utilized writing and storytelling to articulate their situations and experiences. Stories, owing to their narrative characteristics and imaginative features, significantly contribute to the communication of written truths, realities, and cultural aspects. In this context, the art of translation is crucial for conveying fundamental facts and cultural features to other cultures. Translation facilitates the dissemination of a nation's culture. Nevertheless, due to the distinct cultural foundations inherent in each language, translation encounters specific problems. As a result, translation theorists have suggested multiple theories to address these issues. Among these theorists are Even-Zohar and Gideon Toury, who, adhering to the principles of formalism and the target-oriented approach, posited that translation cannot completely correspond to the original text, nor can equivalences be accurately determined. Such an outcome is due to the distinct textual, literary, and linguistic frameworks inherent to each language, rendering perfect translation unattainable in the target language. Their thesis posits that languages are distinct, with each writing style differing both structurally and culturally, hence complicating the attainment of universal acceptability (Gentzler, 2014: 163). Gideon Toury proposed a model based on translation norms. He said that a translator must follow standards that make the translation acceptable, lively, and alive in the target language. This promotes cultural growth and the development of language and literature (Toury, 2014: 85). Consequently, it can be asserted that a primary method for enhancing concept transmission and ensuring the fluency of a translated text is to focus on the structure and linguistic conventions of the target text, which should take precedence over the source text for the translator.Naguib Mahfouz is an Egyptian author who has portrayed the reality of Egyptian society across several epochs in his writings. His works have been translated into other languages, including Persian. Mohammad Reza Marashi Pour is an Iranian translator known for translating the works of authors including Naguib Mahfouz. He has translated significant works such as Palace of Desire, Sugar Street, The Beggar, and "Zuqaq al-Midaq" into Persian, therefore successfully presenting Mahfouz's literature to Persian-speaking audiences. Assessing the Persian translation of the novel "Zuqaq al-Midaq" with Toury's normative paradigm can significantly contribute to evaluating the quality of this translation. It is essential to formulate a thorough inquiry in this context:How is the Persian translation of the novel "Zuqaq al-Midaq" assessed according to Tory's normative model concerning initial, preliminary, and operational norms?Literature ReviewNumerous research studies have examined the applicability of Toury's normative paradigm to Arabic and Persian literary texts, a selection of which is succinctly summarized below: Afzali and Madani's article "The Application of Gideon Toury's Norms Theory in Evaluating the Quality of the Arabic Translation of Forough Farrokhzad's Poems" was published in the Journal of Comparative Studies of Persian and Arabic Literature in 2020. It looked at the Arabic translation of Farrokhzad's poems using Toury's notion of norms.Fazel Abbaszadeh (2021), in an article entitled "Critique of Shourabi's Poetic Translation of the First and Third Ghazals of Hafez Based on Gideon Toury's Model," published in the Journal of Criticism, Analysis, and Aesthetics, examined the translation of Hafez's first and third ghazals through the lens of Toury's target-oriented model."Examining Toury's Initial Norms in Audiovisual Translation (Case Study: Specific Cultural Elements in the Animation 'Prince of Rome')" was Mahdieh Alizadeh Ghouzzani's master's thesis from 2022. It looked at the audiovisual translation of the animation Prince of Rome using Toury's normative framework.Recently, numerous research studies have been undertaken on the novel Midaq Alley, including the following: Hassan Abdollahi and Omid Izanloo (2012), in their essay "Sociological Analysis of Naguib Mahfouz's Novel Midaq Alley," published in the Journal of Arabic Literary Criticism, examined the characters, socio-cultural framework, and realistic methodology of the narrative.Yahya Ma'ruf and Moslem Khazli (2016), in their article "Psychological Analysis of Naguib Mahfouz's Novel 'Zuqaq al-Midaq,'" published in the Journal of Contemporary Arabic Literary Criticism, analyzed the characters through a psychological lens, exploring the personality types within the novel and the motivations behind Mahfouz's character development.Jahanbakht and Parmas (2020), in their article "The Function of Non-Verbal Actions in Naguib Mahfouz's Novel 'Zuqaq al-Midaq,'" published in the Journal of the Iranian Association of Arabic Language and Literature, examined non-verbal behaviors and their roles in character development within the narrative.According to these studies, "Zuqaq al-Midaq" has mostly been looked at through the lens of narrative, with no research being done on the Persian translation or how it relates to Gideon Toury's normative paradigm. Consequently, analyzing the Persian translation of this novel according to the previously specified framework constitutes a significant contribution to the discipline.Research MethodologyWe employed a descriptive-analytical strategy to achieve the primary goal of this study. This task entailed the selection of Toury's normative paradigm and the examination of pertinent literature regarding this model. The subject of analysis is the Persian translation of the novel "Zuqaq al-Midaq." We examined both the Arabic and Persian versions of the work, extracting and evaluating instances using Gideon Toury's normative paradigm.ConclusionIn translating literary texts, especially novels, the translator must not only convey content and concepts but also consider cultural nuances and literary subtleties, ensuring fidelity to the original while presenting the literary language optimally. This is the essential understanding obtained from Gideon Toury's normative model. The assessment of the Persian translation of "Zuqaq al-Midaq" indicated, according to this model, that the translator employed a target-oriented strategy, prioritizing the Persian-speaking audience as the principal beneficiaries. The examination of the examples revealed that, in alignment with the original standard, the translator delivered a translation that is satisfactory in the target language. According to the first standard of translation policy, the Persian translation of "Zuqaq al-Midaq" was executed due to the cultural affinity between Iran and the Arab world, along with the imperative to familiarize Persian speakers with significant works from the Arab region. The translator, while conforming to structural and grammatical norms, integrated aspects such as the addition and exclusion of words and phrases, sentence restructuring, footnotes, transference, equivalence identification, and stylistic features into the translation. In conclusion, the translator effectively identified suitable replacements for terms and, while ensuring maximum fidelity, accurately communicated the material to the audience.
Naeimeh Parandavaji; Masumeh mohtasham
Abstract
In this paper, the researchers investigating the conceptual metaphors in the context of Jehad`s sermon between Nahjul Balagha as the source text and two Persian translations of it, from Dr. Mohammad Jafar Shahidi and Ali Naghi Feyzol-Islam as the target texts. They seek to answer the following questions: ...
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In this paper, the researchers investigating the conceptual metaphors in the context of Jehad`s sermon between Nahjul Balagha as the source text and two Persian translations of it, from Dr. Mohammad Jafar Shahidi and Ali Naghi Feyzol-Islam as the target texts. They seek to answer the following questions: how cultural differences affect the cultural translation of abstract concepts or conceptual metaphorical meanings? What is the role of translator in translating metaphorical interpretations? Considering what Mandelbit states about the relationship between metaphors and cultural methods, metaphors in context divides into two classes; collective metaphors and creative metaphors and studies it in three levels, conceptual, processive and lingual using the metaphor analysis method. The results reveal that in translating this sermon, translators rarely involved in mistakes and digression of target language, due to the common aspects of Iranian and Arabic culture in the common Islamic cultural domain. In return, both translators in some cases used different explanatory languages in translating common and different metaphor concepts, because of their different translation approaches. It means Dr. Shahidi utilized some cognitive metaphors in translation through a rhetorical and literary approach that not utilized in the source text. Feyzol-Islam also utilized creative metaphors due to the explanatory simplistic approaches of the interpreter.
Mahin Hajizadeh; Parvin Farhadi; Rana Farhadi
Abstract
Nahj al-Balaghah is one of the most important and authentic religious sources that has come to the fore of knowledge and bounty since its creation. Several translators have been devoted to explaining this valuable masterpiece by Amir al-Mu'minin (AS). But the question is, how far have these translations ...
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Nahj al-Balaghah is one of the most important and authentic religious sources that has come to the fore of knowledge and bounty since its creation. Several translators have been devoted to explaining this valuable masterpiece by Amir al-Mu'minin (AS). But the question is, how far have these translations been able to introduce and transmit the miracle, power, and acceptance of the Amir's words to the Persian language community in the best way? The present study was conducted by descriptive-analytical method with the aim of evaluating the quality of translation from Nahj al-Balaghah by Mohammad Dashti. Among the various patterns of translation quality assessment, the Garcias model, which is relatively more comprehensive than the other proposed models, is considered as a research framework. This model includes four levels of lexical semantics, syntactic, cognitive, discursive-functional, and cognitive (practical) style. Each of these levels has subcategories and specific components whose translations are evaluated based on them. In this research, the translation of the first Khotbeh and the Hekamts one to twenty from the so-called translator are selected and evaluated for qualitative evaluation. After determining the abundance of each subgroup in the quadric levels according to the Garcias model, the results are plotted. The result of the evaluation based on the positive, negative and neutral techniques indicates that the translation of the plain has a criterion of acceptability and is of high quality.
Javad Garjami
Abstract
Translation of proverbs is a cultural translation due to its high cultural capacity and its various levels. The difference between the cultural signs of the source language and the target language and its multiple variables has made the process of translating proverbs one of the most fundamental challenges ...
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Translation of proverbs is a cultural translation due to its high cultural capacity and its various levels. The difference between the cultural signs of the source language and the target language and its multiple variables has made the process of translating proverbs one of the most fundamental challenges for translators. Ignoring this leads to the failure of translation and communication functionality and it has led to a gap between the source text and the target audience. Finally, it leads to a discourse gap between the two languages of origin and destination at the general level of communication. Using a descriptive-analytical approach and following the example of literary translation theory, this study seeks to examine the discourse gap caused by cultural variables in the translation of Persian and Arabic proverbs and provide a way to the interaction–oriented translation according to the principle of cultural continuity between the two languages. In this regard, the rotation of the cultural symbols of the proverbs in the two languages is the proposed solution of this article. This is analyzed according to the model of the insightful translation of Roman Jacobsen and Alfred Schutz’s semiotics triangle. In the process of translating Persian and Arabic proverbs in the context of the rotation of cultural symbols, native and cultural schemas of proverbs in the source language are recreated with conventional patterns in the target language. Thus, the unbalanced and unconventional cultural symbols of the two languages turn from an unexplained and understandable set. As a result, there is a discourse attachment between the proverbs of the two languages and their cultural carriers. The process of rotating cultural signs is done only in the context of the association of the cultural signs of the source language among a series of conventional and normal signs of the target language. This chain of conventional and normal signs in the target language is called ̏Sepehr Sign ̋. According to such a thing, the cultural signs of Arabic proverbs enter the space inside Sepehri and the cultural signs of Persian proverbs interact with other cultural signs in Persian language and as a localized cultural sign in Sepehr, it becomes a sign of the target language (Persian) and thus, the cultural continuum of two-pronged proverbs is performed.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Sajjad Esmaili; Mohammadreza Keshavarz
Abstract
Today, due to the expansion of relations between countries, the importance of the Middle East region in the international arena, Iran's border with some Arab countries, and the establishment of friendly relations and dialogue with them, simultaneous translation from Arabic to Persian and vice versa is ...
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Today, due to the expansion of relations between countries, the importance of the Middle East region in the international arena, Iran's border with some Arab countries, and the establishment of friendly relations and dialogue with them, simultaneous translation from Arabic to Persian and vice versa is of special importance. Accordingly, in addition to mastering various political, economic, military, etc. fields the simultaneous Arabic translator must also have sufficient specialized skills in the field of simultaneous translation because inadvertent or intentional mistakes during simultaneous translation may cause differences between governments and even nations. In this regard, this paper intends to use the descriptive-analytical method to examine the challenges of simultaneous translation of Arabic to Persian political texts. In order to achieve this goal, the simultaneous translation of Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah's Arabic speech was explored in terms of simultaneous translation challenges. Some findings showed that most of the simultaneous translation challenges are related to linguistic (syntactic, semantic, and phonetic) challenges. These include: finding equivalents of words, reducing the words and sentences of the source language, increasing the words and sentences of the source language, borrowing words and syntax from the source language, and lack of familiarity with Arabic dialects. In the section on multilingual challenges, issues such as lack of knowledge of the topics of the meeting, the speed of the speaker’s sentences, not hearing the speaker correctly and completely, and low self-confidence and concentration can be mentioned as the challenges of this section.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Mohammadnabi Ahmadi; Farzaneh Chelehnia
Abstract
Translation of literary texts is one of the most difficult types of translation, which faces challenges that make it even more complicated and difficult. Today, theorists have helped translators by presenting various techniques and superior methods of translation and have paved their way forward to some ...
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Translation of literary texts is one of the most difficult types of translation, which faces challenges that make it even more complicated and difficult. Today, theorists have helped translators by presenting various techniques and superior methods of translation and have paved their way forward to some extent. One of the prominent theoreticians in this field is Antoine Berman, who enumerates thirteen factors of deviation in translation in his theory entitled Deforming Tendencies. Based on the techniques of Berman's translation, the present research analyzes the novel Barid Al-Layl written by Hoda Barakat and translated by Seyyed Hamidreza Mohajerani with the title "Post-e Shabaneh". In this translation, several tendencies of Berman's theory have been discussed, which have been the most repeated in Mohajerani’s translation, these tendencies are: rationalization, clarification, expansion, ennoblement, qualitative and quantitative impoverishment. Of course, it is necessary to mention that there are some examples of other deforming tendencies in this translation, which have been avoided due to their low number. In this article, with a careful study, cases of deviations in the translation of Barid Al-Layl are presented based on the mentioned tendencies, and in some cases, a suggested translation is also presented. In general, it can be said that the biggest cause of deviation in Mohajerani’s translation is related to the explanation and interpretation of the translator, who intends for the reader to clearly understand the content; therefore, it is clear that this translation is more oriented towards the target text.Keywords: Analysis of Translation, Barid Al-Layl, Hamidreza Mohajerani, Antoine Berman.IntroductionTranslation is a special example of the intersection of languages and one of the human activities that have a long history and allow for political, economic, cultural, and commercial exchanges, etc. between different nations and languages, and this clearly shows the necessity of translation. It goes without saying that a translation that does not adhere to the principle of faithfulness leads to misunderstanding and presenting a wrong meaning to the reader, which itself can cause great problems. At present, many theories related to superior translation techniques have been presented by great scientists and theoreticians all over the world. It is appropriate for translators to translate consciously and based on these techniques.Since Berman is one of the famous theorists in the field of translation; therefore, the present study aims to analyze some parts of the novel Barid Al-Layl translated by Hamidreza Mohajerani, according to Berman's basic principles, and to analyze and criticize the deviations that exist in it based on the proposed principles. The most important goal of this research is that the translation of Mohajerani from the novel of Barid Al-Layl was based on Antoine Berman's criteria and how faithful the translator is to the source language. This research examines the above criteria with a descriptive-analytical method.Literature ReviewSo far, many works have been written in the field of Antoine Berman's theory, some of which are as follows:- Mohammad Farhadi, Seyyed Mahmoud Al-Mirzaei Al-Husseini and Ali Nazari (2016) in criticism and review of expansion and explanations in the translation of Ṣaḥīfa Sajjādiyya based on Berman's theory (case study of Ansarian’s translation) have reviewed and criticized expansion and explanations which, based on the deforming tendencies, were out of place in Ansarian's translation and no benefit was obtained from it except for expansion, and in some cases, a suggested translation was presented.- Shahryar Niazi and Ensieh Sadat Hashemi (2018) in an article on the effectiveness of the component of (clarification) of Berman's model in evaluating the translation of the Qur'an: a case study of Rezaei Isfahani's translation, examine the surahs Anfal, Tobah, Ahzab and Tahrim in Rezaei Isfahani's translation. They conclude that in some cases, due to the lack of Ta'nis and Tasnieh in the Persian language and the lack of equivalents in Persian for some terms, transparency in the translation of the Holy Quran is inevitable.Although many articles have been written in connection with Berman's theory, no research has been conducted on Hoda Barakat’s novel of Barid Al-Layl, either from the perspective of Berman's theory or other experts.The present research aims to analyze the translation of the novel Barid Al-Layl by Seyed Hamidreza Mohajerani based on Antoine Berman's theory with an analytical-descriptive method and to analyze and criticize the frequent deviations of this translation from Berman's principles. The questions of this research are:- Among the thirteen components of Berman, which one has played a greater role in distorting the source text of the novel Barid Al-Layl?- How faithful was the translator to the original text?MethodologyIn this research, using the analytical and descriptive method, Mr. Hamidreza Mohajerani’s translation of Barid Al-Layl has been investigated. That is, in addition to examining the translation and to what extent it is based on deforming tendencies, examples for better translation are also mentioned.ConclusionBased on the investigations carried out in this research, it is clear that Hamidreza Mohajerani’s translation of Barid Al-Layl is more focused on the target text and the reader rather than adhering to the original text. In general, Mohajerani’s translation from the novel of Barid Al-Layl is very fluent and understandable, which shows the translator's mastery and awareness of both the source and target languages.In this translation, which has been studied and analyzed from the point of view of Berman's deforming tendencies, we notice the use of many cases of distortions that Berman considers objectionable in the translation. Six of Berman's tendencies are more prominent in this translation. In this article, an attempt has been made to criticize the parts of the translation of Barid Al-Layl that have been influenced by the deforming tendencies, and by citing the theories of the great figures in the field of translation, the criticism has been substantiated and documented, and finally, a suggested translation has been presented. In response to the two main questions of this research, firstly: about the use of deforming tendencies, it should be said that rationalization, clarification, expansion, ennoblement, and qualitative and quantitative impoverishment are the six cases that have had the highest frequency in Mohajerani’s translation. Secondly: Regarding the translator's faithfulness to the original text, it should be said that even though Mohajerani's translation of the novel Barid Al-Layl is a fluent and understandable translation, the use of tendencies that distance it from the source text is seen a lot, which causes the translation text to distance itself from the original text. It goes without saying that the translation of a novel is different from the translation of scientific, religious, legal, etc. texts. In the translation of the mentioned texts, the translator should not deviate a bit from the original text; but in the translation of the novel, the translator has freedom of action and can make changes to make the text of the novel more beautiful and attract more audience. Of course, this freedom of action in the translation of novels should not be to the extent that the meaning and concept of the translated text have a huge gap with the original text.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Sayyed Mehdi Masboogh; Solmaz Ghafari
Abstract
Abstract The book Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda is one of the narrative works that revives a large part of ancient popular culture and literature In this book, more than two hundred life stories of people caught in problems are depicted in the form of stories. These people have been saved by trusting ...
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Abstract The book Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda is one of the narrative works that revives a large part of ancient popular culture and literature In this book, more than two hundred life stories of people caught in problems are depicted in the form of stories. These people have been saved by trusting God in facing the problems of life. One of the appropriate models of translation criticism is Katarina Reiss's model, which has received less attention from researchers. Considering the comprehensiveness of translation criticism techniques in Katarina Reiss's model compared to other translation models, the present study can be used as a suitable example and model by researchers in the field of translation criticism in Arabic language and literature. This research tries to provide a general analysis of the Persian translation of the book Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda from two linguistic and meta-linguistic perspectives by using Reiss's model in the Arabic text. Because the difference in the structure of the two languages is significant and this issue can be useful in translation research and linguistic studies.Key words: Translation, Model of Katharina Reiss, Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda, Ghazi Tanukhi, Dehestani.IntroductionThe field of translation between Persian and Arabic languages has been very prosperous for a long time. The translation of literary texts, such as Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda, has been one of the most dynamic literary trends in ancient times. Many works in different genres and subjects have been translated from Arabic to Persian and from Persian to Arabic, and some of them have been very influential from a literary point of view. The book Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda, is one of the prominent Arabic works written by Qazi Tanukhi, a writer of the 4th century of Hijri. Hossein Dehestani translated the book Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda, in the 7th century. Katharina Reiss is a well-known German translator who is known as a role-oriented translator and the creator of the "text type in translation" theory. This research tries to answer the following questions by criticizing the translation of Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda, relying on Katarina Reiss's model:Are the methods proposed in Katarina Reiss's model suitable for criticizing the translation of Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda, if the answer is positive, what are the reasons for the usefulness of these methods?How is Dehestani translation criticized and evaluated based on Katarina Reiss's linguistic and meta-linguistic factors.Literature ReviewFew researches have been done about the Katarina Reiss model in Iran, including:The article " Reiss's Pioneering Model for Translation Criticism" written by Alireza Khanjan, who tried to introduce Kathrina Reiss's model.The article "Examination of Literary Translation Challenges" written by Ali Ganjian Khanari, who introduced the first part of Reiss's model, i.e. the type of text, in this article and it has shown the characteristics of literary texts and the challenges and problems that the translator faces in translating this type of texts.About the Katharina Reiss model in Arabic language, a few researches have been done, including:The article "Measurement and evaluation of Katarina Reiss's translation model" written by Leila Alam, who started the discussion with an introduction of criticism and translation, and continued to introduce the category of "text type" and the division of the text based on the role of language, and at the end of her discussion has finished with the criteria of translation criticism.But this research criticized the translation of the first chapter of the book "Al-Farj after Al-Shada" based on Katharina Reiss's model and it is new both in the theoretical approach and in the text of the research.Research MethodologyConsidering the volume of the book, its first chapter was selected and analyzed by descriptive-analytical method.ConclusionFrom what came in this research, the following results are obtained:Based on the balance in the type of text presented in Katharina Reiss's model, it can be said that Dehestani has disturbed this balance in determining the "dominant role". Reiss believes that a text may have different roles and what is the criterion is the dominant role. based on Katarina Reiss's model, Dehestani has presented an adapted translation. He has achieved semantic sufficiency and balance in his translation by means of semantic changes, the use of precise grammatical structures in accordance with the criteria of the target language, and significant stylistic elements.The methods proposed in Katharina Reiss's model are suitable for criticizing the translation of the book "Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda" because in this model, Reiss directs the critic to a targeted criticism to examine and judge the literary work in terms of content, style, and sometimes from an aesthetic perspective.Relying on the two linguistic and meta-linguistic components mentioned in Reiss's model, the reasons that caused the translator to achieve semantic imbalance in his translation were criticized and his performance was comprehensively evaluated. in the linguistic component, the translator has disturbed the semantic balance due to the semantic changes and grammatical changes of the source language, the use of unique stylistic elements and the criteria of the target language, and the construction of the target text is broken. on the other hand, in the evaluation of the meta-linguistic components, the gaps in the situation and the topic of speech have been well filled by the translator and by being influenced by temporal and spatial elements, he changed the form of the original text in favor of the target language and removed the cultural gaps between the two cultures.
Ma’soumeh Nemati Ghazvini
Volume 3, Issue 9 , December 2014, , Pages 11-36
Abstract
Although different theories have been created as regards the translation efficiency in transferring concepts so far, there is almost no sound scientific method for reaching an exact and clear answer to this question. Nevertheless, it seems that by applying certain new theories in the field of text analysis, ...
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Although different theories have been created as regards the translation efficiency in transferring concepts so far, there is almost no sound scientific method for reaching an exact and clear answer to this question. Nevertheless, it seems that by applying certain new theories in the field of text analysis, appropriate responses could be attained. The theory of cohesion and coherence developed by Halliday and Hasan (1985) is among the methods, with the help of which, the rate of textual cohesion and coherence and consequently, their textuality could be evaluated and analyzed. In addition to this, considering the importance of translation in the field of religious texts and especially the Holy Qur'an, arising from the position of these texts in doctrinal and didactic areas, it seems that by applying this theory to the existing translated texts, the translation efficiency and translator’s success in transferring concepts could be evaluated to some extent. According to this, the present study, following a descriptive-analytic and statistical method based on the mentioned model, has studied the translation of the holy Surah al-Bayyinah translated by Tahereh Saffarzadeh and came to the conclusion that considering the high percentage of coherence in translating this surah, the translator has been successful to a great extent in transferring the surah's concepts.
Reza Amani
Volume 4, Issue 10 , July 2014, , Pages 11-32
Abstract
“Analysis of the individual words’’ is a way in Semantics that analysis the words of a text to the semantic components of its constitutive as possible for obtaining accurate and complete concept of words by putting the concepts together. This kind of finding meaning can be veryhelpful ...
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“Analysis of the individual words’’ is a way in Semantics that analysis the words of a text to the semantic components of its constitutive as possible for obtaining accurate and complete concept of words by putting the concepts together. This kind of finding meaning can be veryhelpful in understanding and describing of Semantic differences andsimilarities in words with closed meaning. According to themeaningof allwords and reconstruction efforts in the target language can provide a complete and accurate translation of the source text. Accordingly, in this article we have tried to analyze three words of the Quran in Surah Baqarah to the individual words by descriptive and analytical method and critical approach,to determine their full meaning and to explain the differences between them and the words that are closed semantically. These three words are: “Doubt, Victim and Fear”. The word of “Raib’’ has the meaning of all “doubt, fear, concerns and defamation’’.The word of “Zebh’’ is of Semantic components of “Killing’’, “Decapitate’’ and “sacrifice’’ and The “fear and bow’’ is the meaning of “Kahshyah’’ too.Thisstudysuggests that Elahi Qomshie, Foladvd and Khorramshahi have paid no attention to Semantic components of mentioned words andon the one hand, they have presented the incomplete, different and approximate equivalents for these words and on the other hand, theirequivalents usually does not have difference wiyh otherclosed meaning of words.
Mohammad Reza Azizi
Volume 4, Issue 11 , September 2014, , Pages 11-28
Abstract
Each culturehas itscharacteristic and particular approach to the world around it and its interpretation of thephenomenafor various reasons, are different.ViewandverveofIranian are distinct completely even from East and adjacent cultures Therefore, the concepts taken from the Arabic culture and literature ...
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Each culturehas itscharacteristic and particular approach to the world around it and its interpretation of thephenomenafor various reasons, are different.ViewandverveofIranian are distinct completely even from East and adjacent cultures Therefore, the concepts taken from the Arabic culture and literature alteredgraduallyinspaceanda new culturalposition anditis fittedwith itsspecialmood.Thisresearch emphasizes on Iranians approach at accepting some concepts of Arabic language and literature in format of various forms.Evolution of signified, Evolution of symbols and aspects of Arabic culture in Persian language and literature are investigated in this article relying ondescriptive-analytical method. It seams that climate, history, believe and social systems, power relations and etc. have affected in shapingtheworldviewandway of thinking. In other words, Iranians and Arabs have not been passive in borrowing different concepts from each other and have manipulated these concepts according to their ownverve. Many of thesemetamorphoses have occurred gradually and unconsciously in translating from Arabic into Persian and vice versa and nowadays we can use them consciously in communicative translations. These researches teaches to translators linguistic and ethnic delicacies that neglecting of it mayreduce from distinctness and delighting of work and give it translation flavor.
aliakbar ahmadi
khalil parvini
Abdol Ali Alebooyeh
Volume 3, Issue 7 , June 2013, , Pages 13-40
Abstract
Translating poetry has always been a significant subject in translation studies. Mixture of the language of poetry with the poet’s feelings and its benefit from ambiguity and complexity as well as presence of elements such as rhythm, sentiments, and fantasy puts poetry at a higher position than ...
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Translating poetry has always been a significant subject in translation studies. Mixture of the language of poetry with the poet’s feelings and its benefit from ambiguity and complexity as well as presence of elements such as rhythm, sentiments, and fantasy puts poetry at a higher position than prose, and accordingly adds more importance to its translation.
The translator of a poem should be privileged with more freedom. An efficient translation of poetry is the outcome of recreation rather than mere rendition, as it is the case with rhythmic translations. Not only should poetry translators have all proficiencies of literary translators, they should also be familiar with contemporary poetry and its specifications, including dominant themes and tones in poetry, functions of allegory, repetition elements, internal rhythm of the poem, and application of proper nouns.
The purpose of this research was to investigate the difficulties and complexities of translating poetry and in particular translating contemporary Arabic poetry regarding the theoretical and functional aspects. For this purpose, a descriptive-analytical method has been employed in this library research. Translatable and untranslatable elements were studied from a theoretical perspective, findings of which then indicated the importance of diction, meaning, rhythm, sentiments and fantasy. The difficulties of translating poetry were furthermore pointed out. From a functional approach, the most significant challenges with which the translators of contemporary Arabic poetry have to deal were then discussed by citing excerpts from poetry by Arab poets including Nizar Qabbani, Badr Shakir al-Sayyab and Nazik al-Malaika.
Kobra Roshanfekr; Hadi Nazari Monazam; Ahmad Heydari
Volume 3, Issue 8 , September 2013, , Pages 13-34
Abstract
Translation is one of the most important contemporary cultural issues. Thetranslator's jobis not only to replacewords, butasamediator, to createsome sort of coordination betweenthe national cultureandthe source culture thathasits owncustoms. This makes difficult the work of translator and makes his mission ...
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Translation is one of the most important contemporary cultural issues. Thetranslator's jobis not only to replacewords, butasamediator, to createsome sort of coordination betweenthe national cultureandthe source culture thathasits owncustoms. This makes difficult the work of translator and makes his mission even more complex. Newmark, the American scholar and theorist in the field of translation proposed a method for translating cultural elements thathave been accepted in scientific circles. This study used a descriptive-analytical method, and based on Newmark's theoretical framework, it attempted to criticize and reviewthe translation of cultural concepts inthe novel "El-lis'swal-kilab" by Naguib Mahfouz, which has been translated by two Iranian translators. Despitethe efforts made by the two translators, there can be seen complexities and short comings in the translation of cultural elements.The results show that in the translation, the integrative approach is less used as a method for the successful translation of cultural elements.
Ali Salimi; Shahriar Hemmati; Mohammad-Nabi Ahmadi
Volume 3, Issue 6 , March 2013, , Pages 13-28
Abstract
The translators and commentators of the Qur'an since long ago have translated the phrase ‘Akadu Ukhfiha’ [I Almost Conceal It] in various and even contradictory ways. Most of such translators and commentators have translated the above-mentioned phrase as ‘I want to conceal’. They ...
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The translators and commentators of the Qur'an since long ago have translated the phrase ‘Akadu Ukhfiha’ [I Almost Conceal It] in various and even contradictory ways. Most of such translators and commentators have translated the above-mentioned phrase as ‘I want to conceal’. They assume that ‘Kaad’ here indicates the intensity of the action of ‘concealing’ (Ukhfiha). By the same token, another group of such commentators have adopted an opposite view in their translations. They believe that within this very phrase, ‘Kaad’ neutralizes the overall meaning of ‘concealing’ and, accordingly, the acceptable meaning of the phrase is ‘to reveal’. Based on an analysis of the various uses and functions of ‘kaad’ in Arabic and the Glorious Qur'an, this present paper attempts to take a look into this issue with the purpose of further elaborating upon the exact meaning of this Quranic phrase. In other words, the research intends to indentify the right interpretation of this verse; the one which is consistent with other verses of the Holy Qur'an. The results indicate that the verb ‘Kaad’ in this verse has the same common meaning of ‘Kaad’ in Arabic. In positive form, it refers to nonoccurence of a verb, and in negative form, it shows that a verb hardly occurs. Considering the uses of this verb in Arabic and the Holy Qur'an, far-fetched interpretations of this verse is not justifiable and is not consistent with the language of the Qur'an.
Volume 2, Issue 4 , September 2012, , Pages 24-11
Abstract
As a sensitive and astute poet,Abd al-Rahman Shokry was very impressed by the events that took place around him. Researchers who have examined Shokry’s poems believe that his poetry has had several traces of pessimism, an attidude which made them believe that he is but a pessimistic poet. However, ...
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As a sensitive and astute poet,Abd al-Rahman Shokry was very impressed by the events that took place around him. Researchers who have examined Shokry’s poems believe that his poetry has had several traces of pessimism, an attidude which made them believe that he is but a pessimistic poet. However, there have appeared in his Divan several poems that make him an optimistic one. It is why Shokry'spessimism is not totally dark and there, we can see glimmers of hope that will reinforce one's will, and encourage one to remain hopeful. We can see rays ofhope anddesire in many parts of hispoetry. He believes that the human being has got a power that enables him to turn pessimism into optimism.So he can be definitely regarded as optimistic in several stages of his poetic and personal life. He does not look at life pessimistically, but rather realistically, wrapped in a little bit pessimism, though. In this paper, we seek to examine the validity of the critics' claim regarding Shokry’s pessimism by referring to their arguments, andtry to make Shokry's views unveiled by giving some illustrative evidence, an issue for which we can see no traces in the previous papers or books. We believe that Shokry cannot be regarded as a pessimistic poet, but rather a just critic can smell the flavour of optimism here and there in his poetry.
Hamidreza Heidari; Fatemeh Kazemi
Abstract
Investigation of the translator’s inclination towards the norms of the source text or the norms of the target text is one of the most important issues in translation studies. The translation in the first state is called sufficient translation and, in another case, is called accepted translation. ...
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Investigation of the translator’s inclination towards the norms of the source text or the norms of the target text is one of the most important issues in translation studies. The translation in the first state is called sufficient translation and, in another case, is called accepted translation. Literary text translator sometimes acts upon sufficiency and sometimes acts upon acceptability. In this study, we intend to discuss the sufficiency and acceptability in the translation of the late Dr. Hasan Khadiv Jam in the chapters "Don’t Cudgel the Dead” and "Caught in Three Prisons” from Taha Hussein's book” With Abu Al-A’la in Prison." This study is descriptive-analytical, and it concludes that Khadiv Jam’s translation is based on the sum of sufficiency and acceptability and is largely influenced by the principle of acceptability in translation.
Seyyed Reza Beh-Afarin; Masoud Yazdani Moghadam; Jafar Sharifi Golriz
Abstract
Legal translation entails not linguistic aspects, but it results in the law perceptions. Transferring semantic, textual, and pragmatic aspects of legal concepts are desired to reach to an appropriate translation. Legal issues such as inheritance, marriage, divorce, the rights of orphans and other related ...
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Legal translation entails not linguistic aspects, but it results in the law perceptions. Transferring semantic, textual, and pragmatic aspects of legal concepts are desired to reach to an appropriate translation. Legal issues such as inheritance, marriage, divorce, the rights of orphans and other related legal areas are among the most important and social subjects in every culture, and each country. Most of the legal issues rooted in Divine Books, not least the Islamic laws which sprang from the injunctions stipulated in about three hundred verses of the Qur’an so their mistranslations might damage the Muslim and non-Muslim understanding of Islam and the Qur’an. This article examined the translation of 34 samples of legal concepts stipulated in the verses of the Qur’an, which are translated by some 21 translations (9 Persian and 12 English translations). The findings show that only about 34 percent of translations could nearly transfer the legal concepts of the Qur’an. To translate legal concepts and to introduce a reliable translation of the Qur’an, the study suggests, one need to employ Islamic jurists’ opinions and Figh Scholars of Islam. Also, it is advisable to offer some explanations about the legal aspects of the verses in parenthesis or footnotes.
Mohammad Rahimi Khoigani; Askarali Karami; Hamid Bagheri Dehbarz
Abstract
This research aims at studying and criticizing Mohammad Dashtee’s selections in his translation from Nahjolbalaghe according to meaning and terminology level of Garces translation assessment. For this purpose, Garces thesis has been introduced, then the elements that were applicable to Dashtee’s ...
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This research aims at studying and criticizing Mohammad Dashtee’s selections in his translation from Nahjolbalaghe according to meaning and terminology level of Garces translation assessment. For this purpose, Garces thesis has been introduced, then the elements that were applicable to Dashtee’s translation had been explained in details. The main findings of this research based on analytical-descriptive approach show that Dashtee in his lexical selecting is relying usually on the lexical extension at different models and above all on interpretive and ideological explanation. He has removed lexical ambiguities of Emam Ali’s speech or interpreted them according to his opinion, and tried not to be any ambiguous words in his work.
Faramarz Mirzaei; Mohammad Rasekh Mahand; Seyed Esmaeil Ghasemi Mousavi
Abstract
Simplification is one of the universal features of translation, and this feature means that translators benefit special techniques to simplify the language of translated text. According to Baker, the simplification is the tendency to simplify the translated text for the readers, and it is also the tendency ...
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Simplification is one of the universal features of translation, and this feature means that translators benefit special techniques to simplify the language of translated text. According to Baker, the simplification is the tendency to simplify the translated text for the readers, and it is also the tendency to choose one interpretation and prevent other interpretations. In this case, the translator enhances the clarity by removing ambiguities. In this paper, considering Baker’s definition of the universals, especially simplification, a descriptive and analytical method is used to study this feature in Mohammad Reza Maraashipour's translation of two novels written by Naguib Mahfouz Al-Tariq (the way) and Zaqaq Al_Medaq (Medaq’s alley). However, the main problem of this research is the role of simplification in the transmission of cultural taboos while taking the differences of cultural norms in the first language to that of the target language is not a little problem. The findings of this study show that the removal of complex structures and replacing them with simpler structures, simplification of the existing structure, diminution of meaning of formidable vocabulary or elimination of some vocabulary, specially elimination or diminution of cultural taboos that the most evident of which is the sexual scenes are the distinctive characteristics of Maraashipour’s individual style. Although the translated text has become simplified in comparison with the original text, the elimination of cultural taboos from the original text, the translator’s mistakes, and the diverse simplifications cause loss of some of author’s purpose to a considerable extent
Gholamabbas Rezaee Haftadar; Zeinab Ghasemi Asl
Volume 2, Issue 5 , December 2012, , Pages 38-13
Abstract
With respect to the great impact of the One Thousand and One Nights on various literary and cultural arenas of the world nations, this study is conducted in order to investigate its role in flourishing modern Arab plays. For this purpose, after investigating roots and origins of plays and different forms ...
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With respect to the great impact of the One Thousand and One Nights on various literary and cultural arenas of the world nations, this study is conducted in order to investigate its role in flourishing modern Arab plays. For this purpose, after investigating roots and origins of plays and different forms of dramatic arts in Arab countries, this paper introduces One Thousand and One Nights and its dramatic capabilities. In concurrence with the formation of modern arab theatre and its foundation by great arab dramatists, a new wave of impression of One Thousand and One Nights on Arabic literature emerged, this time in the play area. Investigation and introduction of the most important plays written on the basis of this book constitute the next section of this research.
This study tries to show the daramatic capabilities of One Thousand and One Nights through investigating the samples as well as introducing the wave of impression of Arab authors in the booming era of drama since the second half of the nineteenth century. This paper also intends to prove that the attention of the pioneers and founders of Arab drama is more focused on the historical heritage of the Arabic literature in general and One Thousand and One Nights in particular as compared to European literature.
Seyed Mehdi Masbogh; Morteza Ghaemi; Rasoul Fathi Mozaffari Fathi Mozaffari
Volume 5, Issue 12 , October 2015, , Pages 40-13
Abstract
One of the most important issues in the process of translation is achieving balance and equality in translation which this will be done through the study of various aspects of the source languageand one of the most important fields of research in translational balance is lexical equality. However, it ...
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One of the most important issues in the process of translation is achieving balance and equality in translation which this will be done through the study of various aspects of the source languageand one of the most important fields of research in translational balance is lexical equality. However, it is not fully accessible between the source and target language due to various linguistic possibilities.But the translator must try as far as possible to provide precise lexical equivalents. One of the ways to achieve the equality of words in the process of translation is paying attention to different layers of meanings of the words and phenomena such as the comprehensive of meaning and Polysemy and context of the word and position of words.Therefore, we can get the correct translation of wordsin addition to recognizing the semantic field of wordswith term equal division into five parts.These five types are:one to one equality, one to several equality, several to one equality, one to component equality and one to zero equality. In this study, we want to study comparatively five Persian translation of the sermon of Nahj ul-balagha including translations of Dashti, Shahidi, Feiz ul-Islam and Jafari and we measure the success of mentioned translators in realization of lexical equality.The result of research shows that some translators couldn't provide an accurate translation due to lack of awareness of the different layers of words meaningand lack sufficient knowledge of some semantic components such as the phenomenon of polysemy and absolute and relative meaning of the words.
Abdulali Aleboyeh Langrudi; Sarieh Sheikhi Ghalat
Abstract
Language is a symbolic system for communication. In order for the messages to be conveyed successfully between the interlocutors, it is sometimes necessary to be accompanied by certain signs so that the recipient of the message receives what was exactly meant by the addresser. This process in Arabic ...
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Language is a symbolic system for communication. In order for the messages to be conveyed successfully between the interlocutors, it is sometimes necessary to be accompanied by certain signs so that the recipient of the message receives what was exactly meant by the addresser. This process in Arabic and Persian is known as “Emphasizing or the Emphasis” which based on the six functions proposed by Jakobson for verbal communication are mainly manifested in conative and referential functions. This study, using an inductive-inferential research design within a linguistic approach, tried to investigate the functions of the emphatic devices as tools, function words and style in the contemporary Arabic language while finding their Persian equivalents. To this end, it focused on two books of “The Days” by Taha Husain and “An Introduction to Arab Poetics” by Adonis. These two are prominent contemporary writers and their prose is considered as standard prose by most literary critics. The findings revealed that the emphatic tools have lost their emphatic role in modern Arabic and are solely used for the sake of textual coherence; therefore, there is no equivalent for them in Persian. The emphatic role of some of these words such as “Ghad” have been fainted and just play a role in determining the type of the verb. Another group of them like “Emphatic N” is rarely used in modern texts. However, emphatic styles have still kept their emphatic role and their equivalents can be easily found in Persian.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Azam Daryadel Movahed; seyyed Mehdi Masboogh; Mohamad Taheri
Abstract
Attar Neyshaburi, the great poet and mystic of the sixth and seventh century AH, depicts the high mystical themes in the form of a symbol and code in his works. One of these works is the valuable poem of Mantiq al- Tayr which is deeply associated with religious and mystical symbols. Since Telmieh plays ...
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Attar Neyshaburi, the great poet and mystic of the sixth and seventh century AH, depicts the high mystical themes in the form of a symbol and code in his works. One of these works is the valuable poem of Mantiq al- Tayr which is deeply associated with religious and mystical symbols. Since Telmieh plays a prominent role in influencing mystical themes, Attar expresses these imbalances in the form of a symbol and symbol to sit in the listener's life and wisdom. This literary and mystical masterpiece has been translated into various languages, including Arabic. So far, three Arabic translations of this poem have been made by Ahmad Naji al -Qisi, Badie Mohammad Friday and Ali Abbas Zulikh, who have undoubtedly been one of the most important challenges facing translators. Lepi Halm introduces methods for translation and symbols that the present study has attempted to evaluate and evaluate the quality of symbolic transmission in the three above translations in a descriptive method. Due to the rational scope of its first 65 bits, "Talking to Chicken", it was selected as the research body due to the high frequency of symbolic implications. The result of the research showed that among the translators, only the savior of al -Qaisi has taken into account the meaning of symbolic implications and tried to choose a suitable equivalent
