Translation in Arabic language and literature
Masoud Salmani Haghighi; Abbas Ganjali
Abstract
Abstract The critique and assessment of text translations, particularly literary works, and the provision of suitable translations for diverse concepts and aspects in the target language have consistently garnered interest. A significant topic in translation studies is the untranslatability of cultural ...
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Abstract The critique and assessment of text translations, particularly literary works, and the provision of suitable translations for diverse concepts and aspects in the target language have consistently garnered interest. A significant topic in translation studies is the untranslatability of cultural features. Malcolm Harvey is an authority in this domain. He has suggested strategies including functional equivalent, linguistic equivalent, borrowing, and descriptive-explanatory equivalent for the translation of cultural aspects. This article employs a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the translation by Seyyed Mahdi Hosseini Nejad of Haifa Bitar's novel "Yumiyat Motalaga," assessing it according to Malcolm Harvey's strategies for translating untranslatable cultural elements and the extent to which the translation adheres to this framework. The study's results show that the translator has tried to keep linguistic and cultural nuances and rules, as well as the traditions and customs that go along with the structure of the Persian language. He has also tried to deal with cultural and linguistic elements that can't be translated and make his translation match the parts that Harvey pointed out, though there are times when it could have been better, as shown in the examples.IntroductionCurrently, translators encounter numerous hurdles and issues in translating cultural notions and aspects between the source and destination languages. The array of methodologies offered by translation theorists has paved the way for translators and those engaged in the profession, equipping them with solutions to navigate the hurdles of translating culturally untranslatable materials. Malcolm Harvey is a prominent theorist in the domain of untranslatability. Theorists such as Newmark (1988), Harvey (2000), and Godler (2000) have offered strategies for the translation of cultural notions. Harvey has given four ways for translating culturally untranslatable elements, which are also relevant to linguistically untranslatable elements. The four strategies are: 1. Role-comparable (functional). 2. Formal linguistic equivalence 3. Loan Acquisition 4. Explanatory-descriptive (Harvey, 2000, pp. 1-9). Harvey's proposed strategies to address the issue of the untranslatability of cultural aspects align with certain methods from Peter Newmark. Localization, borrowing, compensation, acceptable translation, temporary translation, substitution, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, synonym, reduction and expansion, rewriting, content analysis, notes, annotations, additions and explanations, and the combined method are some of the ways that Newmark suggests that cultural elements can be translated. This study employs Harvey's (2000) four-fold classification. Harvey's theory is more constrained than Peter Newmark's thesis and encompasses fewer methodologies. The models proposed by Newmark exhibit overlap, and simpler, more realistic strategies may be more effective. Harvey's thesis represents one of the most contemporary frameworks in the domain of cultural element translation, favored by translators for its extensive applicability. This study intends to present Harvey as a successor to Newmark's methodology and to implement and assess his theory on a text translated from Arabic. The rationale for employing Harvey's theory instead of Newmark's 17 ways is because the translator's rendition of the novel aligned more closely with Harvey's four methods.The novel "Yumiyat Motalaga" was translated by Ruhallah Rahimi and Seyyed Mahdi Hosseini Nejad. This article critiques and evaluates the translation by Seyyed Mahdi Hosseini Nejad of the novel "Absolute Diaries," selected randomly due to the presence of Harvey's four-fold equivalence, utilizing Malcolm Harvey's theory to uncover the nuanced meanings embedded in words, phrases, and idioms. Additionally, it is worth mentioning that the functional or functional equivalent component has been given more examples in the translator's version, resulting in a difference in the number of examples analyzed compared to the other components (linguistic equivalent and borrowing). Rahimi's translation may likewise be subject to discussion and analysis based on the aforementioned notion.Independent study has been undertaken in the realm of translatability and untranslatability of numerous texts, with several studies referenced herein:_ The article titled “The Untranslatability of Cultural Elements in Audiovisual Texts: A Case Study of French Subtitles of the Iranian TV Series In the Eye of the Wind,” authored by Hejazi and Shirin (2019) and published in the Journal of Language and Translation Studies, investigates the Iranian TV series In the Eye of the Wind through the lens of Polish theorists' cultural morphology and analyzes the translator's strategies for conveying cultural concepts. The discussion's findings reveal that the translation of "small cultural elements" and the nuanced allusions within a text do not operate as a closed system. Instead, they make it easier for the message to be reproduced in the target text by giving up some semantic, discursive, or stylistic values from the source language. This promotes "intercultural understanding" through the processes of open translation modification._ The article titled “Translating Cultural Elements in the Arabic Translation of 'The School Principal' by Jalal Al-Ahmad” The study, "Based on the Harvey Model (2003)" by Keshavarz (1400), published in the journal Shahriar Studies, examines the techniques employed by Adel Abdul-Moneim Ali, the translator of Jalal Al-Ahmad's novel "The School Principal," in the Arabic translation of cultural themes according to the Harvey model. According to the research, the translator mostly used the functional equivalent method. They also used the descriptive equivalent and borrowing methods, but not as much. The translator predominantly employed the functional equivalent method owing to his inclination to localize the source text.The article titled “An Investigation into the Arabic Translation of the Cultural Components of the Novel ‘The Buyer of Love’ Based on Newmark’s Theory,” authored by Salimi et al. (1400), published in the journal Translation Studies in Arabic Language and Literature, reveals that the translator primarily aimed to convey meaning, neglecting the author's emotional nuances. Consequently, the literal translation of phrases often resulted in ambiguity, and in several instances, the meanings of terms or allusions were misinterpreted, or unsuitable equivalents were selected for translation. Among Newmark's cultural components, cultural goods and products, proverbs, and ecology are the most prevalent in the novel "The Buyer of Love."The article titled “Approaches to Avoiding the Untranslatability of the Novel Al-Nadzareh Al-Sawdaa by Ihsan Abdul Quddus,” authored by Khafaja Karimoui et al. (1402), published in the Journal of Translation Research in Arabic Language and Literature, analyzes the translatability or untranslatability of the words and sentences in the novel Al-Nadzareh Al-Sawdaa by Ihsan Abdul Quddus. The research shows that there are many things that can't be translated into English, both in terms of language and culture. This means that the translator has to use words and sentences in a way that is true to the source language (Persian) and easy for the audience to understand. Consequently, the translator has predominantly employed the "role equivalent" method to render untranslatable material.This research differs from the article “Approaches to Avoiding the Untranslatability of the Novel Al-Nadzareh Al-Sawdaa by Ihsan Abdul Quddus” in that the work remains untranslated, and the writers have just analyzed their literal and recommended translations. The distinction between the current research and the article “Translating Cultural Elements in the Arabic Translation of Jalal Al-Ahmad’s ‘The Headmaster’ Based on Harvey’s Model (2003)” is that the former investigates the Arabic translation of the Persian text of The Headmaster. Consequently, no research to date has scrutinized or evaluated the Persian translation of an Arabic novel, particularly the work "Absolute Diaries," utilizing Malcolm Harvey's methodologies, which represent a revolutionary approach in their own right.Research MethodologyThis study employs a descriptive-analytical strategy to evaluate and analyze the chosen topic. Furthermore, the study collects data using both complete and incomplete inductive methods. An imperfect inductive method was used to collect samples for this study. A selection of samples based on each of Harvey's components were then looked at, which showed what traits each component had in common.ConclusionsNewmark and Harvey's theories are largely analogous, with the primary distinction being that Harvey briefly outlined four methods for translating untranslatable cultural elements, whereas Newmark proposed nearly 17 methods, most of which are closely related. The translator has endeavored to maintain and respect the linguistic and cultural nuances and principles while also conforming to the traditions and conventions of Persian language structure. Furthermore, he has sought to address the untranslatability of cultural and linguistic elements and align his translation with the components identified by Harvey, although there are instances where his performance could have been improved, as noted in the examples. Moreover, among Harvey's translation strategies, the functional or role equivalence method is the most frequently employed, likely attributable to the translator's distinctive approach and style, along with his awareness and preference for the role equivalence technique in rendering words and phrases. In the section on role or functional equivalence, it should be stated that the translator, utilizing the linguistic and cultural attributes of the target language while considering the elements and structure of the Persian language, has employed the appropriate role equivalents for each word and sentence, achieving success in this endeavor.The translator has achieved moderate success in the borrowing and formal equivalence section by translating selected examples and addressing the untranslatability of cultural elements through this method. However, in certain instances, greater success could have been attained with more comprehensive explanations of the terms used. In the segment concerning the identification of explanatory-descriptive equivalents, the translator has effectively employed this technique in the translation of the pertinent examples. By offering explanations and descriptions for words and phrases, he has satisfactorily fulfilled his responsibilities in the translation process.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Yosra Shadman; Fatemeh Akbarizadeh
Abstract
Jean-René Ladmiral, in the field of translation theory with a destination-oriented approach, believes that limiting translation to simple encryption is incorrect and the translator should produce meaning or re-create it. This theoretician has provided solutions such as displacement, disambiguation, ...
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Jean-René Ladmiral, in the field of translation theory with a destination-oriented approach, believes that limiting translation to simple encryption is incorrect and the translator should produce meaning or re-create it. This theoretician has provided solutions such as displacement, disambiguation, addition, etc. This essay presents examples of successful translations according to ladmiral's components and analyzes their success according to the components. Then he mentioned other examples that were not successful according to the components and also stated their lack of success. Finally, the reasons for the strength and weakness of Amiri's translation are shown based on Admiral's theory. The result of the research shows that thetranslator has fully complied with the components of Jean-René Ladmiral in terms of disambiguation and augmentation and has presented a readable and understandable text in the target culture. But in some cases, especially in the examples of displacement and deletion, the translator used the components of the Admiral's model inappropriately and caused damage to the story in the transfer of meaning and rhetoric.Keywords: Translation Evaluation, Ladmiral's Theory, Migration Season to al-Shamal, Tayeb Saleh, Reza Ameri.IntroductionIn this study, among the literary works translated from Arabic to Persian, an excerpt of the novel entitled: "Season of Migration to the North" by Tayyab Saleh has been selected; because some prominent critics, due to the author's special ability in the field of fiction and novels, have made him to be famous as "Elite of Arab storytelling" and introduced him as the successor of the prominent novelist "Najib Mahfouz" (Molavi, 2010: 1). Reza Ameri; An Iranian translator has been assigned to translate this work. Based on the theory of Jean René Ladmiral, this article deals with the re-analysis of Reza Ameri's translation of the novel entitled: "Season of Migration to the North" to identify and examine the translation approach by evaluating the translator's method.Research QuestionsAccording to the solutions provided by Admiral, how did the translator act? Has the translator been able to present a readable and understandable text in the target culture, or has he alienated in the translation?Research ReviewDue to the significance of the novel entitled: "Season of Migration to the North", several works have been published in the review of its literary facets and have put emphasis on this novel in terms of story elements and post-colonial content. However, no research has been yet conducted in the field of criticism of the Persian translation of this work. The Persian translation of this work has been reviewed for the first time in Iran. Since this study evaluates the translation with Ladmiral's and Berman's approach, the researches related to this approach to the mentioned novel.The article entitled: "Research of Abdul Latif Tsoji's translation of the fundamental story of One Thousand and One Nights" based on the approach of JeanRené Ladmiral" (2015), written by Shahram Delshad, Seyyed Mehdi Masbouq, and Salahuddin Abdi. This article attempted to criticize Tasouji translation of the story "One Thousand and One Nights" based on Admiral' applied theory and evaluate the translator's performance in the context of the source text. The authors in this article accepted the principle as the most proper method for translating the book: "One Thousand and One Nights" is a goal-oriented and free method, and considered the Admiral's theory to be the most compatible with this principle.The article "Confrontational examination of the process of elimination or entropy in Persian translations of One Thousand and One Nights" (2015), written by Shahram Delshad. The article evaluated the elimination component, which is one of the components of the Admiral's model, in three categories of expression of love states, translation of Islamic Arabic poems, and signs in Persian translations of "Alif Laila and Laila". This study examined the Persian translations of the work only by analyzing the elimination theorem in three different aspects.The article "Evaluation of the translation process of Nahj al-Balagheh words based on Admiral's theory" (2016), written by Ali Sayadani and Siamak Asgharpour, examined various methods of interaction with Nahj al-Balaghah lexicons in translation, and also evaluated Ali Shirvani's performance in translating Nahj al-Balaghah concepts. The findings of the study showed that based on Admiral's components, the translator's approach is destination-oriented in some parts of the translation and origin-oriented in another part, and despite adhering to the vocabulary of the source language, he has also focused on conveying the textual message.The article "Criticism of the novel: Seasons of Migration to the North, based on the components of the modern novel" (2019), written by Ali Akbar Nursaideh and Parviz Jahanshahlou, analyzed the components of modernism such as lyricism, passing of time, different viewpoints, blending of reality with imagination, etc. The findings indicate that the components of poetry and time-lapse are among the most prominent indicators of modernism in this novel and are more prominent than the other components. Of course, this is due to the specific content and context of the novel.A study entitled: "Analytical study of the novel: Season of Migration to the North" by Tayyeb Saleh and its translations from Arabic to English by Donis Johnson Defis" (2017), written by Abdul Hamid Alili was defended at the University of Algiers, in which the author analyzed the English translation of the novel, and is mostly seeking the answer to whether it is possible to get help from literal translation to the literary translation, or not. Institutionalizing coherent theories such as Admiral's theory in the translation of literary texts leads to higher coherence of the translation. Its application in a wider sense is the main purpose of this study and also it is the main difference between the present study and the other mentioned researches.Research MethodologyThe propose study deals with the descriptive-analytical method and through library tools, aims to to re-analyze Reza Ameri's translation of the novel "Migration Season to the North" by Tayeb Saleh, relying on Jean René Ladmiral’s approach. Accordingly; some instances of translations aligned with Admiral's components have been presented and their success has been analyzed and reviewed according to the components, and the other instances which were not successful accordingly are mentioned, as well. Finally, the reasons for the strength and weakness of Ameri’s translation are presented based on Admiral's theory.ConclusionTo sum up, the translator has looked for localization by putting emphasis upon destination orientation, and despite adhering to the vocabulary of the source language; has also focused on conveying the concept and textual message. The result of the study reveals that the translator has completely agreed with Admiral's components in some concepts such as "disambiguation", "adjunction", and "redundancy" and has provided a readable and understandable text in the target culture. However, under some tops such as "displacement" and "the translator’ freedom of choice", sometimes the components of the Admiral's approach have not been seen and it has caused damage to the story in the meaning and rhetoric transfer. Finally, according to the statistics taken from the 24 samples of Tayeb Saleh's text, 3 of the translations were no in line with Admiral's approach of components.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Vali Baharvand; Mina Hasouni Nejad; Javad Karkhaneh
Abstract
Translation can be used to connect the ideas and beliefs of people in two cultures. From time to time, Mankind has been aware of the words, deeds and achievements of other lands through translation, and hereby, he has fertilized his vision and attitude. One of the most prominent translation theories ...
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Translation can be used to connect the ideas and beliefs of people in two cultures. From time to time, Mankind has been aware of the words, deeds and achievements of other lands through translation, and hereby, he has fertilized his vision and attitude. One of the most prominent translation theories that deals with measuring the qualitative level of translated text in literature and covers four different levels is the Carman Garces' theory (1994). This research, which is descriptive-analytical, aims to evaluate the Arabic translation of Iman Saleh from the book "Those 23 People" written by Ahmad Yusefzadeh on the basis of the Lexical-Semantic level of the translation model by Carman Garces, and to examine its superiorities and characteristics. The research shows that in this translation, the syntactic expantion appears in the coverage of figures like an added adverb, added adjective. In addition, the syntactic reduction emerged in the concepts like the deletion of adjective, object, verb and adverb. It also shows that the translator has narrowed the word circle by using the tools such as deleting the adjective in the general process versus the particular, and applying the techniques like expressing the kind alongside the gender in the particular process versus the general. Another finding of this study is that it attributed the positive characteristics of the remarkable part in this translation to it, Furthermore, this translation pocesses the adequacy and acceptability, causing the reader’s satisfaction.Keywords: Translation Study, The book Those 23 People, Carman Garces, Lexical-Semantic Level.IntroductionTranslation can be considered a beneficial endeavor in the direction of overcoming linguistic barriers between different nations. Although this phenomenon has been an important tool for the transmission of thought throughout history, the abundance of words and expressions in different cultures has always been one of the fundamental challenges facing translators. It can be clearly stated that the translator is a bridge of communication between people who do not share the same culture. In other words, he plays the role of a cultural mediator between different civilizations. Translation is an indispensable human necessity, because no nation, no matter how much it has achieved in terms of progress and culture, can dispense with the universal human heritage by relying solely on its own unique heritage.The need for translation has existed throughout history and across various cultures, manifesting in diverse forms. The efforts of translators to bridge linguistic barriers for audiences within the same culture have always been commendable. Examining and evaluating the work of other translators is a fundamental aspect of developing one's own skills and acquiring experience and expertise. In the process of rendering a text, translators often encounter phenomena such as augmentation, reduction, and other modifications, which serve as indicators of the translation's strength or weakness. Today, translation studies can be considered an interdisciplinary field that goes beyond merely do not assessing the accuracy or inaccuracy of a translation. Therefore, translation criticism, as a widely used field of translation studies, operates in all textual and extra-literary fields of a translated work. In addition, from the past to the present, various literary, religious and other texts have attracted the attention of those involved in the field of translation criticism; meaning that some have taken a critical approach to these translated texts and considered them to be subjective. One of the contemporary translation theories that has attracted much attention and opened up new horizons is the translation theory of Ms. Carmen Garces. This theory, encompassing four levels, is considered one of the most prominent linguistic theories in assessing the quality of translations. It analyzes and evaluates the quality level of literary translation text. This paper aims to evaluate the Arabic translation of Ahmad Yousefzadeh's novel entitled "Those 23 People", using an analytical-descriptive approach and focusing on the lexical-semantic level of Garces' theory.Literature ReviewAs far as the authors of this research have been able to find, no one has previously critically evaluated a topic with this title. However, there have been several studies on the critique and evaluation of Garcés' theory in relation to various texts. Some examples of these studies include:Rahimi Khuyaghani, M. (2018). Lexical criticism of the translation of the Holy Quran by Mousavi Garmaroodi based on the semantic-lexical level of Garcés. Journal of Quran and Hadith Translation Studies, Allameh Tabataba'i University, 4(7), 69-94. The author examined a number of words in Garmaroodi's translation of the Holy Quran based on the components of Garcés' theory and found that a significant portion of the components of the first level of Garcés' translation model are present in Garmaroodi's translation.Masoud Eghbali and Ebrahim Namdari. A Critical Review of the Translations of Surah Yusuf by Elahi Qomshe’i and Makarem Shirazi with an Emphasis on the Grammatical Level of Garcés' Translation . Journal of Quranic Linguistics, University of Isfahan, Spring and Summer 1397, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 154-137. This study evaluates the translations of Surah Yusuf by Elahi Qomshe’i and Makarem Shirazi based on the components of Carmen Garcés' translation model at the grammatical level. The authors examine various grammatical evidences from the verses of Surah Yusuf and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the translations.Asghar Babazadeh Aghdam and Colleagues: Lexical-Grammatical Level of Expression Change Based on Carmen Garces' Model: A Case Study: Translation of Haddad Adel, Mo'ezi and Ansariyan, Volumes 29 and 30 of the Holy Quran. Journal of Translation Studies in Arabic Language and Literature, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Autumn and Winter 1398, Vol. 9, No. 21, pp. 279-306. The most important findings of this research are that based on Garces' model, only Mo'ezi's translation is literal, while Ansariyan and Haddad Adel's translations have been explained and expanded in meaning.Research MethodologyThis descriptive-analytical research aims to evaluate the Arabic translation of "Those 23 people" based on the lexical-semantic level of Carmen Garces' translation model and to examine its advantages and disadvantages.ConclusionsIn the explanation section, taking into account cultural differences, the translator has successfully completed the translation and has well-explained unfamiliar expressions and terms in footnotes, and has explained everything that was unfamiliar due to cultural differences for the Arabic-speaking.In this translation, various aspects of grammatical expansion and contraction are evident. Grammatical expansion is manifested in the coverage of concepts such as the addition of adverbs, adjectives, and adjectival phrases, while grammatical contraction is manifested in aspects such as the omission of adjectives, objects, verbs, and adverbs..
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Javad Asghari; Hossein Jowkar
Abstract
AbstractCurrently, there is no precise and all-encompassing model available for evaluating the translation unit in the translation of the Quran. To attain such a model, it is necessary to first analyze the effectiveness of the components of the translation unit. In this new study, we aim to examine the ...
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AbstractCurrently, there is no precise and all-encompassing model available for evaluating the translation unit in the translation of the Quran. To attain such a model, it is necessary to first analyze the effectiveness of the components of the translation unit. In this new study, we aim to examine the translation unit used in translating the Holy Quran. This essay starts off by looking at how translation theorists have approached the idea of translation units. Following that, a thorough study and analysis of the translation units utilized by Quran translators in Iran have resulted in critiques of their effectiveness in interpreting the Holy Quran. In this study, alongside the utilization of translation units suggested by Western theorists, an additional groundbreaking unit was employed—a sub-word unit—which has not yet been utilized by any translation theorists in the Western context as a recognized translation unit. This article employs a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the translation unit. The examined translations include Moezi, Payandeh, Makarem Shirazi, and Ansarian's translation. The research findings indicate that the translation of the Holy Quran can be approached using several units, such as word unit, sentence unit, thinking unit, text unit, culture unit, and even units smaller than a word. The choice of unit depends on the specific context of each verse and the perspective of the translator. The percentage of sentence unit usage among the mentioned translators is higher than that of other units. Based on the research findings, it is not permissible for translators to make any modifications to the content of the Qur'an during translation. Therefore, the recommended translation unit for the Holy Qur'an is the sentence unit, which has proven to be the most impactful.Keywords: Holy Quran Translation, Translation Unit, Components of Translation Unit, Translation Critique.IntroductionThe exploration of various methodologies in the discourse around translation has given rise to numerous subjects within this domain. A problem that has been discussed in the theoretical field and has a direct impact on the practical field is the concept of the translation unit. The question at hand is: what is the optimal amount of text that a translator should choose as a translation unit? The translation unit refers to the portion of the source text that the translator selects for translation. It represents the unit of the source text that can be adjusted to match the unit of the destination text. Initially, the translator must choose a portion of the original text that has the essential meaning for translation. Subsequently, they must render it into the target language in its original form, or if that is not feasible, by implementing modifications. Translating religious literature is particularly delicate in comparison to other texts due to the significance of these texts in conveying divine revelation and words. This is because any alteration of the text's content by the translator is strictly prohibited. However, the sacredness of the term prohibits any alteration in the linguistic composition of the text.The translation unit is a theoretical concept in the field of translation that determines the portion of the source text that a translator can use to convey the meaning in the target language throughout the translation process. This article attempts to examine the usage of several linguistic units, such as word units, sentence units, thought units, text units, cultural units, and less-than-word units, by translators when translating the Quran from the source language to the destination language. Please have a look.This research has utilized twelve different translations of the Holy Quran. We selected these translators because we aimed to analyze various generations of translators and their distinct styles within the context of the translation unit. Our objective was to assess the utilization of different translation units by each translator.Literature ReviewIn the realm of Quranic translation, numerous subjects have been addressed, and thorough investigations have been conducted. Here are a few examples, summarized briefly: In their article titled "Criticism of Haddad Adel's Persian Translation of the Holy Quran from the Perspective of Conceptual Translation," Amraei and Marouf (2014) criticized Haddad Adel's Persian translation of the Holy Quran. They found that this translation, while drawing on the eloquent Persian language, adheres to the translator's belief in the method of conceptual translation. As a result, the translations are more equivalent and in harmony with the original language and structure of the Quran.In their 2013 article titled "Contemporary Literal Translations of the Holy Quran in Persian Language: Superiorities and Shortcomings," Naseri et al. examined the literal translations of the Holy Quran in Persian, specifically Dehlavi, Sharani, Mesbah Zadeh, and Moezi. They concluded that the literal translations of the Holy Quran have certain advantages and disadvantages when compared to the content translations. Although they have certain limitations, they also provide relative benefits.Azaddel et al. (2018) conducted a study titled "Criticism and Analysis of the Translation of Surah Al-Qara'a based on its Linguistic Context (a case study of the translations of Fuladvand and Makarem Shirazi)", where they compared two different translations of the Holy Quran. Fouladvand and Makarem Shirazi analyze Surah Al-Qaria by applying the principle of equivalence of linguistic context between the source and destination texts. Finally, they offer a recommended translation that is determined by analyzing the linguistic context using three key factors: lexical, morphological-syntactic, and rhetorical.Based on our observations, it has been discovered that numerous researchers have engaged in research endeavors focused on critiquing, examining, and evaluating translations of the Holy Quran. However, none of these studies have specifically focused on the act of translation itself. Thus, this paper aims to utilize the translation unit in translating the Qur'an to yield novel findings in the realm of Qur'an translation.Research MethodologyTo analyze the translation units in the translation of the Holy Qur'an, we initially determine the translation units available for the translator to utilize during the Qur'an translation process. In this study, alongside the translation units suggested by Western theorists, we will incorporate another groundbreaking unit: the sub-word unit. This article will analyze the translation of verses, focusing on translation units such as words, sentences, thoughts, texts, cultures, and smaller linguistic units. Next, an analysis is conducted on the efficacy of the translation units utilized by Quran translators in Iran for translating the Holy Quran. This article employs a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the translation unit.ConclusionUpon careful analysis of each translation of the Holy Quran, it becomes evident that the translators have rendered their translations based on their individual styles and personal preferences. This study demonstrates that the translator has the ability to utilize several units of translation, such as word units, sentence units, thinking units, text units, cultural units, and even units smaller than a word, when translating the Holy Quran. It is recommended to employ a single word in verses with jurisprudential difficulties that need to be translated without any interference.The sentence unit is the most frequently utilized due to its ability to effectively deliver messages without excessive or insufficient information. The usage of a unit of thought is suggested when it enhances the transmission of the message by being compatible with the target language and facilitating the audience's interpretation of the verse. Due to the significance of trustworthiness in conveying the message of the Qur'an and the concern of the translator's own bias, it is advised against utilizing the unit of the text.The cultural unit utilized varies depending on the specific cultural element and its relationship to the target text. However, its appropriate application will enhance the word's significance and promote familiarity with the culture of the Qur'an. In cases where the precise translation of individual letters is crucial, the unit is smaller, which enhances the accuracy of the translation. The study examined and criticized the translation units used by Quran translators in Iran.It found that the application of these units is highly effective in translating the Holy Quran. The use of translation unit components helps solve various challenges faced by translators, such as streamlining the translation process, avoiding inaccurate translations, addressing cultural differences, and accurately translating complex letters. Overall, the use of translation units greatly enhances the efficiency and accuracy of Quranic translation. Overall, the study on verse translation found that translators tended to use sentence units more frequently compared to other units. This is because sentence units allow for the translation of concepts without the need to add or remove any information. The verse's meaning is comprehended. Based on the research findings and the given reasons, the recommended translation unit for the Holy Quran is the sentence unit, as it is the most effective. This is because the sentence unit is particularly useful when the source language is concise (such as in descriptions or irony), which is also a characteristic of the Qur'an. Consequently, the sentence unit is considered the optimal and prevalent translation unit for translating the Quran.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Mohammad Rahimi Khoigani
Abstract
An underexplored topic in the realm of Arabic-Persian translation is the impact of translation on political discourse. The study of political discourse in translation centers on the unavoidable ideological modifications that take place in any text throughout the process of translation, which warrant ...
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An underexplored topic in the realm of Arabic-Persian translation is the impact of translation on political discourse. The study of political discourse in translation centers on the unavoidable ideological modifications that take place in any text throughout the process of translation, which warrant careful examination and evaluation. Hence, the objective of this study is to examine several renditions of the dialogues between the Qatari Minister and the Saudi envoy during the commencement of the 148th session of the Arab League. This research aims to investigate the translation and representation of a single text by multiple media outlets, taking into account their ideological and political perspectives. Drawing on Christina Schäffner's theory and utilizing a descriptive-analytical technique, the study intends to determine the variations in translation and representation among these channels. The results of this study imply that both internal and external beliefs have an impact on translation modifications, and that various media platforms have altered the language and structure of the original text through word choice, grammatical changes, and textual reproduction.Keywords: Translation Critique, Christina Schäffner, 148th Arab League Summit, IdeologyIntroductionThe focus of translation critics lies on scrutinizing and assessing the essence of translation modifications and their underlying causes. This study seeks to examine the motives and techniques employed by different news agencies when modifying the texts of speeches delivered by Qatari and Saudi representatives at the 148th Arab League summit. Additionally, it aims to determine the impact of ideology and politics on the translation process and the selection of information. In order to accomplish this, the research utilizes Christina Schäffner's theoretical framework and applies it to the specific text. The study aims to ascertain the modifications made by various news outlets to the structure of Qatari and Saudi speeches, as per Christina Schäffner's theory.What was the rationale behind the modifications made to the speeches of the Qatari Minister and the Saudi Envoy, and how did these changes affect the overall content and tone of the text?The research hypotheses are assumed to relate to the following aspects: Observable changes are made in the translation and republication of the original text, encompassing word selection, information selection, transmission, and restructuring at all levels.The primary factor influencing changes in the translation process is linked to the beliefs and macro-policies of each news agency. Literature ReviewMofeh and others (2016) have attempted to examine the type of rewriting, selection, and transmission of political data.Khalozadeh et al. (2012) have tried to identify possible translation behaviors based on ideological concepts evident in the translations by fundamentalist and reformist newspapers in foreign media.Torkashvand (2016) has endeavored to demonstrate that, through critical discourse analysis, the existing ideology in the text is also revealed as a factor in its overall direction.Firouzianpour Esfahani et al. (2018) have focused on the role of syntactic strategies in representing the ideologies of Persian translators in translated political and social texts using critical discourse analysis.Abdi et al. (2021) have delved into the verbal tenses in a corpus consisting of two political biographies and their Persian translations from a critical discourse analysis perspective.Karamzadegan and Fatemeh Mozaheri (2023) have analyzed the dominant discourse in the translation of political texts (Arabic to Persian) from 2019 to 2022, focusing on the theme of war, concluding that each country's policies have directly influenced translation choices. Research MethodologyThe stages of this research are as follows:Extracting data through the source text and target text confrontation methods based on changes in the target text;Describing and analyzing the data using the ideological analysis approach based on Christina Schäffer's theoryConclusionDomestic and foreign news agencies had different approaches to the coverage of the dialogue and conflict between the Qatari Minister and the Saudi Ambassador in Egypt. This approach was evident in the selection of words, text reproduction, and information selection.The choice of words by foreign media, especially Al-Arabiya, includes two points: Firstly, sensitive words like the Arabian Gulf were issued by Qatar's representative, and this news agency merely conveyed these words. Secondly, by using the term "regime," efforts were made to draw a line between the government and the people of Iran.3: The words chosen by domestic media are in line with everyday use and Persian language customs. These media outlets have used what is common in the Persian language without considering the original text.4: Both domestic and foreign media have tried to select what aligns with their broader policies and their governments and avoid quoting other matters. However, among them, Al-Arabiya has had the highest volume of selection and omission.5: In the restructuring process, the media have tried to use strategies such as choosing titles, changing beginnings and endings, deletion, transforming direct quotations into indirect ones, transforming the face and form of verbs, etc. All of these efforts are aimed at creating a legitimate role for themselves and delegitimizing others. Additionally, part of the media's efforts is aimed at highlighting their positive features and the negative features of others.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Arezu Pooryazdanpanah Kermani
Abstract
The Garces model is a significant theory in the field of linguistics that focuses on the qualitative examination of translated literary works to assess the quality of translations. This approach assesses translations according to two criteria: acceptability and appropriateness. It evaluates positive ...
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The Garces model is a significant theory in the field of linguistics that focuses on the qualitative examination of translated literary works to assess the quality of translations. This approach assesses translations according to two criteria: acceptability and appropriateness. It evaluates positive and negative attributes at four different levels. The initial level of this theory focuses on analyzing the components associated with vocabulary and the transmission of meaning via language. The second level involves the analysis of syntactic and morphological components, while the third and fourth levels focus on evaluating discourse and text style. Farīd ud-Dīn ʿAṭṭār of Nishapur’s Mantiq Al-Tair is highly esteemed Persian mystical poetry that has been translated into other languages. Currently, Dr. Badi’ MohammadJomeh’s translation, which he conducted at Ain Shams University, is the most thorough of these translations. Furthermore, Mohammad Jomeh’s original translation of Mantiq Al-Tair by Attar has been praised for its self-worth in conveying the logic and invaluable ideas of the author to the Arab world. The translation is particularly notable for its precision, conciseness, eloquence, and literary highlights. As a result, it has been subjected to examination and evaluation using the Garces model and its four levels. The research findings suggest that the translator has faithfully followed the source language in the mentioned translation. Furthermore, the translation demonstrates greater acceptability and adequacy in terms of lexical and syntactic-morphological meaning compared to the other two levels. The translator's proficiency is particularly evident at these two levels. He has employed a greater number of constructive methods. However, the translation being examined has prominently featured negative tactics at two levels of discourse: functional and stylistic-semantic. This might be attributed to the choice of content for translation, specifically mystical systems. Despite incorporating culturally similar parts, the elevation of Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh’s translation can be attributed to lexical expansion, compensation, and changes in syntax and structure.Keywords: Translation Criticism, Literary translation, Mantiq Al-Tair, ʿAṭṭār of Nishapur, Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh, Carmen Garces.IntroductionMantiq Al-Tair is a highly significant oriental text that has beentranslated into various languages. Dr. Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh, anesteemed professor specializing in oriental studies at Ain ShamsUniversity, has successfully rendered a full translation of this work into the Arabic language. Evaluating the translation is vital to ensuring its accuracy, utilizing various translation principles and approaches. Translation criticism serves as a crucial connection between translation theory and translation practice. Garces's theory is a significant destination-oriented theory that consists of four stages. Due to its complete nature, it can serve as an effective model for assessing the quality of translations, particularly in the context of literary translated works, in terms of their acceptability and adequacy. This essay aims to assess the Arabic translation of Mantiq Al-Tair by Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh using Garces' methodology, employing an analytical-descriptive approach.Literature ReviewSome significant research has been conducted in the field of translation criticism, specifically regarding the translation of Mantiq Al-Tair and the application of the Garces model. Notable articles include "Mantiq Al-Tair of Attar in Lebanon (criticism on the research and translation of the Arabic Mantiq Al-Tair)" (1383) by Nik Manesh, "Criticism and review of the Persian translation of the novel Qalb al-Lil with the title Del Shab based on the model of Garces" (1396) by Ali Sayadani et al., "Lexual criticism of the translation of Sheikh Abdulhaq Mohadath Dehlavi from Fatuh al-Ghayb based on the semantic level - Garces Lexicon" (1400) by Bidkhoni and AghHosseini, "Hermeneutic view of the French translation of somemystical words of Al- Mantiq Al-Tair based on the opinions of Umberto Eco" (1400) by Moghaddam and Akrami Fard company, and "Study in Translation Al-Arabiya for the Mantiq Al-Tair" (2006) by Nadi Hassoun.It is evident that the Arabic translation of Mantiq Al-Tair has not been systematically and critically evaluated using translation criticism theories. Furthermore, the studies based on Garces theory are restricted to the translation of novels and fictional works, and despite the potential of Garces theory to assess the translation of poetic texts, no research has been conducted thus far to critique and evaluate text translations using this theory. Therefore, it is imperative to elucidate the acceptability and sufficiency of the planned translation by listing the favorable and unfavorable characteristics.Research MethodologyGarces theory is a comprehensive model used to assess literary writings. It goes beyond just the translation of words and phrases and takes into account four different levels. The Garces model is widely regarded as a prominent model for evaluating the translation of literary texts. The increasing adoption of this approach by scholars in recent years demonstrates its favorable standing among translation critics. This paradigm operates on the notion of parity between the source and destination texts. According to Garces, the source text and the translation should aim for maximum equivalence on all four levels. The four layers are: semantic-lexical, syntactic-morphological, discourse-role, and stylistic-intentional.ConclusionMantiq Al-Tair is a significant spiritual poem in Persian poetry and literature that has been translated into other languages. This essay critically evaluates the Arabic translation of . Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh’s Mantiq Al-Tair, using the Garces model as a framework for analysis. Upon evaluating this translation using the four levels of the Garces model, it was concluded that the translation being examined is in the original language. Out of the four levels in the Garces model, this translation demonstrates a higher level of conformity with the semantic-lexical level compared to the other three levels. The subgroups that have emerged in this translation at this level include assimilation, lexical expansion, lexical account, general and specific, definition and explanation, cultural equivalent, and syntactic expansion. At this stage, the translator has employed constructive methods with the exception of one instance (lexical explanation). Out of the subcategories stated, lexical expansion and lexical account are more frequent in this translation.The translation examines modifications in syntax or structure, alterations in viewpoint, compensation, implications, and the elimination of subsets at the syntactic-morphological level. Among these modifications, the change of syntax or structure is particularly prominent in this translation. In addition to implication and omission, which are negative strategies at this level, the translator has employed positive techniques. All subcategories within the two levels of discourse—functional and stylistic-semantic—are seen asnegative strategies. The most common ones are the translator's mistake and changing the function of rhetorical devices.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Abbas Ganjali; Sayed Mahdi Nouri keyzghani; Masoud Salmani Haghighi
Abstract
Today, translation theorists have taken a big step in the development of translation criticism methods by presenting their works and theories and have provided translators with the necessary platform to provide the desired translation. One of the theoreticians of this field is Henri Meschonnic. Translation ...
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Today, translation theorists have taken a big step in the development of translation criticism methods by presenting their works and theories and have provided translators with the necessary platform to provide the desired translation. One of the theoreticians of this field is Henri Meschonnic. Translation poetics in the concept that is considered in this discussion, according to Meschonnic, is a kind of theory of text translation. Poetics deals with linguistic structure issues just as painting deals with image structures; because linguistics is the general knowledge of language structures. The poetics approach of Meschonnic’s translation consists of concepts such as transparency and centripetalism, empirical application and theoretical application, and inter-poetics relationships. In this essay, relying on the descriptive-analytical method, the Persian translation of Ruhollah Rahimi's novel "Under the Feet of Mothers" with the title "Behesht-e Maman Ghaizah" is reviewed based on the poetics approach of artistic translation by Meschonnic. The result of the research shows that the translator has used literary devices such as metonymy and non-metonymy, which have the same aesthetic effect in the source and target text, in the field of inter-poetics relations. The language of the translated text is embedded in accordance with the norms of the Meschonnic’s poetics approach and the target text, and the translator has tried to show the cultural signs of the language and ideological approach to the reader by providing an acceptable translation.Keywords: Translation Criticism, Meschonnic’s Translation Poetics, The Novel "Under the Feet of Mothers", Ruhollah Rahimi.IntroductionCriticism of translation as a linguistic and intellectual activity, although in a traditional form, has existed in parallel with translation, and sometimes the translators themselves or even the authors have measured their work and that of others with the standards of their times. Criticism of literary translation in the 20th century has taken a more scientific and methodical direction after the works of Antoine Berman on the translation of prose, Henri Meschonnic and Effim Etkind on the translation of poetry (Ahmadi, 2015: 11). For sure, it is wrong to limit the criticism of literary translation to certain people. All schools of translation criticism, even those that did not speak directly about literature or are not from this field, have concepts and tools that are effective in translation criticism, such as the theory of comparative stylistics of Vienna and Darbelneh, which has a linguistic watershed, or the function-oriented theory of Katharina Reiss's translation criticism, or the interpretative theory of the Paris school (Danica Selekovitch-Marian Lederer) or the discourse theory of Jean Delisle.Due to the fact that many novels have been translated from Arabic to Persian, it is felt necessary to make the translation process more scientific by criticizing the translation and evaluating the quality of the translation based on specific principles and elements. In order to prevent weakness and defects in translation, various and many approaches and models have been presented, the use of which increase the scientific and literary value of a work. Literary texts are always full of words, sentences and melodious constructions. One of the challenges of translators when translating such texts is to transfer the elements of the original text correctly and accurately in the translated text. Henri Meschonnic's poetics approach of artistic translation, which includes components such as (transparency and centripetalism, experimental application and theoretical application, and inter-poetics relations), is considered as a leading approach in providing translations in accordance with the criteria and frameworks of the original and target text. This research is based on the descriptive-analytical method and its purpose is to examine Ruhollah Rahimi's Persian translation of the novel "Under the Feet of Mothers " based on the aforementioned theory. The reason for choosing this novel and Rahimi's translation of it is to have the necessary linguistic capacities and capabilities to adapt and implement the components of Henri Meschonnic’s Poetics of Translating. In this research, the following two questions are answered:1- Which of the components of the Henri Meschonnic’s Poetics of Translating is more prominent in Rahimi's translation?2- What is the function of the components of the mentioned approach in transferring the text message?Literature ReviewThe subject of the present research has not been investigated in any article or thesis so far, but considerable theses and articles have been written with the focus of examining the translation of other novels based on the ideas put forward for translation, which are referred to below. Due to the fact that Antoine Berman has followed the views of people like Henri Meschonnic in presenting his theory, therefore, in this section, the works written based on Berman's theory are also mentioned:- Valiullah Esmaili (2016), in his dissertation entitled Translation and Structural Criticism of the Novel Kabartu wa Nasitu an Ansa by Buthaina Al-Issa, has translated and criticized the fictional elements of the said novel. Individual theory was not used in the translation of this novel, and the translator relied on theory and general knowledge to translate the text and then criticize it.- Ali Bashiri (2019), in the article Implementation of Antoine Berman's Theory of Deconstructive Trends in the Translation of a Novel from Persian to Arabic (a case study of two translations of Boof-e Koor), has examined the aforementioned translations based on Berman's theory. The result of the research shows that all the issues related to Antoine Berman's theory can be applied in the translation of this novel, except Glorification, and the reason for not achieving Glorification in the translation of this prose is that the type of this prose is a novel and it is of a modern type, and the goal of the author and as a result the translator of the novel is far from Glorification and the use of figures.- Saber Mohseni (2019), in the article Investigation of Rhythm in the Persian Translations of Christian Boben Case Study: Mahvash Ghavimi's translation of geai (Idiot of the neighborhood) and Isabelle Bruges", has investigated the rhythm in Mahvash Ghavimi's translations of Christian Boben's works based on the artistic rhythm component of Meschonnic. The analysis of the translation of the two stories of Ablah-e Mahaleh and Isabelle Bruges shows that although the translator sometimes deviated from the rhythm of the original text due to language differences or complying with spelling rules, he was successful in recreating the rhythm and signs of orality (oralité) of the text.- Rajaa Abu Ali and Behzad Esbaghi Giglo (2019), in the article Criticism and Analysis of Fatemeh Jafari’s Translation of Rabi Jaber's Novel Confessions (E’terafat) based on the theory of deconstructive trends of Antoine Berman, investigated the aforementioned translation based on seven components of the deconstructive components of Berman.The result of the research shows that, among the mentioned components, the expansion and the destruction of the rhythm of the text are among the most frequent factors of distortion of the text in the translation of Fatemeh Jafari, and these components also have an effect on ennoblement, and in some cases, we see an increase in the component of ennoblement in the translation.MethodologyBased on the descriptive-analytical method and using online and library sources, this research has investigated Rahimi's Farsi translation of the novel "Under the Feet of Mothers" based on the poetics perspective of Henri Meschonnic's translation.ConclusionA total of 24 samples were selected to examine the poetics components of Meschonnic’s translation, of which 5 samples were considered for the element of transparency and centripetalism, 11 for experimental application and theoretical application, and 8 for inter-poetics relations. With the investigations carried out on the translation text, the components of experimental application, theoretical application, and inter-poetics relations in Rahimi's translation are more frequent and have more manifestations.Considering that the mentioned novel has the characteristics of a literary text and has melodious folk and literary expressions and interpretations, and also despite the difference of cultural elements in the two languages, literal and direct translation cannot be appropriate to transfer meanings; therefore, the poetics approach of Meschonnic’s translation is a solution in this situation and helps to provide a suitable and at the same time accurate translation.In terms of transparency and centripetalism, the translator, taking into account the textual relationship between the original and target languages, as in the original text, used simple and unpretentious words and phrases in his translation, and his writing is full of rhythmic sentences with a pleasant pattern, which plays an important role in conveying the meaning and emotional load of the text.In the section of experimental application and theoretical application, the translator has used the components considered for theoretical application such as deletion, displacement, and additions, in order to ennoble and glorify his text, which can be a special type of ideology in translation, adopted by the translator to advance his goals in order to provide a literary translation.In the field of inter-poetics relations, it should be said that the translator has correctly used the tools needed to establish a precise and desirable relationship between the original text and the target text, and has responded to each of the prominent elements of the source text in the target text, and added to the integrity of the structure of the translated text. It can be said that the translator in this section has used literary devices such as metonymy and non-metonymy, which have the same aesthetic effect in the source and target text, well in his translation.The language of the translated text is embedded in accordance with the norms of Meschonnic’s poetics approach and the target text, and the translator has tried to show the cultural signs of the language and his ideological approach to the reader by providing an acceptable translation.It can also be said that the translator understood the meaning of the words, phrases, and idioms relatively and expressed the equivalent of each of them in the translation according to the context of the target text and the elements determined for the Meschonnic approach. Therefore, it can be said that the translator has fulfilled his mission of finding the elements of meaning generation in the original text and then recreating them in the translation to an acceptable extent. Although he has made mistakes in a few cases.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Yosra Shadman; Mina Arabi
Abstract
In order to improve the quality of translation, theorists have provided many models, each of which shows the acceptability of literary works in the target language. By evaluating the translation in the form of a pattern, the positive and negative features of the translation show themselves, and this ...
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In order to improve the quality of translation, theorists have provided many models, each of which shows the acceptability of literary works in the target language. By evaluating the translation in the form of a pattern, the positive and negative features of the translation show themselves, and this indicates the adequacy and acceptability of a translation. In this research, an attempt has been made to evaluate and criticize the translation of the novel "Tashari" written by Anam Kajaji under the title "My Pieces" by the efforts of Karim Pour Zubeid based on the model suggested by Garces. Garcés's model is one of the most basic theories in the field of linguistics, the main purpose of which is to determine the qualitative level of translations. Garcés analyzes four levels to evaluate translation, each of which is formed by subcategories. The most important findings of this research, which have been written by descriptive-analytical and statistical methods, indicate that: Poor Zubeid did not rely on the source language and even in some cases disrupted the main concepts of the story. It also has the highest case density at the (stylistic-scientific) level, and since the subsets of this level are included in the form of negative features, it can be said that this translation does not have the necessary adequacy and acceptability.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Mohammad Reza Azizi; Abbas Vaezzadeh
Abstract
Divan-e- Hafiz be-Al-Arabiyyate She'ran (Hafez's Divan in Poetic Arabic) is a poetic translation of four hundred and ninety ghazals by Hafez. This study aims to examine the external music or the prosody of this translation based on the subtleties of the Persian and Arabic prosodic system. Factors such ...
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Divan-e- Hafiz be-Al-Arabiyyate She'ran (Hafez's Divan in Poetic Arabic) is a poetic translation of four hundred and ninety ghazals by Hafez. This study aims to examine the external music or the prosody of this translation based on the subtleties of the Persian and Arabic prosodic system. Factors such as meter, differences in the number of prosodic elements, meter change, poetic necessities, modifications, or addition or subtraction of words for prosodic reasons were evaluated and criticized. For a deeper analysis, the first twenty ghazals of Hafez's Divan were investigated, while other ghazals, especially Molamm'at, were also considered to confirm the findings. The data were analyzed using a descriptive-analytical method with a prosody-based approach. The results showed that the syntax and sometimes even the rhetoric of Hafez's poetry has been influenced in this translation by external music, which has resulted in modifications and overabundance of poetic necessities in the target language. The changes that the prosody of Persian poetry have found over time, as required by Iranian taste, are not easily translatable. Alterations in the meter of the most Molamm'ats in the present translation seem to be a testament to this claim.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Khosro Janghorban; Ali Bashiri
Abstract
The connection between Arabic and Persian languages has had a long history, and the cultural interaction and interference between these two languages have reached the highest point. Translation has been considered a medium by which a message can be transferred from one language to another with ...
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The connection between Arabic and Persian languages has had a long history, and the cultural interaction and interference between these two languages have reached the highest point. Translation has been considered a medium by which a message can be transferred from one language to another with the least impairment. Interjections are language items through which emotional feelings like happiness, sorrow, pain, and regret or unemotional feelings like onomatopoeia are conveyed. This article analyzes the interjections in the translation of the novel “The length of the Night”, which contains a considerable number of interjections. The correspondence between the Arabic and Persian words is analyzed through a one-to-one comparison between the original and the translated text. The results showed that the translator has used good correspondences for the translation of interjections in most cases, and has been able to transfer the message to the target language accordingly. Though, in some cases, he has only achieved partial correspondence and failed to achieve correct correspondence in some others.
Yosra Shadman; Mohammad Nabi Ahmadi; Sahar Malekian
Abstract
Cognitive metaphorical theory is a term used in linguistics to refer to an idea or conceptual field based on another idea or concept. Examples from the book Sahifa Sajadieh and its two translations by Mousavi Garmaroodi and Elahi Ghomshey have been selected in order to investigate the relationship between ...
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Cognitive metaphorical theory is a term used in linguistics to refer to an idea or conceptual field based on another idea or concept. Examples from the book Sahifa Sajadieh and its two translations by Mousavi Garmaroodi and Elahi Ghomshey have been selected in order to investigate the relationship between cognitive metaphors at the two main levels: similar metaphors, special metaphors, with the act of translating and paying attention to the translators. In these examples, the metaphorical element was extracted and the performance of each translator in dealing with it was investigated. The results suggest that although translators have taken a different approach to translate the meanings of the source text, the success of both translators in translating metaphors has been similar. Mousavi Garmaroodi, as a translator of literature, has used creative metaphors, while Elahi Ghomshei has, in some instances, translated abstract concepts without metaphor in order to facilitate translation. In this research, the translation of Sahifa Sajadieh's conceptual metaphors is examined by the descriptive-analytical method and comparative approach.
Zohreh Gorji; Roghayeh Rostampour Maleki
Abstract
The role of language in a literary text is aesthetic and literary translation has a special sensitivity from this perspective. In a literary text, the translator must translate not only the content and message but also the literary devices to the extent permitted and in the format required by the text. ...
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The role of language in a literary text is aesthetic and literary translation has a special sensitivity from this perspective. In a literary text, the translator must translate not only the content and message but also the literary devices to the extent permitted and in the format required by the text. Among translation theories, the model of Carmen Valero Garcés critiques literary translation. This model consists of four levels (semantic-lexical, syntactical morphological, discourse-functional, and stylistic-practical). In this model, translations are also evaluated from the perspective of two criteria of adequacy and acceptability. This study considers the translation of selected works of the famous Lebanese author "Gibran Khalil Gibran" in the book "Hamam-e Rooh” by Seyed Hassan Hosseini based on the theory of criticism of Garcés translation and at all four levels of his proposed model. The achievement of this descriptive-analytical study indicates that the translator has performed better in the semantic-lexical and syntactical-morphological levels and has appeared in relatively weak stylistic and discourse levels, but in general, this translation has the necessary adequacy and acceptability. He also has used "expansion" more than any other solution.
Zahra Bavandpoori; Shahriar Hemmati; Toraj Zeinivand; Ali Salimi
Abstract
Youssef Hussein Bakkar (1942-present) is a writer, researcher, and literary critic among scholars who have attempted to criticize Arabic translations of Khayyam's quatrains through his knowledge of translation techniques. The present study aims to descriptively-analytically criticize his views on these ...
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Youssef Hussein Bakkar (1942-present) is a writer, researcher, and literary critic among scholars who have attempted to criticize Arabic translations of Khayyam's quatrains through his knowledge of translation techniques. The present study aims to descriptively-analytically criticize his views on these translations based on seven features (rationalization, clarification, theological terms, qualitative ennoblement, quantitative impoverishment, idiom destruction, language system destruction), which are the deforming view of Antoine Bremen (1942-1991), the French pioneer theorist. The findings of the study indicate that Bakkar used his criticism in his reviews and his views are often humorous, devoid of reasoning, and do not follow any particular theory. Adopting a linguistic approach by Bakkar shows that his critique of the method is consistent with the components of Antoine Berman's theory, but Bakkar’s linguistic approach lacks the application of theoretical issues. He does not present his views in a coherent, solidly structured theoretical framework.
Ali Akbar Noresideh; Masoud Salmani Haghighi
Abstract
Analysis and investigation of translation quality have long been taken into consideration. Various methods have been proposed by theorists and linguists to critique the translation of texts from Arabic into Persian and vice versa. One of the methods presented in the field of translation criticism is ...
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Analysis and investigation of translation quality have long been taken into consideration. Various methods have been proposed by theorists and linguists to critique the translation of texts from Arabic into Persian and vice versa. One of the methods presented in the field of translation criticism is Vinay and Darbelnet’s model. This article raises two questions: How is the translation of Adel Abdel Moneim Suleim evaluated based on the Vinay and Darbelnet model, and which of the components of Vinay and Darbelnet is most used in the translation? In this research, using a descriptive-analytical method, a part of Adel Abdel Moneim Suleim's Arabic translation of Jalal Al-Ahmad's School Principal novel is examined based on the Vinay and Darbelnet model, and the quality and method of interpretation of this novel are evaluated by the translator. The result shows that the translator paid more attention to the elements of the target language in translating the selected samples. Also, in some cases, the translator ignores the transmission of the message and content of the original language to the target language and relies on direct and lexical translation, which may be due to the translator's insufficient knowledge of some cultural components and the basic foundations of the source language.
Aliasghar Shahbazi; Mostafa Parsaeipour
Abstract
Rumi's Masnavi has been widely popular outside the Persian culture, having attracted many an audience. The work has been warmly welcomed in Arabic cultures as well. Arabic literary figures have provided several translations of this literary-mystic masterpiece in prose and poetry, among which the poetic ...
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Rumi's Masnavi has been widely popular outside the Persian culture, having attracted many an audience. The work has been warmly welcomed in Arabic cultures as well. Arabic literary figures have provided several translations of this literary-mystic masterpiece in prose and poetry, among which the poetic translations of two contemporary Arab poets, Abdul Aziz Jawaheri and Mohammad Jamal Hashemi, have served a key role in introducing Masnavi to the Arab audience. Translators’ familiarity with Rumi’s philosophy and cultural affinity between the source and target cultures have helped reflect the spiritual atmosphere of the poems in Arabic. Having discussed the qualitative characteristics of these translations, the study has investigated the translations of the first story in Rumi’s Masnavi, The King and the Handmaiden, within the procedures provided by Viney and Darbelnet. The results show that Jawaher’s translation is closer to the original, adopting direct translation procedures, particularly ‘literal translation’, more extensively. Faithfulness to the source text is yet another virtue of this translation. Hashemi has provided a translation that mostly reveals the syntactic and pragmatic elements of the target language, explicating many elements to make the text more accessible to the readers in lieu of literal translation. Among the seven procedures studied, transposition and modulation are significantly more prevalent than others.
Ali Bashiri; Zahra Hadavi Khalilabad
Abstract
Translation critique analyzes and evaluates the quality of translation by expressing the pros and cons. One of the critical methods is the application of theories. The theory used in this study on the translation of Ahmad Saadawi's novel "Frankenstein in Baghdad" is Garces' theory. This theory was proposed ...
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Translation critique analyzes and evaluates the quality of translation by expressing the pros and cons. One of the critical methods is the application of theories. The theory used in this study on the translation of Ahmad Saadawi's novel "Frankenstein in Baghdad" is Garces' theory. This theory was proposed in 1994 by Carmen Garces, which is based on four levels (semantic-lexical), (syntactic-word generation), (discourse-functional), and (stylistic-practical), each level having related subgroups. With the help of these subgroups in the proposed model, it is possible to examine the increase, maintenance (retention), decrease of source language information in the target language, and the positive and negative features of translation. Finally, according to Garces' theory, the adequacy and acceptability of any translation depend on its positive and negative features. In fact, the more positive features a translation has, the more reliable and acceptable the translation will be. This article evaluates the translation of "Amal Nabhani" from the novel "Frankenstein in Baghdad" in all four levels of theory. According to this research, in the first level (semantic-lexical) and the second level (syntactic-lexical) of the theory, numerous examples were found in the translation of this novel, and due to having positive features that are more numerous than negative features, this translation is acceptable.
Maryam Bakhshi; Kobra Zafari; Sepideh Bagheri
Abstract
Criticism and evaluation of translation is an important part of translation work that leads to its growth and completion. Garces's theory is a theory that is organized in order to recognize the quality of translations and analyze the quality of translated texts. This theory is an effective framework ...
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Criticism and evaluation of translation is an important part of translation work that leads to its growth and completion. Garces's theory is a theory that is organized in order to recognize the quality of translations and analyze the quality of translated texts. This theory is an effective framework for criticizing the quality of translations. One of the prominent books in the field of history, culture, and politics is Motahari's book "The Reciprocal Services between Islam and Iran" translated into Arabic and entitled "Islam and Iran” by Yousefi Gharavi. This research aims to study and critique the Arabic translation of this book, based on the four levels of semantic - lexical, syntax - inflectional, discursive - functional, and stylistic-practical, with a descriptive-analytical method. The results show that this translation, given the more negative points, is only sufficient and not acceptable. The translator has been more successful at both the "semantic-lexical" and "syntactic-morphological" levels than other levels of Garcés’ model. The "discourse-functional" and "stylistic-practical" levels need to be reconsidered. The results show that the translation has examples of descriptive translation. One of the main disadvantages of translation is disruptive and inappropriate omissions that go beyond deleting words and sentences and include deleting paragraphs and even deleting lots of pages from the book. In addition to the phenomenon of deletion, we see the phenomenon of excessive expansion or eloquence, which sometimes leads to distortion of the text.
Mohammadnabi Ahmadi; Zahra Qanbari
Abstract
Different patterns and models have been proposed by translation theorists, which are used as a suitable and more accurate criterion for measuring translations. Ms. Carmen Garcés’ (1994)'s theory of translation quality assessment is one of the most important theories in the field of linguistics, ...
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Different patterns and models have been proposed by translation theorists, which are used as a suitable and more accurate criterion for measuring translations. Ms. Carmen Garcés’ (1994)'s theory of translation quality assessment is one of the most important theories in the field of linguistics, which organizes and analyzes the quality of translated literary texts in order to determine their qualitative level. The aim of this article is to examine the main text of the story "Nahr al-Dhahab" by Yaqub al-Sharuni using the model proposed by Garcés on the semantic-lexical level. This story is translated by Dr. Vahid Sabzianpour and Hasiba Vakili as “The Golden River”. The most important findings of this paper written by a descriptive-analytical method, indicates that this translation, in terms of its "semantic-lexical" level, contains a limited number of data that are compatible with Garcés’ theory and its various subcategories, such as: syntactic adaptation, adaptation, definition or explanation in terms of cultural differences and ambiguity. Linguists believe that the different meanings of a single form lead to ambiguity. According to Garcés, the ambiguity may be intentional or inadvertent. Intentional or artistic ambiguity must be conveyed, and unintentional ambiguity must be removed. According to the review of this translation, no ambiguity was observed in the book Nahr al-Dhahab. According to the findings of this article, "adaptation" or the same semantic choice close to a sentence or word in translation, has the highest frequency, and "explanation", i.e. the explanation of the word in a footnote or parentheses, has the lowest frequency. There were also some instances of syntactic compression which is considered as one of the negative points mentioned in Garcés theory.
Arezoo Poor Yazdanpanah Kermani; Vesal Meimandi
Abstract
Translation is one of the ways to create cultural interactions between nations. In the meantime, it is the translator's responsibility to provide a correct translation. Translation theorists have come up with different patterns and models for evaluating translations. Translation evaluation and assessment ...
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Translation is one of the ways to create cultural interactions between nations. In the meantime, it is the translator's responsibility to provide a correct translation. Translation theorists have come up with different patterns and models for evaluating translations. Translation evaluation and assessment based on the available models and patterns, reveals the quality level of the translated text and its positive and negative features. Therefore, the acceptability of the translation of a literary work is determined when it is evaluated according to these patterns. In this article, the Arabic translation of Marzbannameh, titled "Stories of Al-Amir Al-Marzban on the Language of Animals", has been studied based on 9 cases of Antoine Breman's text distortion system theory and evaluated by descriptive-analytical method. The research findings indicate that despite being familiar with the Persian language, the translator has sometimes failed to understand, receive and transfer the content and despite the translator's efforts, meaning gap and inefficiency in equivalent selection can be observed. Among the studied components, the two components of qualitative and qualitative impoverishment had the highest frequency and the component of destruction of rhythms had the lowest frequency. The main reason for this and the distance of the translator from the original text should be considered in the type of source text and its literary and technical aspect and the translator's lack of fluency in Persian.
Asgar Babazadehaghdam; Bizhan Karamimirazizi; Ebrahim Namdari; Fatemeh Mahdipoor
Abstract
The widespread approach of the Persian language scholars to the translation of the Holy Quran has gained a lot of vitality in recent decades, so that many critics succeeded in presenting the translated version of the critique, with this critique, translations of various texts of The Holy Qur'an examines ...
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The widespread approach of the Persian language scholars to the translation of the Holy Quran has gained a lot of vitality in recent decades, so that many critics succeeded in presenting the translated version of the critique, with this critique, translations of various texts of The Holy Qur'an examines the valuable works carefully and precisely, and in this way opens up a new chapter in Qur'anic research as a "Critique of Holy Quranic translations". Among these patterns is the proposed model of Carmen Grosses, Four levels are proposed. The present study intends to translate Hadad Adel, Moezi, and Ansarian by selecting from the 29th 30 Quran verses mentioned the model of relying on the Syntax-term construction, criticize and evaluate. For this purpose, firstly, the expression of the Garces model is explicitly dealt with and then the cases of the application of this theory. According to the witnesses, the examples extracted from the translators of sections 29 and 30, based on the syntactic term, are examined. The most important the findings of this research are descriptive-analytic and that according to the Garces model, the only one is the Moezi translation one by one, and that the translation of Ansariān and Haddad is ordinary only as an explanation and extension of meaning. In the remaining cases, each interpreter has gone through the pattern and, finally, the compensation item lacked a Quranic specimen.
Mehdi Moghadasinia
Abstract
Like any other individuals, a translator has his affiliations and shows his particular cultural and social behaviors. The primary concern of this study is to discover the impact of the political position of a translator on his translation. For this purpose, the Persian translation of Kalila and Dimna ...
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Like any other individuals, a translator has his affiliations and shows his particular cultural and social behaviors. The primary concern of this study is to discover the impact of the political position of a translator on his translation. For this purpose, the Persian translation of Kalila and Dimna (Translated by Nasr-Allah Monshi) has been selected and adapted as the corpus. The result of this research, based on critical discourse analysis, indicates that the translator Nasr-Allah Monshi, who has an important position in the court of Bahram-Shah, He knows that no one allowed to point to or mention the King s weaknesses. Therefore, he tries to remove any negative personality traits such as capriciousness and wishy-washiness attributed to the lion (as a symbol of King). As an official member of the court, the translator never did anything to offend the face of relatives and friends of the King therefor he pictures them as efficient and deserving persons who achieved their positions in the court with hard work and effort while the writer of Kalila and Dimna, Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ pictures them as persons who achieved their positions in the court with chance. This, in fact, reflects the effect of court discourse.
Fateme Akbarizade; Yosra Shadman
Abstract
The play is a special literary type which has features a literary text and special dramatic features that will only be complete on the scene. Shahrzad's play, the Tawfiq al-Hakim plays written with a philosophical theme. This play has been translated twice in Persian by Shariat and Ayati. The translation ...
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The play is a special literary type which has features a literary text and special dramatic features that will only be complete on the scene. Shahrzad's play, the Tawfiq al-Hakim plays written with a philosophical theme. This play has been translated twice in Persian by Shariat and Ayati. The translation of the play is difficult task and its dramatic character must also be translated. This paper attempts to use a descriptive-analytical method, to examine two translations for stylistics and dramatic elements to check out the problems of the translation of the play. The results show that both translations have been tried to translate the language of the source language into the target language. But because of the translation of dramatic elements, the translation of the Shariat has been more successful. Because he translates tone and dialogue well and he tried to make the Dialogues fit the characters of the show.
Oveis Mohamadi; Ali Bashiri; Zein al abedin Faramarzi
Abstract
Love in loud voice is a translation of a selection of poems by Nazar Qobbani, a famous Syrian poet, which has been translated by Ahmad Pouri from English into Persian language. In the process of this literary translation from Arabic into English, and then into Persian, there have been some changes in ...
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Love in loud voice is a translation of a selection of poems by Nazar Qobbani, a famous Syrian poet, which has been translated by Ahmad Pouri from English into Persian language. In the process of this literary translation from Arabic into English, and then into Persian, there have been some changes in the dominant discourses on the text that can be observed, including religious, national- ethnic and structure-breaking and political discourse that have been changed or eliminated in the process of the translation. In this paper, we are going to examine the original and translated text based on discourse analysis and then, analyzing the change of Socioculturalelements in the process of translation. What we see in this study indicates that in this translation, in the discourses such as national, ethnic, political, structure-breaking and religious ones, the changes like deletion, selection versus an inappropriate equivalent, and sometimes changes to eliminate the tension existing in the original text has been made consciously.
Ali Sayadani; Siamak Asgharpur; Leila Khairallahi
Abstract
Different patterns and models provided by translation theorists in this area are used as a suitable measure and with a more precise function for measuring translations. The degree of acceptance of translation from a literary work is when it is determined that it has been criticized according to these ...
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Different patterns and models provided by translation theorists in this area are used as a suitable measure and with a more precise function for measuring translations. The degree of acceptance of translation from a literary work is when it is determined that it has been criticized according to these patterns and models in order to reveal the pros and cons of translation. Therefore, in this paper, based on the proposed model of Garses, the translation of the three parts of the novel Allyl's novel Nejib Mahfouz, under the name of the Midnight of Kazem Al-Yasin, with regard to the original text of the novel, is to examine and analyze the framework of the text of the translation, According to the above pattern. The Garses model consists of four levels of semantic - lexical, syntactic - semantic, discursive-functional, cognitive (practical), and sub-sets of each level. In other words, his translation is necessary in this regard, so that two levels of discursive-functional and light-textual-is only acceptable and not sufficient.
Sayyed MohammadReza Ibnorrasool; Nafiseh Raeisi Mobarakeh
Volume 3, Issue 8 , September 2013, , Pages 175-195
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is classification, correction, and elaboration of the most outstanding mistakes and errors occurred in the Arabic translation of Beihaghi History by YahyaAlkheshab and SadeghNashat. This translation has been done based on the edition of GhasemGhani and Ali Akbar Fayaz. The Arabic ...
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The purpose of this paper is classification, correction, and elaboration of the most outstanding mistakes and errors occurred in the Arabic translation of Beihaghi History by YahyaAlkheshab and SadeghNashat. This translation has been done based on the edition of GhasemGhani and Ali Akbar Fayaz. The Arabic translation of Beihaghi History as a historical document – which is considered outstanding from the literary and scientific point of view worldwide – is clear, and since the proper understanding of the Persian texts contributes to our knowledge of the Iranian literature and culture, it is indispensable for Iranians to assure the proper translation of those texts for non-Iranians. On the other hand, because of the historical and social subject of this book, its correct translation is considered necessary for Arab researchers. As a result, it is helpful for native speakers of Arabic interested in Persian language and literature. In this article, we have tried to investigate this translation from different points of view; we look into "translators' additions", "translators' reductions", "mistakes in finding lexical and idiomatic equivalents ", and "mistakes in content transmission". In addition, after reviewing each sample, we tried to suggest equivalents that are more suitable for them.
