Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Sayyed Mehdi Masboogh; Solmaz Ghafari
Abstract
Abstract The book Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda is one of the narrative works that revives a large part of ancient popular culture and literature In this book, more than two hundred life stories of people caught in problems are depicted in the form of stories. These people have been saved by trusting ...
Read More
Abstract The book Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda is one of the narrative works that revives a large part of ancient popular culture and literature In this book, more than two hundred life stories of people caught in problems are depicted in the form of stories. These people have been saved by trusting God in facing the problems of life. One of the appropriate models of translation criticism is Katarina Reiss's model, which has received less attention from researchers. Considering the comprehensiveness of translation criticism techniques in Katarina Reiss's model compared to other translation models, the present study can be used as a suitable example and model by researchers in the field of translation criticism in Arabic language and literature. This research tries to provide a general analysis of the Persian translation of the book Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda from two linguistic and meta-linguistic perspectives by using Reiss's model in the Arabic text. Because the difference in the structure of the two languages is significant and this issue can be useful in translation research and linguistic studies.Key words: Translation, Model of Katharina Reiss, Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda, Ghazi Tanukhi, Dehestani.IntroductionThe field of translation between Persian and Arabic languages has been very prosperous for a long time. The translation of literary texts, such as Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda, has been one of the most dynamic literary trends in ancient times. Many works in different genres and subjects have been translated from Arabic to Persian and from Persian to Arabic, and some of them have been very influential from a literary point of view. The book Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda, is one of the prominent Arabic works written by Qazi Tanukhi, a writer of the 4th century of Hijri. Hossein Dehestani translated the book Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda, in the 7th century. Katharina Reiss is a well-known German translator who is known as a role-oriented translator and the creator of the "text type in translation" theory. This research tries to answer the following questions by criticizing the translation of Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda, relying on Katarina Reiss's model:Are the methods proposed in Katarina Reiss's model suitable for criticizing the translation of Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda, if the answer is positive, what are the reasons for the usefulness of these methods?How is Dehestani translation criticized and evaluated based on Katarina Reiss's linguistic and meta-linguistic factors.Literature ReviewFew researches have been done about the Katarina Reiss model in Iran, including:The article " Reiss's Pioneering Model for Translation Criticism" written by Alireza Khanjan, who tried to introduce Kathrina Reiss's model.The article "Examination of Literary Translation Challenges" written by Ali Ganjian Khanari, who introduced the first part of Reiss's model, i.e. the type of text, in this article and it has shown the characteristics of literary texts and the challenges and problems that the translator faces in translating this type of texts.About the Katharina Reiss model in Arabic language, a few researches have been done, including:The article "Measurement and evaluation of Katarina Reiss's translation model" written by Leila Alam, who started the discussion with an introduction of criticism and translation, and continued to introduce the category of "text type" and the division of the text based on the role of language, and at the end of her discussion has finished with the criteria of translation criticism.But this research criticized the translation of the first chapter of the book "Al-Farj after Al-Shada" based on Katharina Reiss's model and it is new both in the theoretical approach and in the text of the research.Research MethodologyConsidering the volume of the book, its first chapter was selected and analyzed by descriptive-analytical method.ConclusionFrom what came in this research, the following results are obtained:Based on the balance in the type of text presented in Katharina Reiss's model, it can be said that Dehestani has disturbed this balance in determining the "dominant role". Reiss believes that a text may have different roles and what is the criterion is the dominant role. based on Katarina Reiss's model, Dehestani has presented an adapted translation. He has achieved semantic sufficiency and balance in his translation by means of semantic changes, the use of precise grammatical structures in accordance with the criteria of the target language, and significant stylistic elements.The methods proposed in Katharina Reiss's model are suitable for criticizing the translation of the book "Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda" because in this model, Reiss directs the critic to a targeted criticism to examine and judge the literary work in terms of content, style, and sometimes from an aesthetic perspective.Relying on the two linguistic and meta-linguistic components mentioned in Reiss's model, the reasons that caused the translator to achieve semantic imbalance in his translation were criticized and his performance was comprehensively evaluated. in the linguistic component, the translator has disturbed the semantic balance due to the semantic changes and grammatical changes of the source language, the use of unique stylistic elements and the criteria of the target language, and the construction of the target text is broken. on the other hand, in the evaluation of the meta-linguistic components, the gaps in the situation and the topic of speech have been well filled by the translator and by being influenced by temporal and spatial elements, he changed the form of the original text in favor of the target language and removed the cultural gaps between the two cultures.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Ahmad Pashazanos; Abdolali Alebooyeh Langerudi; Mohammad Zangoui
Abstract
One of the beautiful Qur'anic styles for expressing the truth, attracting attention and informing the audience is asking questions. Most of the questions in the Qur'an have purposes other than real questions. Rhetoric scholars have listed several secondary meanings, such as denial, mockery, surprise, ...
Read More
One of the beautiful Qur'anic styles for expressing the truth, attracting attention and informing the audience is asking questions. Most of the questions in the Qur'an have purposes other than real questions. Rhetoric scholars have listed several secondary meanings, such as denial, mockery, surprise, interpretation, negation, etc. for questioning. Until now, various theories of translation have been used as codified frameworks to evaluate the translations of the Qur'an. Among them, Jean-Paul Vine and Jean Darblene published a book titled "Comparative French and English Stylistics" in 1958, which later became an important source for translation scholars. Became. Vineh and Darblene introduced techniques in this work. In this article, after explaining these techniques and their sub-branches with a descriptive analytical method and confronting the quality of their application in the translation of secondary meanings, four translators of the Holy Quran (Makaram Shirazi, Aiti, Ansarian and Elahi Qomshei) who due to differences In the approach, the jurisprudential attitude and the method of translation that they have have differences, advantages and disadvantages relative to each other, and its purpose is to explain how and the extent of the application of the translation model of Vineh and Darbalteh in the translations under review. the findings of the research show that the translators have used literal translation, which is one of the components of direct translation, more than other components, considering the sanctity of the Qur'an text and its special linguistic features. On the other hand, the transposition technique - as one of the components of indirect translation, has the highest frequency after literal translation due to the difference in the grammatical structure of Arabic and Persian languages; The indirect technique of assimilation also has a lower frequency than other components due to the cultural similarities between the two languages and the prohibition of excessive interference in the Qur'an.Keywords: Interrogation, Secondary Meanings, Veena and Darblaneh, Selected Translations of the Holy Quran.IntroductionQuestioning is deposited as a natural instinct in the existence of every human being and is one of the signs of his intellectual development. Whenever a person does not know about something and wants to know about it, he tries to get the necessary knowledge by using questions. In the Holy Qur'an, which is the most important miracle of the Prophet of Islam, many questions are used, and most of these questions are figurative, and the reason for this is God's control and knowledge of all matters, and the real questions in the Qur'an are usually from someone other than God. have been. In the Qur'anic questions and rhetorical purposes, the meaning and meaning of the theologian, which consists of secondary meanings, has been the opinion of Qur'anic commentators and translators since the very distant past.On the other hand, the translation of the verses of the Holy Quran from Arabic to another language, such as Persian, may not accurately convey the secondary meanings of interrogatives that exist in Arabic, due to differences in linguistic structures and principles. The concept of questioning, which is used in the Qur'an and can refer to a number of secondary meanings, may have some shortcomings in translation into other languages, and there may be differences in the meanings of questioning.Finally, the translation of the Qur'an is an interpretive process, and the translator's interpretation, linguistic and cultural conditions, and his personal understanding may influence the translation. Studying and researching in this field sheds light on the rhetorical subtleties in the verses that highlight the miraculous aspect of the Qur'an, and by thinking and considering these verses and the questions used in them, one can understand the main intention of God. and obtained a correct translation of those verses.Literature ReviewThe background of the current research should be examined in two parts; First, the researches conducted on the translation of Quranic interrogatives and secondly in the field of translation criticism based on the model of Winnie and Darbelneh. Regarding the first part, the following studies can be mentioned:Dissertation "Aesthetics of Quranic interrogatives and Shia interpretations, parts 4, 5, and 6" by Hakimeh Sadeghinejad (master's degree in Arabic language and literature, Yazd University, 2013).The article "Rhetorical Secrets of Interrogation in the Qur'an" by Hassan Rezaei, Arabic Literature Magazine, 2014.Thesis "Interrogatives and their use in the Holy Qur'an" by Seyyed Mahmoud Qasrinejad (Master's degree in Arabic language and literature, Tarbiat Modares University, 1379).Regarding the background of the second part of the present article, it should be said that the seven-fold model of Vinny and Darbelneh has been used in many studies in the field of translation criticism. including:An analysis of Garmarodi's translation of the letter of Imam Ali (pbuh) to Malik Ashtar based on the seven methods of Vinah and Darblanah (2017), in which Esmaili Taheri and his colleagues have criticized examples of Mousavi's translation of Garmarodi based on the seven methods of Vinah and Darblanah. . According to the findings of the research, Garmarodi's translation was in most cases an indirect translation, which caused the fluency of his translation.The article analyzing a part of the novel "Al-Shahaz" based on the theoretical model of Wini and Darblaneh (2018), Shahriar Niazi and colleagues have tried to extract comparative examples from the translation of Najib Mahfouz's Al-Shahaz book based on the translation techniques of Wina and Darblaneh. The result of this research shows that the translator has benefited the most from the indirect translation method in order to be able to artistically reproduce the textual materials of the source language in the target language.Criticism of the translation of parts of the time of Sayyidat al-Qamar" with an emphasis on the seven techniques (1401) The achievement of Mohammad Nabi Ahmadi and Yahya Babaei in this research is that the translator paid much attention to the reader in translating the time of Sayyidat al-Qamar and had a goal-oriented approach. ; Therefore, indirect techniques have been used abundantly in the presented translation.According to the mentioned backgrounds and also according to the review of the authors, so far no research has been done in connection with the translation of the secondary meanings of interrogatives in the translations of Shirazi, Aiti, Ansarian and Elahi Qomshei based on the theory of translation of Vinah and Darblanah.Research MethodologyResearchers have used the descriptive-analytical method to investigate the translation of Quranic interrogatives in four selected translations. And the review of the translations is done based on the Vinny and Darbleneh method.ConclusionThe results of this research in the first part in response to the question that what are the similarities and differences of the mentioned translations in the context of the secondary meanings of the Quranic interrogatives? and why as follows:And the result of the review of the translations of the four translators of the Holy Quran (Makaram Shirazi, Aiti, Ansarian and Elahi Qomshei) based on the seven translation strategies of "Vini" and "Darbelneh" is summarized in the following points:1- The translation of Makarem Shirazi is a direct translation of the Wini Darbelaneh type due to frequent use of the literal method (85 percent), balance method (5 percent) and displacement method (10 percent) and is close to the source text.2- Due to the frequent use of the literal method (80 percent), displacement method (15 percent) and imitation method (5 percent), the translation of the verse is a direct translation of the Wini Darbelneh and is close to the source text.3- Ansarian's translation, due to the frequent use of the literal method (90 percent) and the displacement method (10 percent), is a translation of the direct type of Wini Darbelneh and is originalist.4- The translation of Elhi Qomshei due to the frequent use of the literal method (60 percent), the method of balance (10 percent), the method of assimilation (15 percent) and the method of displacement (15 percent) is a translation of the direct type of Wini Darbelneh. and is close to the original text.5- No translation is 100% source oriented or destination oriented, but always a combination of the two.6- The translations examined in the order of degree of direct or original translation from the highest to the lowest are as follows: Ansarian, Makarem Shirazi, Aiti and Elahi Qomshei's translation.7- The translations examined in the order of degree of indirect or target oriented translation from the highest to the lowest are as follows: Elahi Qomshei, Aiti, Makarem Shirazi and Ansarian translation.8- In general, all four translations of the Qur'an under review are close to the original text due to the frequent use of the literal method (literal translation). The main reason for the use of more direct translation models (originalist) can be seen in the traditional attitude towards the Qur'an and the effort to preserve the structure of the Qur'an in Persian translation.9- Considering the excellence of the literal translation technique from the point of view of Wini and Darbelneh, it should be said that the translation of the Ansarians is superior to other translations due to the observance of the original text of the Qur'an; Although it is sometimes difficult for the audience to read the translated text, the explanation given below the translation and in the form of a footnote makes up for this shortcoming to some extent.10- Since the basis of the translation of Elhi Qomshei is on the expression of literary topics, he has often referred to the figurative meanings of interrogatives. But it is worth noting that in a few cases, some questions from Makarem Shirazi or Ayati have been carefully explained.11- In some cases where there was a need to explain the questions for accurate translation of some verses, no analysis was provided by the translators.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Shahryar Niazi; Mahmood Bijankhan; Mazyar Pashaei
Abstract
Abstract Man's need to translate with more efficiency has made him endeavor to achieve advanced translation technologies. Most of the efforts in this field have been devoted to achieving machine (automatic) translation (without human intervention), which, although it does not have the quality of human ...
Read More
Abstract Man's need to translate with more efficiency has made him endeavor to achieve advanced translation technologies. Most of the efforts in this field have been devoted to achieving machine (automatic) translation (without human intervention), which, although it does not have the quality of human translation, has other advantages such as speed and high availability and low cost. The peak of these benefits can be seen in free online translation machines. Some of these machines (i.e. Google, Bing, Yandex, Reverso, ModernMT, and NiuTrans) support Arabic to Persian translation and vice versa. The purpose of this research is to compare the quality of Arabic<>Persian translations provided by these machines with each other. In order to achieve this goal, first, two small Arabic and Persian corpuses, each containing 60 sentences with random types and topics, were selected from the sentences in the two Arabic and Persian frequency dictionaries published by Routledge, then these sentences were entered one by one into the aforementioned translation machines. and the received output was scrutinized by human evaluation method based on the DQF-MQM error classification and analysis model. The translation machines in order from highest to lowest output quality are: Google, Bing, Yandex, ModernMT, Reverso, and NiuTrans. This is not an absolute and constant result, but a statistical and probabilistic one; lower-ranked machines translate some sentences better than the higher-ranked machines.Keywords: Translation Studies, Translation Technology, Machine Translation Evaluation, Google Translate, Bing Translator, Yandex Translate, Reverso, ModernMT, NiuTransIntroductionTranslation technology has been an important branch of translation studies. In 1972, at the third conference of applied linguistics, James Holmes introduced the field of translation technology as a sub-branch of the "applied" branch of the emerging interdisciplinary science of "translation studies". He divided this field into three categories: theories of translation by humans, by machines, and by both (Machine-Aided Human Translation or Human-Aided Machine Translation).Most of the efforts in the field of translation technology have been focused on making the machine able to translate without human intervention. This type of translation is called “machine translation”. Machine translation will not be able to beat professional human translation in the field of quality, but it has other advantages such as high speed, low cost and easy access.The pinnacle of convenient access and low cost for translation services can be seen in free online translation machines. They can be accessed and used for free through any system with a browser and connection to the Internet; Some also have a specific smartphone application that provides additional features such as offline translation.The evaluation of the phenomenon of machine translation generally includes many topics; Different aspects of it can be examined in different ways in response to the different needs of the people involved (including: end user, developer, and investor). Our focus in this article is on evaluating the quality of the output or product of the translation machines. The questions of the research are:1- Which free online translation machine do produce Arabic to Persian translation with better quality?2- Which free online translation machine do produce Persian to Arabic translation with better quality?A brief and widely used definition of “translated text quality” is as follows: “A quality translation demonstrates accuracy and fluency required for the audience and purpose and complies with all other specifications negotiated between the requester and provider, taking into account end-user needs”Literature ReviewSeveral scientific studies have dealt with the subject of comparative evaluation of machine translation for Arabic-English or Persian-English language pairs, but no research in this field has been published for Arabic-Persian language pairs. These researches have generally selected a test suite first, then translated it by several translation machines and studied the output using one or more special methods of machine translation evaluation. Here we present the summary of most recent researches. Ben Milad (2022), Almahasees (2020) and Al-Shalabi (2017) tested several machine translations between Arabic and English with different methods and all concluded that Google Translate produces better quality translations, just Abu-Ayyash (2017) concluded that Google Translate and Bing Translator produce similar quality outputs.Research MethodologyThere are various methods to evaluate machine translation quality. They are divided into two main subcategories of human and automatic evaluation. In this research we use a standard and up to date human evaluation model called DQF-MQM, and especially a subset of it that is appropriate for machine translation quality evaluation and is as follows: Four high-level error types of Accuracy, Fluency, Locale Convention, and Terminology. Accuracy type is further subdivided into four granular error types of Addition, Omission, Mistranslation, and Untranslated. Fluency type is further subdivided into three granular types of: Grammatical, Grammatical Register and Spelling.We used the excel template on the formal website of DQF-MQM to evaluate 60 Arabic-Persian and 60 Persian-Arabic translated sentences done by 6 online free translation machines that support Arabic<>Persian translation. The sentences were selected from two Arabic and Persian Frequency dictionaries and had random modes, genres and subjects.Conclusion
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Ali sayadani; Yazdan Heydarpour Marand
Abstract
Creative translation through the concept of trans-compatibility is an interpretive and conceptual approach that should be viewed from the pragmatic perspective. Lance Hewson, a prominent theorist in this regard, suggests that translation faces many challenges, especially when the translator tries to ...
Read More
Creative translation through the concept of trans-compatibility is an interpretive and conceptual approach that should be viewed from the pragmatic perspective. Lance Hewson, a prominent theorist in this regard, suggests that translation faces many challenges, especially when the translator tries to recreate meaning. The challenges may be recognized through pragmatic markers. Hewson introduced the markers with structural patterns in the form of compatibility reflections, through such components as homologous issues, artificial extensions, and expression change. Moreover, he introduces the linguistic patterns in the form of explicitation, implicitation, and description. He believes that the conceptual representation of each linguistic component is connected with the detailed and exact analysis and equalization of each component. Taking Hewson’s creative translation model and a descriptive-analytical approach, this study explored all of the markers in the translation of Ghassan Kanafani’s (2013) A Bridge to the Eternity, published in the collection Plays by Faroogh Najm al-Din (2023). Taking into account the mysterious writing style of Kanafani the translator of A Bridge to the Eternity has tried to recreate the proverbs, idioms, and linguistic metaphors. It was proved that characterization played a significant role in the recreation. Here the existing mysterious language of the translation has represented the mentioned linguistic components; that is, it shows the exact image of socio-political conflicts that dominated the culture and ideology of characters in linguistic context. Considering the results, it can be said that compating Hewson's trans-compatibility markers could yield results in the communication structure of this play.Keywords: Translation Process, Fundamentals of Trans-compatibility, Lance Hewson, Play, The Bridge to the Eternity, Ghassan Kanfani.IntroductionHewson sees translation as an operational process in which the intercultural similarities are transferred and represented through ideological concepts. His translation theory is a conceptual model that emphasizes specifically on characters’ mental concepts. The exact representation of these concepts is a heated debate and true challenge in translation criticism, when the reproduction of meaning is considered. A complete understanding of meaning occurs when one can pass all the challenges by scrutinizing especially compatibility reflections, through such components as homologous issues, artificial extensions, and expression change and linguistic basics, including expliciation, implicitaton and description. Hewson argues that reconstruction of translation through these components in translation criticism, decreases the meaning differences to an acceptable level and may even bring about the exact meaning.Literature ReviewAnalysis of Lance Hewson’s trans-compatibility themes in the translation of Ghassan Kanafani’s A Bridge to the Eternity shows the endeavor for analyzing and corresponding the translation representations to the dramatic contents of the work. Several studies have been conducted on the issue, including: Navarchi and Motamedi (2019) explored the explicitation and implicitation in the French translation of Golestan, rendered by Omar Ali Shah. They concisely examined explicitation and implicitation as two applied strategies in intercultural translation. Through the investigation, the study examined Lance Hewson's ideas on the two components.Bassam Safar (2016) conducted another research in this regard, entitled “An interpretation of Ghassan Kanafani’s play” and published in English Journal of Culture and Thought. He focused on the communication concepts and themes of the characters of the novel. Jabr (2019) conducted a study on the play, entitled “The play A Bridge to the Eternity”. He argues that the characters of the play move the narration through expressing their feelings. Therefore, the events occur continuously and we cannot see any interruption in the narration. Taking the studies on the topic of the paper, one can say that the studies have paid attention to the mental and perceptual issues of the play, but only descriptive aspects of the play have been emphasized. Moreover, only a few studies has merely explained a limited set of the trans-compatibility components. Therefore, one can say that not any systematic study has been done, analyzing Hewson’s trans-compatibility themes on the communicative construction of the translation of the play A Bridge to the Eternity. Accordingly, the researchers opened a new venue in this regard. Research MethodologyThis studies emphasizes the significance of a comparative and analytical evaluation of linguistic and Hamtrazi components in the translation of Ghassan Kanafani’s (2013) play A Bridge to the Eternity. Faroogh Najm al-Din has rendered the play into Persian and published it in 2023. He presents a different translation of the events intermingled with imagination, contemporary identities, and a completely entertaining theme of the play. He has rendered the play using colloquial language. Thus, considering the radio and play nature of the work, he has endeavored to present correctly the linguistic components and the culture of the public and, this way, appropriately communicate with the audience. ConclusionExploring and comparing Lance Hewson’s trans-compatibility themes in Kanafani’s play A Bridge to the Eternity, this study came up with a some conclusions:The translator resorts to linguistic recreation of the play for the cultural commonalities between the components of stability in the source language and the similar components in Kanafani’s play presented in symbolic language to show the socio-political conflicts. For the purpose, according to Lance Hewson’s translation model, the translator usually prefers the substitution of more common equivalents of the target culture for the linguistic expressions, as well as metaphorical and ironic concepts of the source text.The translator uses in some cases such rhetorical images as descriptive tools and similes for representing the final goal of the play. Taking this translation strategy makes the language more effective through taking sense burden words and shows clearly the setting of the communication events among actors and the conflict between them. Regarding the characterizations, the translator looks at Kanafani’s characterization style from a symbolic point of view. Fars and Raja, two main characters of the play, in communication with other characters, make the narration proceed. From this perspective, most behaviors of these characters are presented through symbolic dialogues. One can conclude that this translation of the play, according to Lance Hewson’s themes of trans-compatibility, is a true representation of what linguistic components and semantic concepts seek to show.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Majid Salehbek; Abdolghader Pariz; Parvin Sanei
Abstract
With a systematic and systematic view, Saussure considers language to be a set of signs, and therefore, in her linguistic theory, sign is the main keyword. Signs are also very important in translation, and the translator should be able to identify the relationships between them by knowing the words of ...
Read More
With a systematic and systematic view, Saussure considers language to be a set of signs, and therefore, in her linguistic theory, sign is the main keyword. Signs are also very important in translation, and the translator should be able to identify the relationships between them by knowing the words of the text accurately and use these relationships for a more accurate translation; This issue is doubly important in the translation of the Holy Quran. Among the words used in the Holy Qur'an, whose semantic analysis requires attention and precision, is the word "Sehr". The present research, which was carried out in an analytical-descriptive method, tries to answer the question with a semantic-structuralist approach, how the different levels and layers of meaning of the word "Sehr" are formed in the Holy Quran, and the concept of "sohar" in the use of the Holy Quran, based on The axis of substitution and companionship is synonymous with which words? And the obtained result states that although both in the Persian original of the word "Sehr" and in the Arabic dictionary, one of its main meanings, "Nasab", is mentioned, but on the other hand, its association with the same word causes it to have a different meaning. To be therefore, translators have taken different approaches in this regard, and some of them have translated the two into relative and causative, taking into account the conflicting relationship between Nasb and Sahr. Some have translated these two as male and female. Also, although the meaning of son-in-law for the word Sahr is found in many sources, but in the ten translations examined in this article, only one of the sources, the translation of Fuladvand, gives such a meaning for this word.Keywords: Translations of the Qur'an, Relative, Ferdinand de Saussure, Succession and Cohabitation.IntroductionOne of the most important factors in the formation of meaning in a text is the relationships of substitution and association of words. Saussure, with a new and structuralist approach to language, shifted his focus from the word to the phrase, leading to a major revolution in linguistics. A part of Saussure's modern theories pertains to the two axes of substitution and association. One of the binary oppositions among signs is the contrast between two fundamental types of relationships, namely the associative relationship and the substitutive relationship or "syntagmatic" relationship in language. In other words, meaning is derived from the difference between signifiers, which are of two types: differences arising from association, also known as syntagmatic, and differences resulting from the axis of substitution.The substitutive relationship examines the reason for choosing a word for a phrase, and the associative relationship examines the reason for creating a specific order for the arrangement of words in a phrase. Thus, the substitutive relationship delves into the deeper layers of language, necessitating comparison and analogy since one must examine a word and its synonyms in various texts.The substitutive relationship is based on intertextual and intratextual relations. In this relationship, texts are always interacting with each other (Ostakhrian Haqiqi and Ahsant, 2019: 15). Chandler examines substitutive relationships in three layers: contrastive, analogical, and comparative; and associative relationships in three layers: sequential, spatial, and conceptual (Sajudi, 2019: 52).After Saussure, structuralists who have theorized about translation, including Catford and Nida, believe in the translatability of texts because they argue that what Saussure established are general rules that align with the principle of linguistic systems, and therefore, the substitutive and associative relationships that exist in one language can also be transferred to another language.Saussure specifically, and structuralism in general, hold a view aligned with translatability: "If all natural languages share a level called 'langue,' this is where translation is possible, and therefore, anything that can be expressed in one language can be expressed in another language as well, which means absolute translatability" (Mousavi Razavi, 2018: 562).Given the axes of substitution and association in Saussure's theory, the present article conducts a comparative analysis of the translation of the word "ṣahr" in Surah Al-Furqan, explaining its semantic aspects, synonyms, and related concepts. This word appears in the Quran in this form only once:﴿وَهُوَ الَّذِی خَلَقَ مِنَ الْمَاءِ بَشَرًا فَجَعَلَهُ نَسَبًا وَصِهْرًا وَکَانَ رَبُّکَ قَدِیرًا﴾ (Al-Furqan/54)and once in another form with a different meaning:﴿یُصْهَرُ بِهِ مَا فِی بُطُونِهِمْ وَالْجُلُودُ﴾ (Al-Hajj/20)which, given the semantic difference, does not seem to have the same root.The necessity of this research lies in its structuralist perspective, meticulously examining the axes of substitution and association to analyze and compare the translations of one of the disputed words in the Holy Quran.In this context, the study aims to answer the following questions:How are the different semantic levels and layers of the word "ṣahr" in the Holy Quran formed?With which synonymous words is the concept of "ṣahr" in its Quranic usage associated on the axis of substitution, and how does each synonym change the meaning of the verse?Literature ReviewNumerous articles have been written on the semantics of Quranic vocabulary, including:Akbari and Kabiri, in an article titled "The Semantics of the Word Makr in the Holy Quran" (2018), explained the verses related to this word and concluded that this term in the Quran is used for both good and evil deeds and has synonyms such as deceit, plot, arrogance, treachery, and betrayal.Among the articles addressing the subject of substitution and association are:Zafari et al., in a study titled "Semantic Components of the Word 'Nazul' with Emphasis on the Two Axes of Association and Substitution" (2017), examined the uses and derivatives of this word and its synonyms, concluding that the word has gained semantic breadth through its association with other concepts.Vafaei and Ali Nouri, in a study titled "Artistic Appropriateness in the Two Axes of Association and Substitution in the Poetry of Qaisar Aminpour" (2010), examined the poems of this poet and concluded that Aminpour deliberately chooses words on the axis of substitution to create the greatest semantic and lexical harmony in combination with other elements of speech on the axis of association.Parmehr Yabandeh et al., in a study titled "Semiotic Analysis of the Collection of Posters of the Art of Resistance Festival with Emphasis on the Two Axes of Substitution and Association of Signs" (2022), conducted an analytical-conceptual examination of these posters, concluding that in all the works, when a visual sign metaphorically expresses the concept of revolution and Iran, the understanding of the sign occurs on the axis of substitution, and the arrangement of textual and visual signs is based on the axis of association.Additionally, Mousavi Razavi, in an article titled "An Explanation of What Structuralism Is, Based on the Views of Saussure, Lévi-Strauss, and Propp, and Examining the Traces of Structuralist Thought in Contemporary Translation Theories" (2018), examined the views of structuralists on the translatability or untranslatability of texts and concluded that structuralism believes in the translatability of texts.Upon reviewing the studies related to the subject of the present article, it was found that no research has been conducted on this specific topic, thus indicating the innovation in this study.Research MethodologyTextual AnalysisCollect and analyze interpretive and lexical texts related to the term "صهر"from various sources such as Quranic dictionaries, lexicons, and Quranic commentaries.Examine the usage of the term "صهر" in Arabic poetry before and after the revelation of the Quran and compare it with its usage in the Quran. Collocation AnalysisInvestigate the term "صهر" in collocation with words that appear alongside it in Quranic sentences. This includes analyzing the relationship between the term "صهر" and the term "نسب" in verse 54 of Surah Al-Furqan.Analyze different translations of the Quran and examine how various translators have rendered the term "صهر" in context with other words.Substitution AnalysisAnalyze the substitution axis of the term "صهر" with words that can replace it. For example, substituting the term "صهر" with "بعل" and "الأقربین".Examine the impact of substituting the term "صهر" with other words on the meaning of the sentence and the overall concept of the verse.Comparative AnalysisCompare different translations of the term "صهر" in the Quran and analyze their differences and similarities.Investigate the impact of substitution and collocation relationships on various interpretations of the term "صهر".Linguistic AnalysisExamine linguistic and semantic structures related to the term "صهر" using theories of linguistic semantics.Analyze the phonetic and pronunciation features of the term "صهر" and their impact on meaning.Sources and ReferencesThe Holy Quran and its various translations.Quranic commentaries including Tafsir Al-Mizan, Tafsir Majma' Al-Bayan, and Tafsir Nemooneh.Reputable lexicons such as Lisan Al-Arab, Taj Al-Aroos, and Quranic dictionaries.Articles and books related to semantics and theories of substitution and collocation.Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry and poetry after the revelation of the Quran.ConclusionThe word "sahr" (صهر) appears in the Quran only twice and in two different meanings: as "صِهْرًا" and "یُصْهَرُ." These two uses have no semantic connection and do not seem to share the same root. This paper analyzed the first usage of the word in verse 54 of Surah Al-Furqan and examined its translations based on Saussure’s theory in terms of substitution and collocation. The findings indicate that in terms of collocation, the association with the word "nasab" (نسب) plays a crucial role in the translation of "sahr" because, while one of its main meanings in both Persian and Arabic dictionaries is "kinship" (نسب), its collocation with this word gives it a different meaning. Consequently, translators have adopted various approaches regarding this term, with some translating it as "males" and "females."Although the meaning "son-in-law" for "sahr" is mentioned in several sources, only one out of the ten translations reviewed in this study, namely Fooladvand’s translation, uses this meaning.In terms of substitution, words such as "ba'al" (بعل), "al-aqrabin" (الاقربین), "arham" (ارحام), and "zawj" (زوج) are conceptually and semantically close to "sahr" and are mentioned in the Quran. However, the choice of "sahr" over these synonyms relates to the context of the verse. In the preceding verse, verse 53 of Surah Al-Furqan, Allah mentions: "He is the One who merges the two seas, one fresh and sweet, the other salty and bitter." Therefore, since verse 54 also speaks of water and its division into two opposites, it seems that "sahr" more effectively conveys the concept compared to its synonyms. Additionally, considering the preceding verse, translating "nasab" and "sahr" as opposites may be more accurate.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Yosra Shadman; Fatemeh Akbarizadeh
Abstract
Jean-René Ladmiral, in the field of translation theory with a destination-oriented approach, believes that limiting translation to simple encryption is incorrect and the translator should produce meaning or re-create it. This theoretician has provided solutions such as displacement, disambiguation, ...
Read More
Jean-René Ladmiral, in the field of translation theory with a destination-oriented approach, believes that limiting translation to simple encryption is incorrect and the translator should produce meaning or re-create it. This theoretician has provided solutions such as displacement, disambiguation, addition, etc. This essay presents examples of successful translations according to ladmiral's components and analyzes their success according to the components. Then he mentioned other examples that were not successful according to the components and also stated their lack of success. Finally, the reasons for the strength and weakness of Amiri's translation are shown based on Admiral's theory. The result of the research shows that thetranslator has fully complied with the components of Jean-René Ladmiral in terms of disambiguation and augmentation and has presented a readable and understandable text in the target culture. But in some cases, especially in the examples of displacement and deletion, the translator used the components of the Admiral's model inappropriately and caused damage to the story in the transfer of meaning and rhetoric.Keywords: Translation Evaluation, Ladmiral's Theory, Migration Season to al-Shamal, Tayeb Saleh, Reza Ameri.IntroductionIn this study, among the literary works translated from Arabic to Persian, an excerpt of the novel entitled: "Season of Migration to the North" by Tayyab Saleh has been selected; because some prominent critics, due to the author's special ability in the field of fiction and novels, have made him to be famous as "Elite of Arab storytelling" and introduced him as the successor of the prominent novelist "Najib Mahfouz" (Molavi, 2010: 1). Reza Ameri; An Iranian translator has been assigned to translate this work. Based on the theory of Jean René Ladmiral, this article deals with the re-analysis of Reza Ameri's translation of the novel entitled: "Season of Migration to the North" to identify and examine the translation approach by evaluating the translator's method.Research QuestionsAccording to the solutions provided by Admiral, how did the translator act? Has the translator been able to present a readable and understandable text in the target culture, or has he alienated in the translation?Research ReviewDue to the significance of the novel entitled: "Season of Migration to the North", several works have been published in the review of its literary facets and have put emphasis on this novel in terms of story elements and post-colonial content. However, no research has been yet conducted in the field of criticism of the Persian translation of this work. The Persian translation of this work has been reviewed for the first time in Iran. Since this study evaluates the translation with Ladmiral's and Berman's approach, the researches related to this approach to the mentioned novel.The article entitled: "Research of Abdul Latif Tsoji's translation of the fundamental story of One Thousand and One Nights" based on the approach of JeanRené Ladmiral" (2015), written by Shahram Delshad, Seyyed Mehdi Masbouq, and Salahuddin Abdi. This article attempted to criticize Tasouji translation of the story "One Thousand and One Nights" based on Admiral' applied theory and evaluate the translator's performance in the context of the source text. The authors in this article accepted the principle as the most proper method for translating the book: "One Thousand and One Nights" is a goal-oriented and free method, and considered the Admiral's theory to be the most compatible with this principle.The article "Confrontational examination of the process of elimination or entropy in Persian translations of One Thousand and One Nights" (2015), written by Shahram Delshad. The article evaluated the elimination component, which is one of the components of the Admiral's model, in three categories of expression of love states, translation of Islamic Arabic poems, and signs in Persian translations of "Alif Laila and Laila". This study examined the Persian translations of the work only by analyzing the elimination theorem in three different aspects.The article "Evaluation of the translation process of Nahj al-Balagheh words based on Admiral's theory" (2016), written by Ali Sayadani and Siamak Asgharpour, examined various methods of interaction with Nahj al-Balaghah lexicons in translation, and also evaluated Ali Shirvani's performance in translating Nahj al-Balaghah concepts. The findings of the study showed that based on Admiral's components, the translator's approach is destination-oriented in some parts of the translation and origin-oriented in another part, and despite adhering to the vocabulary of the source language, he has also focused on conveying the textual message.The article "Criticism of the novel: Seasons of Migration to the North, based on the components of the modern novel" (2019), written by Ali Akbar Nursaideh and Parviz Jahanshahlou, analyzed the components of modernism such as lyricism, passing of time, different viewpoints, blending of reality with imagination, etc. The findings indicate that the components of poetry and time-lapse are among the most prominent indicators of modernism in this novel and are more prominent than the other components. Of course, this is due to the specific content and context of the novel.A study entitled: "Analytical study of the novel: Season of Migration to the North" by Tayyeb Saleh and its translations from Arabic to English by Donis Johnson Defis" (2017), written by Abdul Hamid Alili was defended at the University of Algiers, in which the author analyzed the English translation of the novel, and is mostly seeking the answer to whether it is possible to get help from literal translation to the literary translation, or not. Institutionalizing coherent theories such as Admiral's theory in the translation of literary texts leads to higher coherence of the translation. Its application in a wider sense is the main purpose of this study and also it is the main difference between the present study and the other mentioned researches.Research MethodologyThe propose study deals with the descriptive-analytical method and through library tools, aims to to re-analyze Reza Ameri's translation of the novel "Migration Season to the North" by Tayeb Saleh, relying on Jean René Ladmiral’s approach. Accordingly; some instances of translations aligned with Admiral's components have been presented and their success has been analyzed and reviewed according to the components, and the other instances which were not successful accordingly are mentioned, as well. Finally, the reasons for the strength and weakness of Ameri’s translation are presented based on Admiral's theory.ConclusionTo sum up, the translator has looked for localization by putting emphasis upon destination orientation, and despite adhering to the vocabulary of the source language; has also focused on conveying the concept and textual message. The result of the study reveals that the translator has completely agreed with Admiral's components in some concepts such as "disambiguation", "adjunction", and "redundancy" and has provided a readable and understandable text in the target culture. However, under some tops such as "displacement" and "the translator’ freedom of choice", sometimes the components of the Admiral's approach have not been seen and it has caused damage to the story in the meaning and rhetoric transfer. Finally, according to the statistics taken from the 24 samples of Tayeb Saleh's text, 3 of the translations were no in line with Admiral's approach of components.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Hesam Hajmomen Sichani
Abstract
With an emphasis on the requirement for having an applied attitude toward the translation education, the present study tries to pass over abstract scope of the grammatical comparisons between the Persian and Arabic languages and examines that structures of the linking clauses with the verb “AST” ...
Read More
With an emphasis on the requirement for having an applied attitude toward the translation education, the present study tries to pass over abstract scope of the grammatical comparisons between the Persian and Arabic languages and examines that structures of the linking clauses with the verb “AST” are equivalent with which structures in Arabic, having a text-based attitude toward translation from Persian into Arabic for patterning the applied methods for such an equivalence by analyzing relationships between structures of this kind of clause in Persian and its equivalent structures in Arabic. The theoretical support for this study is the theory proposed by J. C.Catford from the applied linguistics viewpoint that offers an applied method for analyzing the equivalence between structures of these two languages by bringing two concepts of “Formal Correspondence” and “Textual Equivalence”. This study is conducted using an analytical-descriptive method, focusing on “Today’s Iranian Poetry” book (Persian text with Arabic translation) and it finally attains six applied patterns in translation of linking clause structures with the verb “AST” into Arabic, including: (1) The grammatical aspect of the links in Arabic and its correspondent with the verb “AST” in Persian; (2) Verbal aspect of the links in Arabic and its correspondent with the verb “AST” in Persian; (3) Verbal aspect of the links in Arabic and its correspondent with the verb “AST” and another element of the Persian clause; (4) The correspondent Arabic vocabulary group with the linking clause with the verb “AST”; (5) The cliché styles and idiomatic interpretation in Arabic which is correspondent with the linking clause with the verb “AST”; (6) Changing the expression method in Arabic in an equivalence with the linking clause with the verb “AST”.Keywords: Linking Clause; The Verb “AST”; Translation into Arabic; Formal Correspondence; Textual Equivalence; Catford.IntroductionOne of the most important areas that affects the written translation from Persian into Arabic is the comparative studies between the grammars of these two languages that shows the grammatical correspondences between their structures. But the applied attitude toward the translation shows that the textual equivalence is farbeyond the grammatical correspondences of these two languages because a semantic structure from the language of origin may be equalize with various semantic structures in the language of destination. Therefore, the applied attitude toward translation education requires that references for education of translation from Persian into Arabic show that translators actually use what structures in Arabic language in order to equalize a Persian grammatical structure.This analysis methodology finds its theoretical support in J. C. Catford’s Translation Theory from the applied linguistics viewpoint that, setting forth the “Formal Correspondence” and “Textual Equivalence” duality, argues that we shot go far beyond the formal correspondences between two languages and extract the applied patterns translation by examining actual equivalents from the texts of origin and translation in order to analyze the equivalence in translation.In this respect, the present study focuses on the linking clause with the verb “AST” as one of the most used clause structures in Persian language and tries to determine what applied structures exist to equalize this kinds of Persian clause in translation into Arabic. The study’s samples are taken from “Today’s Iranian Poetry” (2005), abilingual book, which is translated by MousaAswar and published by the Academy of Persian Language and Literature.Thus, examining the said work, this study attempts two answer this question: Which applied patterns exist in Arabic for equalizing the linking clause with the verb “AST”?The hypothesis of this study is that, beyond results obtained from the comparative grammars, the said equivalences have variousapplications that may be actually determined by referring to translations from Persian texts into Arabic.History of the StudyAlthough the author has found no independent research in the area of this subject, some references for grammatical comparison between Arabic and Persian or references for translation education have implications to this subject. For example, for example, Tabiban in “Grammatical Equivalents in Arabic and Persian” (152: 2008) and Helmi in “Comparison between Arabic and Persian Grammars” (78: 1992) have analyzed the grammatical relationship between the linking clause in Persian and noun clause in Arabic. In some sources for translation education, it is set forth that the linking verb “AST” has no equivalent in Arabic; for example, Marouf in “Translation Technique” (236: 2007); Zarkoub in “New Methodology for Translation Technique” (106: 1999); Fatehinezhad&Farzaneh in Translation Methods” (30: 1998). But some authors have directly or indirectly implied that we may use a verb for translation of a linking clause with the verb “AST” into Arabic. For example, Asoudi in “Translation Technique and Applied Translation into Arabic” (39, 37: 2017); Asghari in “A New Approach Toward Translation from Arabic” (69: 2016) and Tahmasbinezhad&Naghizadeh in “Workshop for Translation into Arabic” (150: 2020).Research MethodologyThis study is conducted using analytical-descriptive methodology. Using this method, all linking clauses with the verb “AST” in thePersian text are extracted together with their equivalent in the Arabic translation and patterns ruling on relationships between samples are described and finally a set of applied patterns are explained for translating this type of Persian sentence into Arabic.ConclusionFor equalizing the linking clause with the verb “AST” in Arabic, there are six applied patters:Using Arabic clauses in which the links are obtained from grammatical relationship between subject and predicate without any verb in the sentence.Using Arabic clauses in which the link is attained through a verb and the verb simulates the relationship established by “AST” between the subject and predicate in the Persian sentence;Using Arabic clauses in which links are established through a verb and the verb is chosen from the Persian clause based on meaning of an element and at the same time the element and verb “AST” is used as a correspondent.Transforming the Persian linking clause from a sentence and diminishing it to an Arabic phrase which is used as a structure in another clause.Using prevalent cliché styles or idiomatic interpretations in Arabic that impose the specific grammatical structure to the Arabic clause with no correspondent grammatical relationships between their elements with the Persian linking clause’s elements. Expressing concept of the Persian linking clause in form of an Arabic clause which is its equivalent semantically but it is different in terms of method of expression and type of phrasing.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Seyed Mahdi Hosseini; Seyed Hossein Seyedi
Abstract
from 1976 Simultaneously with inventing of the cohesion theory from Michael Halliday and Ruqaiya hasan it became the basis of many discourse analysis researches. on the other hand, the Holy Quran as a revelatory text had been a refrence for linguistics investigations for centuries and according to the ...
Read More
from 1976 Simultaneously with inventing of the cohesion theory from Michael Halliday and Ruqaiya hasan it became the basis of many discourse analysis researches. on the other hand, the Holy Quran as a revelatory text had been a refrence for linguistics investigations for centuries and according to the old and contemporary Quran scholars “one of the best points of Quran is a kind of cohesion in a diffrent layers of it's texture” insofar the Quran scholars considered the smartly dicipline and the wonderful arrangement of the Quranic phrases besides the great content and eloquence of words between the miraculous aspects of Quran. one of the indications of cohesion is conjuctions cohesion that speaks from the conjuctions role in creating cohesion between phrases near the grammatical and lexical cohesion. Halliday and Hasan devided the cohesion's devices in four types: additive, contrasting, casual and time. there are so many cases of conjuctions in Quran but the important matter and the subject of this article is the quality of rebuilding this conjuctions in persian. for this purpose, at first, we described the basics of cohesion especially conjuction cohesion and conjuction cohesion in the Quran. then the situations of conjuctions in a selection verses of the Quran be checked and finally, we critisized the translators functions.The examined translations include Fouladvand, Khorramshahi and Makarem Shirazi’s translation. Based on the research findings, the importance of conjuction cohesion device is undeniable and duo to lack of this usage, there are several mistakes in translators functions during the diagnosing, Consequently translating the conjuctions.Keywords: Holy Quran, Pathology of Translation, Conjuction Cohesion, Conjuctions.IntroductionHoly Quran translation with the help of linguistics therories present a stability to the translation. With adventing of modern linguistics theories, the translation get a scientic and specialite frame and these theories donate a systematic frame to the translation, that began with functional systematic theory.Conjuction cohesion as a conherence device has a high frequency in making connection between Quranic phrarses and verses. In the other word, conjuction cohesion is organizing the varied phrases of the text in a consistent shape, But the important matter is that because of varied uses and meanings of conjuctions in Arabic it should be a linguistic classification to help translators in finding the correct equivalent of them. It’s happen for the first time by Michael Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan that they grouped the conjuctions in additive, contrasting, casual and time.Because of translator’s old approaches they mostly don’t pay attention to the linguistics advices and they just focus on the syntax points of the text, especially in translation of conjuctions. This reaserch believe and want to prove that cohesion conjuction can present a helpful tool in finding the best meaning of the conjuctions between the phrarses. In this article we also choosed two cases: Fouladvand and Makarem Shirazi as non-literary translations and a case Khorramshahi as a literary translation to evaluate the function of both approaches in translation.Literature ReviewThere are several researches about cohesion theory and it’s usage in various text and the Holy Quran has been the basis of these researches several times and we can mention to the following studies: “Aesthetics Analysis of the Verses of the Holy Quran based on the Device of Cohesion and Coherence: A case study of some of the special of Surahs of Resurrection” by Ghasem Mokhtari and Mehrangiz Khodabakhshnezhad (1397) “Cohesive Devices in the Surah of Noah” by Yunus Valiei and his colleagues (1395) “Cohesion Factors in Surah Al-Muzzammil Based on the Halliday and Hassan's Theory” by Ezzat Molla Ebrahimi and Zahra Rezaee (1399) And other articles that studied the cohesion conjuctions under the general topic of cohesion, but in none of them, conjuction cohesion has been investigated in a especialized way. In “The application of connective coherence in the analysis of conflicting cases of commentators of the Holy Quran” by mojtaba Torkashvand and his colleagues (1402) The conjuction cohesion was the base of the research But in this article, the topic of translation is not be mentioned.Just in “A comparative study of elements of textual coherence in Surah Al-NAS” by Gholam Hasan Ouraki and Alkhas Veisi the transliteration of the surah has also been noticed, but considering the shortness of the surah, an acceptable volume of cohesion conjuction is not visible.Therefore, this is the first time that the function of Quran translators in translating Quranic conjuctions is investigated based on the conjuction cohesion.Reaserch MethodologyAt first, the study was done with the analytical- descriptive method. For this, we described the basics of cohesion especially conjuction cohesion and conjuction cohesion in the Quran. then the situations of conjuctions in a selection verses of the Quran be checked and finally and in critical method we analyzed the translations. ConclusionsAccording to the research data, it is evident that in the translation of a conjunction, in addition to knowing its position in Arabic syntax, it is also necessary to use the conjuction cohesion tool Because in many cases, translating a conjuction by means of its equivalent in the target language cannot correctly express its meaning. The reason of it, is that these means are based on syntactic, and in these divisions, although the base of the signification of the conjuction is correctly stated, sometimes, in the second layer, there are more significations that the syntax didn’t include it. Therefore, in these cases, the translator must look for a different a suitable substitute according to the contex of the verse. Finally, based on the analyzes and in response to the questions of the study, we reached the following conclusions: 1- conjuction cohesion by providing an acceptable system for organizing the conjuctions, presented a suitable tool to the translators of the Holy Quran. As a result, the usage of conjuction cohesion tool can be beneficial for analyzing the phrase and selecting the correct equivalent for Quranic cunjuctions.2- In choosing the suitable equivalent for a conjuction, paying attention to the context of the sentence and the syntactic and expressive features has an important role.3- In order to find the exact position of a conjuction in the conjuction cohesion categories, it is necessary to searching in the interpretation and logical analysis of the relation between the verses. 4- Despite that we cant consider the translators defeated in translating the conjuctions, but due to the lack of their discourse analysis knowledge, there are some mistakes in the their translating of conjuctions and this is undoubtedly one of the disadvantages of the Quran translation process.5- Also, the mentioned point is one of the disadvantages of both literary and non-literary approaches in translation of Quran, and there is no difference between them in this matter.6- In the examples of the "Vav", all of the recognitions from the translators was completely incorrect.7- In the examples of the “Fa”, except in one case (YUNUS:12) from Makarem Shirazi, the rest of the translations were incorrect. 8-In the examples of the “Somma”, Khorramshahi in one case (ISRA: 68) and Foladvand in one case (YUNUS: 71) have made a correct diagnosis.9- In the example of the "Lam", the translators didn't succeed in identifying the corrrect meaning of this conjuction.10- In the translation of the two conjuctions "Vav and Fa", in addition to the conventional meaning, the contrasting meaning has a higher frequency.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Fatemeh Savari; Naeem Amouri
Abstract
Criticism and evaluation of translation is one of the most important fields of study, which measures and recognizes the quality level of translated texts. This evaluation requires linguistic researches of prominent theorists. One of the most important linguistic models introduced and known is the translation ...
Read More
Criticism and evaluation of translation is one of the most important fields of study, which measures and recognizes the quality level of translated texts. This evaluation requires linguistic researches of prominent theorists. One of the most important linguistic models introduced and known is the translation model of Mrs. "Carmen Garces". The present research, with a descriptive-analytical method, aims to investigate and evaluate the novel "Fi Qalbi Anthi Ibriya" by Khawla Hamdi translated by Ms. Asmaa Khajazadeh, using the model proposed by Carmen Garces as a measure and model for evaluating the quality of translation. Ms. Carmen Garces proposes four levels for measuring and evaluating translations, which are: 1- semantic-lexical level; 2- syntactic-word-building (morphological) level; 3- Discursive-applicative level; 4- Stylistic-semantic level.The current study examines only two levels of semantic-lexical and syntactic-lexical construction. Then it deduces that: the most prominent components of semantic-lexical levels in this translation are cultural or functional equivalents, syntactic expansion, syntactic contraction, ambiguity, and in the same proportion general or vice versa, and at the syntactic-lexical level, the most prominent components are literal translation, adaptation, changing syntactically or grammatically, changing the point of view, explaining or expanding the meaning, reducing and eliminating which change the type of sentence in translation.The adequacy and acceptability of a translation is based on counting its positive and negative features. Therefore the higher the number of positive features of the translated text, the higher is its adequacy and acceptability. It can be said that Khawajazadeh's translation conforms to the model of Garces and it has good adequacy and acceptability.Keywords: Criticism, Translation, Carmen Garces,Khawla Hamdi,In My Heart A Hebrew Gir.IntroductionToday, criticism and evaluation of translation has a special place among researchers. The analysis and evaluation of translation plays an important role in improving the quality of translated texts, and with a criterion-oriented view, it analyzes and evaluates the weaknesses and shortcomings in the translation, including reductions, increases and deletions of taste and without logical reasoning. Researchers in the field of translation studies have tried to provide criteria for evaluating and measuring the quality of translated texts. This issue makes the negative reactions to criticism and evaluation of translations to be at their lowest level and criticism is institutionalized in the scientific and academic community and among the owners of the translated works. One of the most prominent criteria and methods presented by theorists and experts in the field of translation studies is the model of Carmen Valero Garces (1994). In order to compare the similarities between two source and destination texts, Garces proposes four levels of analysis to evaluate the translation, which, according to him, sometimes overlap.Research ReviewA: Researches that have considered the evaluation of translation from Arabic to Persian based on the Garces model:- Syedani Ali et al. (2016), in the article "Criticism and analysis of the Persian translation of the novel "Heart of Al-Lil" with the title "Del Shab" based on the model of Garces" Kazem Al-Yasin's translation of the novel "Heart of Al-Lil" based on the four levels of the theory of Mrs. Carmen Garces has been investigated. The authors have come to the conclusion that Al Yassin's translation has been more successful and acceptable in two semantic-lexical and syntactic-morphological levels than the other two levels.- Sepasfar (2017), in a thesis entitled "Criticism of the translations of Abdurrahman Manif's Middle Eastern novel based on the Garces evaluation model", has criticized the quality of these translations using the Garces model.B: Researches that have analyzed Persian to Arabic translation using the Garces model:- Motaghizadeh, Issa and Seyyed Alaanqizadeh (2016) in a research entitled "Evaluation of the translation of Persian literary texts into Arabic based on Carmen Garces model (the message of the leader of the revolution on the occasion of Hajj season 2015 for example) Garces translation evaluation model in the translation of Arabic texts have been explored Although the objective example of the authors is only one Arabic text, they have generalized their results to Arabic texts and have reached results, including: cultural differences and appropriate equivalence based on these differences is one of the important challenges facing translators.C: Researches that have investigated different translations of the Holy Quran and evaluated them based on the Garces model:- Rahimi Khoygani, Mohammad (2016) in the article "Lexical criticism of Musavi Garmarudi's translation of the Holy Qur'an (based on the semantic-lexical level of Garces)" based on one of the levels of the Garces model, he evaluated Garmarudi's translation of the Holy Qur'an and the cases that It can be measured by using the Garces model in the mentioned translation, which is listed in detail in his article.- Anuri (2016) in a dissertation entitled "Criticism of the translation of verbally similar verses in the stories of the Holy Quran based on the approach of Carmen Garces", he extracted the translation of examples of similar words in the stories of the Holy Quran and based on the approach of Garces, he came to the conclusion that the translation These verses have the level of acceptability and sufficiency. Research MethodologyWith the help of the descriptive-analytical method, the present research has compared a part of the original text of the novel "Fei Kaalbi Anthi Ibriya" with the translated text of "That Jewish Girl" by Mrs. Asma Khajezadeh based on the perspective and index of the Garces model, and the source text And the destination has been investigated and evaluated by applying the two levels of semantic-lexical and syntactic-word-formation of Garces's four-level model in order to analyze the amount of reflection of the original text in the translated text.ConclusionAfter examining and criticizing the translation of the book based on two levels of semantic-lexical and syntactic-lexical level of Garces four-level theory, the following results were obtained:The most prominent components of the semantic-lexical levels in the translation of the novel "In the Heart of a Hebrew Woman" are cultural or functional equivalents, syntactic expansion, syntactic contraction, specific versus general or vice versa, and ambiguity.At the syntactic-lexical level, the most prominent components are literal translation, adaptation, syntactic change or grammar, change of perspective, explanation or expansion of meaning, reduction and deletion, and change of sentence type in translation.Cultural equivalence, syntactic expansion, specific versus general or vice versa in the Garces model are among the positive features of a translation at the semantic-lexical level, and syntactic complexity and ambiguity are among the negative features of a translation. Based on the Garces model, at the syntactic-lexical level, literal translation is one of the negative characteristics of a translation, and six characteristics of syntactic change, adaptation, change of perspective, expansion of meaning, reduction and deletion, and change of sentence type are evaluated in positive translation.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Nikoo Nikrah; Alireza Nazari; Ali Asghar Shahbazi
Abstract
Abstract Translation is the process of transferring linguistic data in many literary texts, especially fictional works, due to the existence of various specific cultural elements of the source culture, it acts as a bridge for cultural interactions and their ability to select the correct or more correct ...
Read More
Abstract Translation is the process of transferring linguistic data in many literary texts, especially fictional works, due to the existence of various specific cultural elements of the source culture, it acts as a bridge for cultural interactions and their ability to select the correct or more correct equivalent in the target text can be considered as a factor in assessing the success or failure of the translator. Newmark, more than other theorists, was aware of the importance of this issue and, in addition to categorizing concepts, provided solutions for replacing cultural elements. The novel "Safar" by Mahmoud Dowlatabadi, with its internal content and narrative movement within the framework of traditional Iranian culture, encompasses all the cultural elements that Newmark considers, and the translator of this work into Arabic has faced multiple challenges in this regard. This article, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on Newmark's theory, attempts to analyze and criticize the translator's selection of cultural elements and to evaluate and even perform a stylistic analysis of the translator's performance in using Newmark's solutions. The results show that the most frequent cultural elements were related to material culture and proverbs, and the translator used a combination of more strategies than other methods in translating cultural elements. It can be said that the reason for the translator's frequent use of this method is the large number of some cultural concepts, including material culture and proverbs, and also to eliminate ambiguity and provide explanations in footnotes for better familiarity of Arabic-speaking audiences.Keywords: Arabic Translation, Cultural Elements, The novel “Safar”, Mahmoud Dowlatabadi, Salim Hamdan.IntroductionTranslation is generally defined as the transferring of data and information from one natural language to another natural language; But in fact, it is a bridge of communication between two cultures that is created with the tool of language; Therefore, the act of translation,both as a product and as a process, has always been the focus oftheorists in various fields of linguistics and other sciences related to linguistics, and each of them from their own perspective and the goals for translationconsiders and analyzes it. But the experience of the last few decades in the field of translation studies, which is being studied, taught and criticized by the world's leading theoreticians, who are currently in the universities and scientific institutions of the world, shows that with the development of views and theories Many, especially considering the introduction of translation in the topics of artificial intelligence or vice versa, maybe translation will become a machine thing that can save humans from its labors. However, when we face translation as a bridge to transfer culture and its numerous and diverse elements, we believe translation as a challenging matter more than ever.Among the numerous theorists of the 20th century who have presented theories about translation, its types and solutions, we must give a special place to "Peter Newmark" who delicately explained the importance of cultural elements in the matter of translation and the challenges and The attractiveness of choosing equivalents of these often unique elements in the target culture showed special attention and in addition to categorizing these elements, it offers several solutions to the translators in facing these challenging elements; He divided cultural categories into five categories and presented seventeen solutions in the field of translating cultural elements, which briefly include: transference method, naturalization, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, synonymy, through translation, compensation, reduction and expansion, couplet, etc. (Newmark, 1382: 103-117) Also, Newmark believes that the most important issue to be investigated in translation criticism is the quality or the amount of semantic defects of the translation. In addition, the translation should be examined as an independent writing from the original text, and in the next step, it should be addressed to what extent the translator has preserved the personal style of the original text. (Newmark, 1382: 245) Therefore, his theory is a translation training class before being a theory. In such a way that it can be inferred that the translator must master the cultural background of two languages before getting to know and master the source and destination languages. These cultural differences are more prominent in fiction, especially in Persian and Arabic literature, which deals with traditional topics and rural and somewhat ancient society.Among the Persian novels, the novel "Safar" by Mahmoud Dowlatabadi is one of such texts, whose translation into any language is challenging and troublesome for the translator. This challenge will not come from its various cultural elements. Therefore, in this article, an attempt will be made to criticize and analyze the equivalent choices of the translator of this work in the Arabic translation with descriptive-analytical method, and through this analysis, the following questions will be answered, which are the most frequent cultural elements. Which are in this work? According to Newmark's theory, which strategies did the translator use more than others in transferring cultural elements? And what is the reason for this type of exploitation?According to the mentioned questions, in order to reach the answer, we will first categorize the cultural categories of the novel and then we will criticize and analyze the performance of the translator while fully examining the equivalent of these elements by citing evidence and examples. Literature ReviewAlthough the Arabic translation of the novel "Safar" has never been the subject of an article about translation from Newmark's point of view, this approach has been examined on various works in two languages, including the following:The article "Exploration of the Arabic translation of the cultural components of the novel The Buyer of Love based on Newmark's theory" by Salimi et al. (1400) in the Quarterly Journal of Translation Research in Arabic Language and Literature is the title of another study whose results show that the dominant method In the translation of the cultural component of ecology, the translator is "transferring the word and localizing it" and in addition to using the cultural equivalent method and literal translation, he has also used the transfer method.The article "Arabic translation of the cultural categories of the Persian story Shakar is by Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh based on Newmark's approach" by Rahimi Khoygani (2016) in the Quarterly Journal of Translation Research in Arabic Language and Literature is a research title that shows some of its results. It means that the translator has provided a culturally equivalent solution and an audience-oriented translation.Rabiei et al. (2018), in a research entitled "Equivalence of Iranian folklore categories: a case study of the Arabic translation of Nun and Al Qalam by Jalal Al Ahmad", while enumerating the strategies of translating cultural elements from Newmark's point of view, most of the methods The use of a translator is considered a cultural equivalent and a descriptive equivalent. Gerji et al. (2019) in a research titled "Criticism of the translation of the cultural elements of the book "Tezkri" based on similes and allusions", by applying the Newmark model, believe that the translator has succeeded by using the functional equivalent method. .The article "Challenges of translatability of cultural elements in Najib Mahfouz's Al-Lass and Al-Kalab novels: a comparison of two translations based on Newmark's theoretical framework" written by Roshanfekr et al. Some of the novels of Al-Las and Al-Kalab have been discussed; the results indicate that the fusion method is one of the most successful methods for translating elements of Arabic culture into Persian.Esmaili and Shahbazi (1402) in a research entitled "Reviewing the Arabic translation of the cultural elements of the school principal's story based on Newmark's theory" believe that functional equivalents and the explanation of the concept of cultural elements in translation are the dominant and frequent approach of the translator, and the translator tries to use the text Make the story closer to the target language.Research MethodologyThe method of data collection in this library research and the data processing method will be descriptive-analytical in such a way that with the method of total induction, all the cultural elements in the novel will be extracted and quantified according to Newmark's classification, and all The data categorized based on all Newmark's strategies in the translation of cultural elements are examined, analyzed, and frequency based on the strategies so that the research result fully covers both aspects of this theory. Then, based on the importance and frequency of each category of elements and solutions, examples of the analysis of the translator's method in translating cultural elements will be mentioned as examples. The result of the research will be based on the calculation of all elements.ConclusionIn this research, while categorizing cultural categories, the methods used by translators in translating travel novels were investigated.- Out of the total of 83 cultural elements extracted from the novel "Safar", 38 items are related to material culture, 2 items are related to social culture, 4 items are related to customs, 3 items are related to gestures and habits, 3 items are related to currency units. 19 cases are related to proverbs, 11 cases are related to colloquial terms and 3 cases are related to titles.- The translator of the novel "Safar" in the translation of cultural elements, 42 times by the couplet method, 10 times by the cultural equivalent method, 7 times by the literal method, 5 times by the functional equivalent method, 5 times by the transference method, 5 times by the descriptive equivalent method, In 4 cases of incorrect equivalence, he used the synonymy method 2 times, the through translation method 2 times and the modulation method 1 time. Also, the results show that the translator of the novel "Safar" used the couplet method more than other methods and by 1/50%. Also, 0/12% of the cultural equivalent method is more than other methods, and 4/8% literal 0/6% functional equivalent, 0/6% transfer, 0/6% descriptive equivalent, 8/4% incorrect equivalence, 4/2% synonym, 4/2% through translation. Has used vector and 2/1% modulation. Cases such as synonyms, through translation, and modulation show the least amount of use of these methods by the translator in translation. - The extensive use of the synthesis method in the translation of the novel "Safar" shows that the translator tried to provide an understandable translation by applying this method, as well as a basis for the Arab-speaking audience to become more familiar with Iranian culture and better understand the meaning. Provide the author. Also, due to the fact that items such as proverbs and names of cities and cultural materials and products, respectively, have the largest number among the extracted samples, and this has caused the translator to use the integrated approach more.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Zahra Salimi; Narges Ansari; Seyed Mohammad Mirhosseini
Abstract
Lawrence Venotti's theory is one of the prominent theories presented in the field of fluent translation. He evaluates the translator's presence in the text by raising the duality of localization and alienation. According to him, localization strategy is done with the aim of preventing the entry of another ...
Read More
Lawrence Venotti's theory is one of the prominent theories presented in the field of fluent translation. He evaluates the translator's presence in the text by raising the duality of localization and alienation. According to him, localization strategy is done with the aim of preventing the entry of another culture, and alienation is done in order to familiarize the audience with the values and culture of other nations. Investigating and analyzing the cultural components in the Arabic translation of Muhammad Alauddin Mansour from the Persian novel Soraya in Aghma by Ismail Fasih based on the theory of the translator's presence, based on the strategies of defamiliarization and de-estrangement, is the goal of this research by applying the descriptive-analytical method. has taken into account. In this article, the authors have first extracted the cultural elements and then matched them with the Arabic translation of the current novel in order to determine the audience's tendency towards the two strategies proposed by Venoti. The obtained results show that the translator has preserved the cultural values of the source text and due to the dominance of the defamiliarization method over the defamiliarization method in this translation, a fluent and comprehensive text has not been presented because the terms and interpretations without receiving the existing cultural load word for word or it has been transferred with a close equivalent to the source text, which is ultimately caused by the translator not knowing the culture and the source text correctly.Keywords: Cultural Components, Translation, Soraya Dar Ighma, Lawrence Venotti, Alienation, Localization.IntroductionThe translation of cultural elements is one of the most difficult parts of translation because the translator, in addition to the meaning of the words, must convey the cultural concepts contained in the phrases to the reader; Specialists in translation studies have proposed various methods to convey cultural aspects. In the meantime, Lawrence Venotti discusses the two methods of indigenization and alienation in transferring the cultural burden of the source text, and considers thetranslator's approach to the text as alienation toward the source cultureand indigenization toward the destination culture. The present novel examines the situation in Iran after the Islamic revolution and the events caused by the imposed war between Iran and Iraq, and the author also recounts the behavior of intellectuals outside of Iran. After reading this novel, the author was eager to read the Arabic text of this novel, which generally portrays Iran's culture during the war. To review how successful the translator has been in transferring Iranian culture and beliefs to the target text. Therefore, according to this content, the upcoming article is based on the classification of the cultural elements of the translation of the cultural aspects of the novel "Soriya Dar Aghama" written by Ismail Fasih, which was translated into Arabic by Mohammad Alauddin Mansour, based on the dual defamiliarization and defamiliarization. Lawrence Venotti to study.Research Questions- How successful is the translator in transferring the cultural values and semantic aspects of the source text based on Lawrence Venotti's theory?- How is the presence of the translator in the translation of the present novel based on Venotti's theory?Literature ReviewSo far, many researches have been conducted in the field of examining the cultural components and values of texts. This research also aims to study the cultural components based on Lawrence Venotti's dual theory, so at the beginning, related researches in this field will be mentioned: Mir Mohammad Khadim Nabi (2016) in the article "Lawrence Venotti" (Translator's Quarterly, Year 24, No. 58) believes that many equate Venotti's dual theory with Newmark's theory of semantic translation and communicative translation or Eugene Naida's dual dynamic balance and formal balance. Therefore, the duality of defamiliarization and defamiliarization has also been proposed before Venotti.In an article entitled "grammatical-semantic anomalies from the point of view of Lawrence Venotti in relation to the two translations of Mahdi Sarhadhi and Musa Aswar of the novel Isa Ibn al-Ansans" (1400), Syedani Ali et al. investigated the defamiliarization and defamiliarization component of Venotti's theory in two translations of the novel Isa. Ibn al-Insan has analyzed and compared the two considered translations, the destination-oriented and the origin-oriented of each of the translators.The master's degree Arabic thesis by Khaira Mohoush entitled "Translation of the cultural dimension in the context of the strategy of immigration and foreignization, a comparative study" (2016) is another research in which the author examines the cultural identity of an English novel based on the translation of two translators, based on the dualistic theory of Venoti. Has investigated and determined the benefit of both translators from the method of defamiliarization and defamiliarization, the author believes that although translation seems to be a simple task at the beginning, but due to the cultural burden, it is a complex matter and requires careful examination. Research MethodologyThe research method in this research is like other humanities researches in the form of a library, in fact, the research method of this research is based on descriptive and analytical methods.ConclusionChoosing an equivalent close to the terms of the source text and preserving the vocabulary of the source text in the target text due to the lack of an equivalent in the target text are the factors that caused the translator to prefer preserving the cultural identity of the source text to providing an accurate and clear translation; In transferring the cultural burden of the source text, the translator has not benefited from the method of explanation, whether in the form of intertext or footnotes, and in translating proverbs and interpretations, he has taken into account the literal translation method, which is difficult for the audience to understand. In other words, the translator is absent in this text and it is the author's voice that is seen among the target text and portrays expressions and concepts of another culture that the audience is confused in understanding and receiving.That is, the translator has expressed the signs of the author's identity in the target text despite the contradiction with his own cultural identity, and has conveyed all the details that the author has expressed about the customs and traditions of the Iranian people to the audience, and in general, his translation is a mirror that reflects the Iranian culture. It reflects in the political, historical, and literary dimensions, and finally, the translator's attention to the values and concepts of the source text shows his attention to Venotti's theory of defamiliarization.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Vali Baharvand; Mina Hasouni Nejad; Javad Karkhaneh
Abstract
Translation can be used to connect the ideas and beliefs of people in two cultures. From time to time, Mankind has been aware of the words, deeds and achievements of other lands through translation, and hereby, he has fertilized his vision and attitude. One of the most prominent translation theories ...
Read More
Translation can be used to connect the ideas and beliefs of people in two cultures. From time to time, Mankind has been aware of the words, deeds and achievements of other lands through translation, and hereby, he has fertilized his vision and attitude. One of the most prominent translation theories that deals with measuring the qualitative level of translated text in literature and covers four different levels is the Carman Garces' theory (1994). This research, which is descriptive-analytical, aims to evaluate the Arabic translation of Iman Saleh from the book "Those 23 People" written by Ahmad Yusefzadeh on the basis of the Lexical-Semantic level of the translation model by Carman Garces, and to examine its superiorities and characteristics. The research shows that in this translation, the syntactic expantion appears in the coverage of figures like an added adverb, added adjective. In addition, the syntactic reduction emerged in the concepts like the deletion of adjective, object, verb and adverb. It also shows that the translator has narrowed the word circle by using the tools such as deleting the adjective in the general process versus the particular, and applying the techniques like expressing the kind alongside the gender in the particular process versus the general. Another finding of this study is that it attributed the positive characteristics of the remarkable part in this translation to it, Furthermore, this translation pocesses the adequacy and acceptability, causing the reader’s satisfaction.Keywords: Translation Study, The book Those 23 People, Carman Garces, Lexical-Semantic Level.IntroductionTranslation can be considered a beneficial endeavor in the direction of overcoming linguistic barriers between different nations. Although this phenomenon has been an important tool for the transmission of thought throughout history, the abundance of words and expressions in different cultures has always been one of the fundamental challenges facing translators. It can be clearly stated that the translator is a bridge of communication between people who do not share the same culture. In other words, he plays the role of a cultural mediator between different civilizations. Translation is an indispensable human necessity, because no nation, no matter how much it has achieved in terms of progress and culture, can dispense with the universal human heritage by relying solely on its own unique heritage.The need for translation has existed throughout history and across various cultures, manifesting in diverse forms. The efforts of translators to bridge linguistic barriers for audiences within the same culture have always been commendable. Examining and evaluating the work of other translators is a fundamental aspect of developing one's own skills and acquiring experience and expertise. In the process of rendering a text, translators often encounter phenomena such as augmentation, reduction, and other modifications, which serve as indicators of the translation's strength or weakness. Today, translation studies can be considered an interdisciplinary field that goes beyond merely do not assessing the accuracy or inaccuracy of a translation. Therefore, translation criticism, as a widely used field of translation studies, operates in all textual and extra-literary fields of a translated work. In addition, from the past to the present, various literary, religious and other texts have attracted the attention of those involved in the field of translation criticism; meaning that some have taken a critical approach to these translated texts and considered them to be subjective. One of the contemporary translation theories that has attracted much attention and opened up new horizons is the translation theory of Ms. Carmen Garces. This theory, encompassing four levels, is considered one of the most prominent linguistic theories in assessing the quality of translations. It analyzes and evaluates the quality level of literary translation text. This paper aims to evaluate the Arabic translation of Ahmad Yousefzadeh's novel entitled "Those 23 People", using an analytical-descriptive approach and focusing on the lexical-semantic level of Garces' theory.Literature ReviewAs far as the authors of this research have been able to find, no one has previously critically evaluated a topic with this title. However, there have been several studies on the critique and evaluation of Garcés' theory in relation to various texts. Some examples of these studies include:Rahimi Khuyaghani, M. (2018). Lexical criticism of the translation of the Holy Quran by Mousavi Garmaroodi based on the semantic-lexical level of Garcés. Journal of Quran and Hadith Translation Studies, Allameh Tabataba'i University, 4(7), 69-94. The author examined a number of words in Garmaroodi's translation of the Holy Quran based on the components of Garcés' theory and found that a significant portion of the components of the first level of Garcés' translation model are present in Garmaroodi's translation.Masoud Eghbali and Ebrahim Namdari. A Critical Review of the Translations of Surah Yusuf by Elahi Qomshe’i and Makarem Shirazi with an Emphasis on the Grammatical Level of Garcés' Translation . Journal of Quranic Linguistics, University of Isfahan, Spring and Summer 1397, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 154-137. This study evaluates the translations of Surah Yusuf by Elahi Qomshe’i and Makarem Shirazi based on the components of Carmen Garcés' translation model at the grammatical level. The authors examine various grammatical evidences from the verses of Surah Yusuf and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the translations.Asghar Babazadeh Aghdam and Colleagues: Lexical-Grammatical Level of Expression Change Based on Carmen Garces' Model: A Case Study: Translation of Haddad Adel, Mo'ezi and Ansariyan, Volumes 29 and 30 of the Holy Quran. Journal of Translation Studies in Arabic Language and Literature, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Autumn and Winter 1398, Vol. 9, No. 21, pp. 279-306. The most important findings of this research are that based on Garces' model, only Mo'ezi's translation is literal, while Ansariyan and Haddad Adel's translations have been explained and expanded in meaning.Research MethodologyThis descriptive-analytical research aims to evaluate the Arabic translation of "Those 23 people" based on the lexical-semantic level of Carmen Garces' translation model and to examine its advantages and disadvantages.ConclusionsIn the explanation section, taking into account cultural differences, the translator has successfully completed the translation and has well-explained unfamiliar expressions and terms in footnotes, and has explained everything that was unfamiliar due to cultural differences for the Arabic-speaking.In this translation, various aspects of grammatical expansion and contraction are evident. Grammatical expansion is manifested in the coverage of concepts such as the addition of adverbs, adjectives, and adjectival phrases, while grammatical contraction is manifested in aspects such as the omission of adjectives, objects, verbs, and adverbs..
)
