Translation in Arabic language and literature
Majid Salehbek; Abdolqader Pariz; Parvin Sanei
Abstract
With a systematic and systematic view, Saussure considers language to be a set of signs, and therefore, in her linguistic theory, sign is the main keyword. Signs are also very important in translation, and the translator should be able to identify the relationships between them by knowing the words of ...
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With a systematic and systematic view, Saussure considers language to be a set of signs, and therefore, in her linguistic theory, sign is the main keyword. Signs are also very important in translation, and the translator should be able to identify the relationships between them by knowing the words of the text accurately and use these relationships for a more accurate translation; This issue is doubly important in the translation of the Holy Quran. Among the words used in the Holy Qur'an, whose semantic analysis requires attention and precision, is the word "Sehr". The present research, which was carried out in an analytical-descriptive method, tries to answer the question with a semantic-structuralist approach, how the different levels and layers of meaning of the word "Sehr" are formed in the Holy Quran, and the concept of "sohar" in the use of the Holy Quran, based on The axis of substitution and companionship is synonymous with which words? And the obtained result states that although both in the Persian original of the word "Sehr" and in the Arabic dictionary, one of its main meanings, "Nasab", is mentioned, but on the other hand, its association with the same word causes it to have a different meaning. To be therefore, translators have taken different approaches in this regard, and some of them have translated the two into relative and causative, taking into account the conflicting relationship between Nasb and Sahr. Some have translated these two as male and female. Also, although the meaning of son-in-law for the word Sahr is found in many sources, but in the ten translations examined in this article, only one of the sources, the translation of Fuladvand, gives such a meaning for this word.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
yosra shadman; fatemeh Akbarizadeh
Abstract
Jean-René Ladmiral, in the field of translation theory with a destination-oriented approach, believes that limiting translation to simple encryption is incorrect and the translator should produce meaning or re-create it. This theoretician has provided solutions such as displacement, disambiguation, ...
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Jean-René Ladmiral, in the field of translation theory with a destination-oriented approach, believes that limiting translation to simple encryption is incorrect and the translator should produce meaning or re-create it. This theoretician has provided solutions such as displacement, disambiguation, addition, etc. This essay presents examples of successful translations according to ladmiral's components and analyzes their success according to the components. Then he mentioned other examples that were not successful according to the components and also stated their lack of success. Finally, the reasons for the strength and weakness of Amiri's translation are shown based on Admiral's theory. The result of the research shows that the translator has fully complied with the components of Jean-René Ladmiral in terms of disambiguation and augmentation and has presented a readable and understandable text in the target culture. But in some cases, especially in the examples of displacement and deletion, the translator used the components of the Admiral's model inappropriately and caused damage to the story in the transfer of meaning and rhetoric.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Nikoo Nikrah; Alireza Nazari; Aliasghar Shahbazi
Abstract
Translation is the process of transferring linguistic data in many literary texts, especially fictional works, due to the existence of various specific cultural elements of the source culture, it acts as a bridge for cultural interactions and their ability to select the correct or more correct equivalent ...
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Translation is the process of transferring linguistic data in many literary texts, especially fictional works, due to the existence of various specific cultural elements of the source culture, it acts as a bridge for cultural interactions and their ability to select the correct or more correct equivalent in the target text can be considered as a factor in assessing the success or failure of the translator. Newmark, more than other theorists, was aware of the importance of this issue and, in addition to categorizing concepts, provided solutions for replacing cultural elements. The novel "Safar" by Mahmoud Dowlatabadi, with its internal content and narrative movement within the framework of traditional Iranian culture, encompasses all the cultural elements that Newmark considers, and the translator of this work into Arabic has faced multiple challenges in this regard. This article, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on Newmark's theory, attempts to analyze and criticize the translator's selection of cultural elements and to evaluate and even perform a stylistic analysis of the translator's performance in using Newmark's solutions. The results show that the most frequent cultural elements were related to material culture and proverbs, and the translator used a combination of more strategies than other methods in translating cultural elements. It can be said that the reason for the translator's frequent use of this method is the large number of some cultural concepts, including material culture and proverbs, and also to eliminate ambiguity and provide explanations in footnotes for better familiarity of Arabic-speaking audiences.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
seyyed Mehdi Masboogh; Solmaz Ghafari
Abstract
Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda is one of the narrative works that revives a huge part of ancient popular culture and literature. This book contains many popular stories in the form of fourteen chapters, in which more than two hundred life stories of trapped people are depicted in the form of stories with moral ...
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Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda is one of the narrative works that revives a huge part of ancient popular culture and literature. This book contains many popular stories in the form of fourteen chapters, in which more than two hundred life stories of trapped people are depicted in the form of stories with moral themes. Dehestani has a high reputation for his translation of Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda. Today, with the expansion of translation studies, translation criticism aims to evaluate the translation compared to the original text and measure its quality, as well as find out how the translator works in translation. One of the appropriate models of translation criticism is Katarina Rice's model, which has been less studied by researchers. Considering the comprehensiveness of translation criticism techniques in Katarina Rice's model compared to other translation models, the present research can provide a comprehensive analysis of the Persian translation of the book Al-Farj after Al-Shada from two linguistic and meta-linguistic perspectives, while applying Rice's model; Because the structural difference of the two languages is definitely significant and undeniable in the translation process, and this issue can be useful in translation research and linguistic studies. Considering the volume of the book, its first chapter was examined as the body of the research. The result of the research showed that Dehestani's translation is an adapted translation of " Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda".
Translation in Arabic language and literature
fatemeh savari; Naeim Amori
Abstract
Criticism and evaluation of translation is one of the most important fields of study,which measures and recognizes the quality level of translated texts.This evaluation requires linguistic researches of prominent theorists. One of the most important linguistic models introduced and known is the translation ...
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Criticism and evaluation of translation is one of the most important fields of study,which measures and recognizes the quality level of translated texts.This evaluation requires linguistic researches of prominent theorists. One of the most important linguistic models introduced and known is the translation model of Mrs. "Carmen Garces". The present research, with a descriptive-analytical method, aims to investigate and evaluate the novel "Fi Qalbi Anthi Ibriya" by Khawla Hamdi translated by Ms.Asmaa Khajazadeh, using the model proposed by Carmen Garces as a measure and model for evaluating the quality of translation. Ms. Carmen Garces proposes four levels for measuring and evaluating translations, which are: 1- semantic-lexical level; 2- syntactic-word-building (morphological) level; 3- Discursive-applicative level; 4- Stylistic-semantic level.The current study examines only two levels of semantic-lexical and syntactic-lexical construction.Then it deduces that: the most prominent components of semantic-lexical levels in this translation are cultural or functional equivalents, syntactic expansion, syntactic contraction, ambiguity, and in the same proportion general or vice versa, and at the syntactic-lexical level, the most prominent components are literal translation, adaptation, changing syntactically or grammatically, changing the point of view, explaining or expanding the meaning, reducing and eliminating which change the type of sentence in translation.The adequacy and acceptability of a translation is based on counting its positive and negative features.Therefore the higher the number of positive features of the translated text, the higher is its adequacy and acceptability.It can be said that Khawajazadeh's translation conforms to the model of Garces and it has good adequacy and acceptability.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Javad Asghari; Hossein Jowkar
Abstract
AbstractCurrently, there is no precise and all-encompassing model available for evaluating the translation unit in the translation of the Quran. To attain such a model, it is necessary to first analyze the effectiveness of the components of the translation unit. In this new study, we aim to examine the ...
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AbstractCurrently, there is no precise and all-encompassing model available for evaluating the translation unit in the translation of the Quran. To attain such a model, it is necessary to first analyze the effectiveness of the components of the translation unit. In this new study, we aim to examine the translation unit used in translating the Holy Quran. This essay starts off by looking at how translation theorists have approached the idea of translation units. Following that, a thorough study and analysis of the translation units utilized by Quran translators in Iran have resulted in critiques of their effectiveness in interpreting the Holy Quran. In this study, alongside the utilization of translation units suggested by Western theorists, an additional groundbreaking unit was employed—a sub-word unit—which has not yet been utilized by any translation theorists in the Western context as a recognized translation unit. This article employs a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the translation unit. The examined translations include Moezi, Payandeh, Makarem Shirazi, and Ansarian's translation. The research findings indicate that the translation of the Holy Quran can be approached using several units, such as word unit, sentence unit, thinking unit, text unit, culture unit, and even units smaller than a word. The choice of unit depends on the specific context of each verse and the perspective of the translator. The percentage of sentence unit usage among the mentioned translators is higher than that of other units. Based on the research findings, it is not permissible for translators to make any modifications to the content of the Qur'an during translation. Therefore, the recommended translation unit for the Holy Qur'an is the sentence unit, which has proven to be the most impactful.Keywords: Holy Quran Translation, Translation Unit, Components of Translation Unit, Translation Critique.IntroductionThe exploration of various methodologies in the discourse around translation has given rise to numerous subjects within this domain. A problem that has been discussed in the theoretical field and has a direct impact on the practical field is the concept of the translation unit. The question at hand is: what is the optimal amount of text that a translator should choose as a translation unit? The translation unit refers to the portion of the source text that the translator selects for translation. It represents the unit of the source text that can be adjusted to match the unit of the destination text. Initially, the translator must choose a portion of the original text that has the essential meaning for translation. Subsequently, they must render it into the target language in its original form, or if that is not feasible, by implementing modifications. Translating religious literature is particularly delicate in comparison to other texts due to the significance of these texts in conveying divine revelation and words. This is because any alteration of the text's content by the translator is strictly prohibited. However, the sacredness of the term prohibits any alteration in the linguistic composition of the text.The translation unit is a theoretical concept in the field of translation that determines the portion of the source text that a translator can use to convey the meaning in the target language throughout the translation process. This article attempts to examine the usage of several linguistic units, such as word units, sentence units, thought units, text units, cultural units, and less-than-word units, by translators when translating the Quran from the source language to the destination language. Please have a look.This research has utilized twelve different translations of the Holy Quran. We selected these translators because we aimed to analyze various generations of translators and their distinct styles within the context of the translation unit. Our objective was to assess the utilization of different translation units by each translator.Literature ReviewIn the realm of Quranic translation, numerous subjects have been addressed, and thorough investigations have been conducted. Here are a few examples, summarized briefly: In their article titled "Criticism of Haddad Adel's Persian Translation of the Holy Quran from the Perspective of Conceptual Translation," Amraei and Marouf (2014) criticized Haddad Adel's Persian translation of the Holy Quran. They found that this translation, while drawing on the eloquent Persian language, adheres to the translator's belief in the method of conceptual translation. As a result, the translations are more equivalent and in harmony with the original language and structure of the Quran.In their 2013 article titled "Contemporary Literal Translations of the Holy Quran in Persian Language: Superiorities and Shortcomings," Naseri et al. examined the literal translations of the Holy Quran in Persian, specifically Dehlavi, Sharani, Mesbah Zadeh, and Moezi. They concluded that the literal translations of the Holy Quran have certain advantages and disadvantages when compared to the content translations. Although they have certain limitations, they also provide relative benefits.Azaddel et al. (2018) conducted a study titled "Criticism and Analysis of the Translation of Surah Al-Qara'a based on its Linguistic Context (a case study of the translations of Fuladvand and Makarem Shirazi)", where they compared two different translations of the Holy Quran. Fouladvand and Makarem Shirazi analyze Surah Al-Qaria by applying the principle of equivalence of linguistic context between the source and destination texts. Finally, they offer a recommended translation that is determined by analyzing the linguistic context using three key factors: lexical, morphological-syntactic, and rhetorical.Based on our observations, it has been discovered that numerous researchers have engaged in research endeavors focused on critiquing, examining, and evaluating translations of the Holy Quran. However, none of these studies have specifically focused on the act of translation itself. Thus, this paper aims to utilize the translation unit in translating the Qur'an to yield novel findings in the realm of Qur'an translation.Research MethodologyTo analyze the translation units in the translation of the Holy Qur'an, we initially determine the translation units available for the translator to utilize during the Qur'an translation process. In this study, alongside the translation units suggested by Western theorists, we will incorporate another groundbreaking unit: the sub-word unit. This article will analyze the translation of verses, focusing on translation units such as words, sentences, thoughts, texts, cultures, and smaller linguistic units. Next, an analysis is conducted on the efficacy of the translation units utilized by Quran translators in Iran for translating the Holy Quran. This article employs a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the translation unit.ConclusionUpon careful analysis of each translation of the Holy Quran, it becomes evident that the translators have rendered their translations based on their individual styles and personal preferences. This study demonstrates that the translator has the ability to utilize several units of translation, such as word units, sentence units, thinking units, text units, cultural units, and even units smaller than a word, when translating the Holy Quran. It is recommended to employ a single word in verses with jurisprudential difficulties that need to be translated without any interference.The sentence unit is the most frequently utilized due to its ability to effectively deliver messages without excessive or insufficient information. The usage of a unit of thought is suggested when it enhances the transmission of the message by being compatible with the target language and facilitating the audience's interpretation of the verse. Due to the significance of trustworthiness in conveying the message of the Qur'an and the concern of the translator's own bias, it is advised against utilizing the unit of the text.The cultural unit utilized varies depending on the specific cultural element and its relationship to the target text. However, its appropriate application will enhance the word's significance and promote familiarity with the culture of the Qur'an. In cases where the precise translation of individual letters is crucial, the unit is smaller, which enhances the accuracy of the translation. The study examined and criticized the translation units used by Quran translators in Iran.It found that the application of these units is highly effective in translating the Holy Quran. The use of translation unit components helps solve various challenges faced by translators, such as streamlining the translation process, avoiding inaccurate translations, addressing cultural differences, and accurately translating complex letters. Overall, the use of translation units greatly enhances the efficiency and accuracy of Quranic translation. Overall, the study on verse translation found that translators tended to use sentence units more frequently compared to other units. This is because sentence units allow for the translation of concepts without the need to add or remove any information. The verse's meaning is comprehended. Based on the research findings and the given reasons, the recommended translation unit for the Holy Quran is the sentence unit, as it is the most effective. This is because the sentence unit is particularly useful when the source language is concise (such as in descriptions or irony), which is also a characteristic of the Qur'an. Consequently, the sentence unit is considered the optimal and prevalent translation unit for translating the Quran.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Sajjad Esmaili; Mohammad Zangoei
Abstract
Cultural categories and non-verbal features are crucial components in visual and auditory texts, serving a vital function in effectively transmitting and eliciting the primary concepts to the audience. Translators, particularly those working on movies, are primarily concerned with accurately comprehending, ...
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Cultural categories and non-verbal features are crucial components in visual and auditory texts, serving a vital function in effectively transmitting and eliciting the primary concepts to the audience. Translators, particularly those working on movies, are primarily concerned with accurately comprehending, receiving, and conveying these aspects. The translator can effectively communicate the cultural concepts and non-verbal aspects of the movie to the audience by accurately employing textual counterparts in the movie subtitles. This research is focused on the translator's role in accurately conveying the intended meaning of cultural categories and non-verbal elements in audio-visual texts. It utilizes the descriptive-analytical method to examine the translation of subtitles in the movie "Melody." The translator should undertake the task of translating these elements. To evaluate the translation of subtitles, Gottlieb's methodologies and Peter Newmark's suggested cultural categories were both used to increase the accuracy of the findings. The analysis of the Arabic translation of the subtitles of the Melody movie revealed that the translator mostly employed semantic translation and made efforts to accurately transmit cultural characteristics in the target language for enhanced clarity of meaning. Thus, to accomplish this objective, the translator has employed the methods of "rewriting," "expansion," and "transformation" from the 10 strategies proposed by Gottlieb. However, when it comes to translating non-verbal aspects, the translator has chosen not to translate these parts because they are universally understood in both the source and target languages. As a result, the translation is focused on the needs and preferences of the audience.Keywords: Cultural Categories, Non-Verbal Aspects, "Melody" Movie, Newmark, Gottlieb.IntroductionPeter Newmark emphasizes the significance of cultural values and cultural imbalance in translation and cultural transmission. He argues that when translating cultural categories, it is important to analyze the concepts of meaning and their relationship with language and culture.The goal of translation should be to accurately convey and receive cultural influence with minimal alterations. Under the term of cultural categories, he has enumerated various classifications, including ecology, material culture (artifacts), social culture, institutions, conventions, gestures, and speaking habits. Aside from culturalcategories, non-verbal factors are also a significant aspect of translation. These elements communicate the information through non-linguistic behaviors such as facial expressions, eye contact, body movements, appearance, and voice actions. The translation of cultural categories and non-verbal elements is particularly crucial in the translation of audio-visual texts, such as movie subtitles.This is because films play a significant role in conveying the culture and ideas of a society, and their translation into another language requires meticulous attention. Translation scholars have identified multiple techniques for translating audio-visual texts, particularly the subtitling of movies and TV series. Henrik Gottlieb, a Danish linguist and translator, has contributed some of these ideas. He has implemented various strategies, including expansion, conversion, rewriting, adaptation, transcription, transfer, compression, shortening, and omission, for translating film subtitles.These strategies can be utilized to assess the translator's proficiency in accurately translating a discovered subtitle. This research intends to investigate the Arabic translation of cultural categories and non-verbal aspects in the Arabic subtitles of the 2006 film "Melody" by Jahangir Jahangiri. The objective is to develop ways for achieving the most optimal translation in this context. Two questions have been presented in order to accomplish these goals:What translation tactics does the translator employ to transfer cultural categories in the subtitles of the Melody movie, using Gottlieb's translation procedures?How effectively does the translator represent the non-verbal parts of the movie "Melody"? Literature ReviewSeveral studies have been conducted on the difficulties of translating films, including critiques of the Arabic subtitles for certain Iranian films. Some notable examples include: In his 2016 thesis, Hervi examined the strategies employed in translating cultural elements in Persian subtitles of American films, using Vladimir Ivir's classification. He concluded that the most frequently used strategies were borrowing, lexical translation, replacement, deletion, definition, adding more content or explanations, and making words.In his 2019 thesis titled "Investigation of Cultural Element Translation in Arabic Subtitles of the Films "Ekhraji" and "Miraji"," Masoudi explored the application of Newmark's model and its translation methodologies for translating cultural materials.In a research paper titled "A Critical Analysis of the Arabic Subtitle of the Film Cow (Produced in 1348) Directed by Dariush Mehrjooi," Rahimi Duraki examines the Arabic subtitle of the movie Cow and concludes that it is necessary for the translator to interpret this film.The topics covered include linguistic and non-linguistic variations, grammatical comprehension, literary industries, translation of poetry and lyrics in movie songs, proper names, hilarious thoughts, offensive terms, and curses. Take into consideration religious vocabulary and terminology.Research MethodologyThe research methodology employed in this study is descriptive-analytical. Initial research on the research topic's relevant sources helped establish the theoretical underpinnings of the study. Subsequently, the cultural categories and non-verbal elements utilized in the movie "Melody" were identified and extracted. Following that, each of these elements underwent analysis using Gottlieb's suggested strategies.Conclusion1) The translator's ability to convey cultural concepts has been rather effective. There are only a few mistakes in translation and dubbing, and the majority of the translator's decisions align with the existing norms and conventions of the target language (Arabic). During the translation process, the translator has employed three of Gottlieb's 10 methods, specifically rewriting, transformation, and expansion. The primary focus of the analysis is the data derived from the film and its corresponding subtitles. The translator has selected "rewriting" as the initial strategy for analysis. However, when considering the usage rate classification outside of the Gottlieb framework, this strategy is deemed brief. When comparing the Arabic language to the Persian language, the term "removal" will be the most frequently utilized by the translator.The Melody movie effectively communicates many of its themes and meanings to the audience through non-verbal components. The non-verbal behavior in this film serves as both a substitute for spoken signals and as a means to strengthen and highlight vocal ones. Nevertheless, when it comes to translating non-verbal aspects, the translator has chosen not to translate these elements and has refrained from equating them, based on the assumption that the meaning of these elements is universally understood in both the original and target languages. Non-verbal behaviors may have different interpretations for Arabic and Persian-speaking audiences. Neglecting to accurately translate non-verbal elements in subtitles can lead to misunderstandings and ambiguity in the translated subtitles. Hence, it is imperative to conduct a comparative analysis of the non-verbal elements used by Arabic and Persian speakers. This analysis aims to identify and categorize the unique non-common elements, which can then be incorporated into subtitle texts. The findings of this analysis can be further explored in a separate article.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Horiyeh Kokabi Dana; Ali Saedavi
Abstract
Keywords: Book of Al-Ayyam, Taha Hossein, Khadiv Jam, Al-Ayyam Translating, Referential Meaning, Slippage in theReferential Meaning.IntroductionWhether we consider the translation unit as a word, a sentence, a text, or even a concept, the quest for finding the appropriate equivalent for vocabulary remains ...
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Keywords: Book of Al-Ayyam, Taha Hossein, Khadiv Jam, Al-Ayyam Translating, Referential Meaning, Slippage in theReferential Meaning.IntroductionWhether we consider the translation unit as a word, a sentence, a text, or even a concept, the quest for finding the appropriate equivalent for vocabulary remains essential and effective. Understanding the meaning of sentences or texts does not occur in isolation; it is inherently connected to the vocabulary used. Therefore, when translating a text from one language to another, the translator’s initial task should be to assess the meaning of individual words.Peter Newmark contends that translators who dismiss the translation of individual words in favor of focusing solely on sentences and messages deceive themselves. After all, every sentence or text comprises words, each of which independently carries a meaning that reflects a tangible or abstract reality from the external world. Consequently, many experts prioritize the referential meaning—the genuine and concrete sense of words—over other potential meanings. As long as a translator can convey a word’s referential meaning accurately in the target language, there is no need to resort to alternative interpretations.Nevertheless, it is observed that translators occasionally falter when translating the referential meaning. In this essay, the authors aim to analyze and evaluate the translation of the second volume of Hossein Khadiojam’s book Al-Ayyam, specifically addressing the factors that led to deviations from the intended referential meaning.Literature ReviewNumerous studies have explored various aspects of meaning and the quest for equivalence in translation. Among these, the following noteworthy works can be highlighted:“Pragmatics of Referential Meanings of Words in the Translation Process of Nahj al-Balaghah” (1396-2016)by Seyyed Mehdi Masbooq: In this article, Masbooq and colleagues meticulously examine one hundred and twelve words from Nahj al-Balaghah across translations by Mr. Jafari, Dashti, Faqihi, and Faiz al-Islam. The study sheds light on challenges faced by translators, including issues related to vocabulary structure, as well as formal and spiritual nuances of the words.“Research on Translation from Arabic to Persian Based on the Process of ‘Spiritual Equivalence’ (Case Study of the Novel Al-Sakriye)” (1393-2013)by Adnan Tahmasabi and Siddiqa Jafari: This article delves into the translation process, exploring lexical equivalence and language structures across different lexical and semantic layers, with a focus on Al-Sukariyyeh’s novel.“Types of Meaning in Translation” (1393-2013)by Alireza Khan Jan: Khan Jan addresses the critical issue of distinguishing between various types of meaning, emphasizing its significance from Halliday’s perspective.“Criticism on the Translation of ‘Al-Ibarat’: A Testimony to the Necessity of Proficiency in Source and Target Languages” (2012)by Shahriar Gitti and colleagues: Through a critical examination of the translation of the textbook Al-Ibrate, the authors discuss common errors and their underlying causes, emphasizing the challenges faced by translators due to insufficient fluency in both the source and target languages.“Etymology of Words in Nahj al-Balagha: An Emphasis on Ibn-Faris’s Method” (1391-2013): Hossein Mu-yadi’s thesis delves into the etymology process of words found in Nahj al-Balagha. By analyzing the semantics and roots of the vocabulary, the study explores Ibn-Faris’s approach and its impact on vocabulary comprehension.“Pragmatics of ‘Translation Equivalence’ for Words in Quran Translation” (2011)by Hamidreza Mirhaji and colleagues: This article emphasizes the necessity of considering different semantic layers to achieve translation equivalence. The authors examine the process of equivalence and equality at the word level, highlighting that translations from the Quran often lack sufficient attention to the principle of “translation equivalence.” Translators tend to focus primarily on transferring the referential meaning, often overlooking other semantic layers.“Text, Metatext, and Analysis of Basic and Relative Meaning: A Comparative Study with Interpretation” (1386-2006)by Dr. Mohammad Baqer Saeedi Roshan: In this article, the author compares the perspectives of Muslim scholars and contemporary semantic approaches regarding situational meaning and pragmatics as the primary meaning of words, both within and outside the context. The study also explores the relative meaning of words, as understood from the context and text.Although referential meaning—one of the types of meaning—has been analyzed and evaluated in various books and research, there appears to be a gap in independent research regarding its importance, impact on understanding other meanings, and the factors contributing to translator errors in handling referential meaning during translation.On the contrary, the focus of this research lies on the referential meaning within the context of equivalence-seeking during the translation of the second volume of Al-Ayam. The authors aim to address the following questions:What factors contributed to Khadiojam’s errors in translating the referential meaning of certain words?Which factor occurred most frequently?To achieve this, the authors have extracted 69 examples from the second volume of Al-Ayam, where they believe Khadiojam deviated from the intended referential meaning. Due to space constraints, the article provides a select few examples for each factor, followed by an evaluation and analysis using a comparative approach.Conclusion
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Jalal Abidan; Morteza Zare Beromi
Abstract
The research aims to analyze source text tendencies when translating from Persian to Arabic, discussing translation principles. The mentioned research is divided into two parts: theoretical and comparative. The theoretical part focuses on Antoine Berman's attitude towards the transforming tendencies ...
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The research aims to analyze source text tendencies when translating from Persian to Arabic, discussing translation principles. The mentioned research is divided into two parts: theoretical and comparative. The theoretical part focuses on Antoine Berman's attitude towards the transforming tendencies of the source text. The comparative part includes an analysis of the translation of Imam Khomeini's political-divine testament based on Antoine Berman's model. Berman identified thirteen tendencies that influence the way the source text is presented. These tendencies are rationalization, clarification, expansion, ennoblement, qualitative impoverishment, quantitative impoverishment, assimilation, destruction of rhythms, the destruction of the underlying networks of signification, the destruction of linguistic patternings, the destruction of vernacular networks or their exoticization, the destruction of expressions and idioms, and the effacement of the superimposition of languages. Each tendency offers a unique perspective on the translator's decisions, based on different aspects of the original text. The research method used was descriptive and analytical. The results of the study revealed that the changing tendencies of the source text had varying impacts on the translation process of Imam Khomeini's political and divine testament. The extent to which each factor influences the process in question relies on the translator's decisions and the genre of the text. Rationalization is the most significant factor, while quantitative impoverishment, the destruction of expressions and idioms, and the effacement of the superimposition of languages have not been shown to have an impact.Keywords: Translation, Arabicizing, Antoine Berman, Text-Changing Tendencies, Political-Divine Testament of Imam Khomeini.IntroductionTranslation criticism theories are broadly categorized into two main branches: originalist theories which focus on the original text, foreign language, and culture, and destinationist theories which center around the reader, target language, and culture. The primary objective of transformational tendencies is to modify the original text in such a way that it presents an acceptable meaning and beautiful form to the users of the target language. Given this definition, it is crucial to evaluate the extent of destruction caused by the changing tendencies since the target text's essence usually rejects the source text's form in favor of syntactic independence and semantic clarity.In his translation evaluation model, Berman examines various methods of transferring text from the source language to the target language. He identifies tendencies that can impact the quality of the translation: rationalization, clarification, expansion, ennoblement, qualitative impoverishment, quantitative impoverishment, assimilation, destruction of rhythms, the destruction of the underlying networks of signification, the destruction of linguistic patternings, the destruction of vernacular networks or their exoticization, the destruction of expressions and idioms, and the effacement of the superimposition of languages. Berman provides many examples to explain the cultural and linguistic reasons for these distortions, including the destruction or modernization of native language networks, the destruction of expressions and idioms, and the effacement of the superimposition of languages. Familiarity with Berman's model is essential for teachers and translation students of the Arabic language, especially in translating key texts like the political-divine testament of Imam Khomeini, which require a strong tendency towards localization. It can improve their skills in translating from Persian to Arabic and vice versa.Literature ReviewThe search in the databases revealed that there has been no independent research on the translation of Imam Khomeini's political-divine testament based on Antoine Berman's model of the transforming tendencies of the original text. However, it might be helpful to mention the completed works based on the mentioned model and their description for the audience.In their article on the review of the latest translation of the novel "The Stranger" based on Antoine Berman's text distortion system (2016), Farsian and Esmaili discussed seven cases of the changing tendencies of the original text in the analysis of Mehran Zindabudi's translation of Albert Camus's "The Stranger." They concluded that 1) the translator had to use "rationalization" due to the structural differences between French and Persian languages; 2) the translator had sometimes made "clarification" in unnecessary cases; 3) The tendency of the translator to "expand" is the result of the two previous tendencies; 4) The "ennoblement" of the translator compared to the source text had sometimes led to the improvement and sometimes to the degradation of the linguistic level of the translation; 5) "Destruction of rhythm", "the destruction of linguistic patternings" and "the destruction of expressions" are among other tendencies that change the shape of the original text in the translation of Zindabudi from the Book of stranger; 6) Although Berman's model is very perfectionist and its application leads to word-for-word translation, it is quite effective in distinguishing the differences between the target text and the source text.In their article examining the effectiveness of Berman's model in the evaluation of Quran translation: the study of rationalization tendency (2019), Niazi et al. pointed out that the said model emphasizes preserving the originality of the source text and avoiding its change and distortion in the translation. They concluded that 1) rationalization in the translation of the Holy Quran is sometimes mandatory and sometimes optional; 2) optional rationalization is included in negative analysis and avoided in positive analysis; 3) The reason for forced rationalization in the translation of the Holy Qur'an is to avoid making the target text unpleasant.Amirian, in his article on the review of the Arabic translation of Ainaha according to Berman's morphometric model (1400), pointed out that the level of validity of the target text and its quality is determined by the application of translation evaluation models. In his research, he discussed Ahmed Musa's translation of the novel Chashm'hā'yash (Her Eyes) by Bozorg Alavi based on the six tendencies of Burman's model and concluded that 1) "quantitative impoverishment" and "qualitative impoverishment" more than other tendencies had changed the original text in the translation and this had caused a semantic difference between the source and destination text; 2) The translator's "ennoblement" is a decision to be reader-oriented and to achieve a destination text that is more beautiful than the source text; 3) "ennoblement" and "expansion" are effective in "clarifying" the translation; 4) The "rationalization" of translation is unavoidable due to the grammatical differences of the source and target languages.The present research is innovative compared to the works that have discussed the types of translation based on Antoine Berman's model. It is dependent on three factors: 1) the application of all thirteen tendencies that transform the original text in the analysis of the translation of Imam Khomeini's political-divine testament and avoiding act selectively in this field; 2) the structural and content expansion of disruptive tendencies; 3) Focusing the analytical part of the research on translation learning from Persian to Arabic.Research MethodologyThe current study methodology is both descriptive and analytical. The objective of the description is to address the theoretical framework of the investigation. At this stage of study, commonly accepted generalisations are often outlined, and the gathered data is not subjected to analysis. During the analytical phase, the research model is applied to the text being studied. This essay examines the translation process of Imam Khomeini's political-divine testament, using Antoine Berman's concept of the transforming tendencies of the original text. The goal is to uncover the effects of deforming tendencies in the translation from Persian to Arabic.ConclusionOut of the thirteen tendencies that alter the structure of the original text, 10 have influenced the translation of Imam Khomeini's political-divine testament.1) Rationalisation: This inclination entails repositioning adjectives, transforming nouns into verbs, simplifying the lexical chain, altering the placement of verbs, and converting noun phrases into verbs. It also involves eliminating redundant words, adding or removing inflections, converting unfamiliar terms into familiar ones, and vice versa. The change in the text of the Imam Khomeini's testament in translation has been most influenced by converting complex statements into simple ones. Additionally, additional instances, particularly related to grammar, can be identified that contribute to the imparting of wisdom.2) Clarification: The act of clarifying the translation of the testament of Imam Khomeini has occurred in two ways: firstly, by clarifying the element of the original text in the translated text after adjusting it to Arabic grammar; and secondly, by considering and defining the concept of the element of the original text in the destination.3) Expansion: The translation of the testament of Imam Khomeini has been carried out in two ways: creating synonyms and transforming words into phrases. Both approaches share the characteristic of including superfluous text in the final output.4) Ennoblement: This movement involves translating the testament of the Imam Khomeini into the Arabic language. In this revision, the objective is to enhance the aesthetic appeal of the target text by rephrasing the sentence structure and incorporating eloquent punctuation marks.5) Qualitative Impoverishment: Inevitable qualitative impoverishment occurs when translating the testament of Imam Khomeini due to the reliance on the word form in the language. Excluding the lexical borrowings between Persian and Arabic, it is impossible to rectify the deficiency in the quality of other terms.6) Assimilation: Assimilation refers to the process of reviewing and amending the source text before translation in order to prepare it according to the preferences of the translator. The translation of the Imam Khomeini’s testament undergo significant changes, mostly due to a trend towards assimilation.7) Destruction of Rhythms: The destruction referred to in the translation process of the Imam Khomeini’s testament has frequently occurred for two reasons: firstly, the utilisation of punctuation marks that deviate from the original text, such as quotation marks, brackets, and solid lines to separate sentences; and secondly, the implementation of substantial alterations in the context of the source text.8) Destruction of Underlying Networks of Signification: The network of signifiers and implicit meanings is destroyed when certain signifiers or crucial words from the original text are not translated. The translation of the imam's testament has partially dismantled the network of symbols and underlying connotations.9) Destruction of Linguistic Patternings: The identified tendency indicates Antoine Berman's scepticism towards translators and his pessimistic view of translation. He has observed that the target text lacks the original organisation of the source text because of the employment of morphing tendencies. Additionally, these justifications put the Imam's testament translation at risk of destruction due to systemic tendencies.10) Destruction of Vernacular Network or Their Exoticisation: The destruction of native language networks occurs when native languages and culturally-specific terms are ignored or eliminated from local varieties of the standard language. On the other hand, innovation happens when elements of the native language are emphasised in the standard written language, such as through the use of italics or bold writing. It has been hard to translate the Imam's testament into the framework that has been talked about because of changes in some culturally specific language. There has been no innovation in this context.Three out of the thirteen tendencies that alter the structure of the original text were not influential in the translation of Imam Khomeini's political-divine testament.1) Quantitative Impoverishment: This case demonstrates that synonyms or lexical variations associated with a certain meaning in the testament of the Imam were translated using only one term, neglecting the presence of other words with similar meanings.2) Destruction of Expressions and Idioms: Berman examines two factors to elucidate this phenomenon. Firstly, the significance of proper nouns in the main text's discourse. Secondly, there is a lack of interchangeability among idioms. He regarded the act of removing the listed things and substituting them with indigenous items as indicative of the obliteration of the original text's expressions and terminology in the translation. Upon examining and analysing the testament of the Imam, it was determined that the original text remained unaffected by the localization of phrases and idioms during the translation process, thus preserving its discourse intact.3) The Effacement of the Superimposition of Languages: This trend aims to eradicate the linguistic variations present in the source text throughout the translation process. This inclination has not had an opportunity to influence the translation of the testament of Imam, as the language used in the text of the testament of Imam does not encounter linguistic variety.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Somayeh Salmanian; Keivan Ehsani
Abstract
Within the text of Nahj al-Balagha, one may come across words and phrases that can be classified as profane or offensive statements. These terms serve two purposes. Some of them denote profanity and obscenity, while others seem to be using profanity. However, it possesses a metaphorical connotation and ...
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Within the text of Nahj al-Balagha, one may come across words and phrases that can be classified as profane or offensive statements. These terms serve two purposes. Some of them denote profanity and obscenity, while others seem to be using profanity. However, it possesses a metaphorical connotation and does not include any profanity. Understanding the historical origins of these statements, as well as their textual and temporal context, is essential and highly beneficial for comprehending the intended meaning of Imam Ali (peace be upon him). This study employed a prescriptive methodology to extract fourteen collective curses from Nahj al-Balagha and analyze the translation performance of five translators in relation to this work. The translators are Faiz al-Islam, al-Shahidi, al-Faqihi, al-Dashti, and al-Ansari. Each of these translators embodies a distinct translation style. The research findings revealed that many statements that may appear to be curses were not employed as insults but rather served various purposes such as praise, adoration, attention, and punishment. These translators neglected this difficulty and attempted to translate these meanings either word-for-word or with an imprecise functional equivalent, resulting in an incorrect translation of these meanings. Of the various translation methods available, the faithful approach and the literal method offer greater potential for translating this specific category of fixed language structures.Keywords: Translation, Fixed Form of Language, Cursing, Nahj al-Balagha.IntroductionGiven the intimate connection between translation and culture, the primary obstacle for the translator will be to convey these ideas accurately in the target language. Multiple hypotheses have been put out in the process of converting these concepts into different languages. Newmark (2011) has put forward a total of eighteen approaches, while Ivier (1987) has suggested a total of seven methods. Gradler (2000) and Harvey (2000) both postulated four distinct procedures. Additionally, Chesterman (1997) and Pedersen (2007) have put up alternative approaches. The primary distinction in the categorization of methodologies in these types of studies lies in the specific focus that each method places on the primary unit of language in translation (Alizadeh, 2019: 54). Profane expressions are seen as established linguistic and cultural phenomena that vary across different cultures. Consequently, translators often opt for literal translations, disregarding cultural nuances, resulting in inaccurate translations. To ensure a dependable scientific outcome, we chose five translations of Fayz al-Islam, al-Shahidi, al-Faqihi, al-Dashti, and al-Ansari from a pool of several translations of Nahj al-Balagha. We next examined how well these translations rendered eight collective cursing expressions. The primary objective of the ongoing research is to determine whether the cursing idioms found in Nahj al-Balagha exclusively convey the act of cursing or if alternative interpretations may be attributed to them based on the context and circumstances.Can a Persian-compatible cultural counterpart be provided for these allegedly cursed phrases? If the answer is yes, then which translator achieved greater success?Which translation method offered the most optimal approach for translating profanities?Literature Review The majority of research conducted in the realm of translating cultural components focuses on English translation. The research conducted in the domain of Arabic is exceedingly restricted. The majority of the works conducted in this domain, with the exception of a small number, pertain to the genre of novels and stories. This article introduces and critiques the following research studies relating to the subject:The study titled "A Study of the Content and Structure of Cursing Expressions in Nahj al-Balagha" was authored by Mir Ahmadi and his colleagues and published in the Journal of Studies in Nahj al-Balagha in 2017. Through an analysis of the rhetoric, style, and structure of cursing words in Nahj al-Balagha, the researchers aimed to examine the concept of politeness in Nahj al-Balagha from various perspectives. Their objective was to demonstrate that the Imam (peace be upon him) adhered to the teachings of the Holy Qur'an even when using cursing, maintaining a sense of politeness, and refraining from using vulgar language. The research approach employed in this study diverges significantly from the current essay, which seeks to critique the translation of profane terms in Nahj al-Balagha.The paper titled "A Study of the Expressions of Cursing and Cursing of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) in Nahj al-Balagha" was authored by Akbar Tawhid Law and published in the Journal of Modern Studies in Nahj al-Balagha in 2016. This essay focuses on elucidating the semantic and conceptual distinctions between the idioms of cursing found in the Qur'an and Nahj al-Balagha.The subject of the current research is novel and groundbreaking in comparison to earlier studies, and no research has been conducted using this approach thus far.Research MethodologyThis research used a prescriptive methodology. In this approach, after examining each sample, the researcher provides explicit instructions or recommendations that outline a particular approach for conducting translation tasks (refer to Manafi Anari, 2015: 13). The chosen samples are additionally evaluated and examined using the techniques suggested in the Newmark model.ConclusionThe results gained from researching five Persian translations of Nahj al-Balagha's sermons and messages for expressing collective cursing expressions are as follows:Translators have encountered comparable difficulties while translating profane terms, which include: A) Restricting their analysis to the surface meaning of certain curses and disregarding their purpose in early Islam. B) The inaccuracy lies in the verb's structure in translation, as it is employed to convey meaning based on a different structure. C) Failing to embrace a singular approach. When encountering comparable circumstances, the process of translating a term takes place.2: Upon evaluating the translators' performance, we observed deficiencies and inadequacies in their ability to accurately comprehend and convey meaning in this domain. The translators, as a whole, did not execute their tasks correctly and did not adhere to the established scientific principles of translation studies. Consequently, it is not possible to favor the performance of one translator over another.Some of the profanities found in Nahj al-Balagha serve purposes beyond mere cursing. They are employed in various contexts to express admiration, astonishment, caution, and other intentions.Hence, translators must diligently consider the many connotations of these terms and render them in accordance with the specific context in which they are employed. It is advisable for them not to solely depend on the Nahj al-Balagha dictionary and its explanations. Instead, students should explore these terms in poetry, ancient prose, collections of proverbs, and other sayings to get insight into their various applications and the intended meaning by the Imam.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Zahra Khafaje Karimoy; Hossein Shamsabadi; Seyed Mehdi Nouri Keyzoghani
Abstract
In our interconnected global society, the ability to communicate effectively across many languages is of utmost importance. Nevertheless, the process of translating writings in several languages frequently presents obstacles that hinder the precise alignment of specific thoughts or expressions. The reciprocal ...
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In our interconnected global society, the ability to communicate effectively across many languages is of utmost importance. Nevertheless, the process of translating writings in several languages frequently presents obstacles that hinder the precise alignment of specific thoughts or expressions. The reciprocal relationship between culture and language elucidates the reason why, throughout the act of translation, we invariably encounter both the cultural context and the original language. In this scenario, the translator, acting as a cultural middleman, should align the source culture with the language. Thenovel "Al-Nazzara al-Sauda" by Ihsan Abdel Quddous was chosen for analysis to determine the translatability of its linguistic and cultural words and phrases. This examination was conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner. Upon careful examination of the expressions, we have discovered numerous instances in both the realms of linguistics and culture that defy translation. The translator is thus faced with the task of rendering words and sentences in a manner that aligns with the language and culture of the source (Persian) while remaining comprehensible to the intended audience. Consequently, the translator has predominantly relied on the "role equivalent" method to translate parts that cannot be translated directly.Keywords: Literary Translation, The Concept of Untranslatability, The Process of Equalization, Al-Nazzara al-Sauda, Ihsan Abdel Quddous.Introduction"Al-Nazzara al-Sauda" is a renowned work that explores the intricate themes of love, identity, and self-awareness. This narrative offers a profound understanding of the human condition within a conventional Middle Eastern society. Ihsan Abdel Quddous has adeptly employed linguistic tricks, cultural allusions, and poetic metaphors to convey the intricate elements of the text, although these pose difficulties when it comes to translation. Hence, the writers were motivated to explore the concept of untranslatability in the current novel due to the imperative of comprehending the intricacies and subtleties of language, culture, and translation, as well as devising strategies to overcome language barriers and enhance intercultural communication. Literature ReviewAn extensive study has been conducted on the topic of translation studies, specifically focusing on the untranslatability of literary texts. In the following, we will highlight a few notable studies on this subject.Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kadkani wrote the 2013 essay "On the Untranslatability of Poetry," which is a source for other papers with the same title."The Inability to Translate Scientific Theories Using Different Terminology" (2017) the author of this essay is Mohammad Mahdi Hatef. This article presents a clear definition of translation words and addresses the issues raised by critics. Fatemeh Rakei's article, titled "Reflection on the Aspects of Translation (un)acceptability of Contemporary Persian Poetry" (1400), explores the translatability and translation of contemporary Persian poetry into English. The article aims to investigate this specific aspect of translation in this field. The results collected demonstrate that certain elements, such as content and expressive innovations, metaphors, symbols, and cultural and societal issues, can be effectively translated. However, aspects such as weight, rhyme, pun, and meaning are found to be untranslatable.Another work by Nosrat Hijazi and Rouya Shirin is "Translatability and Acceptability of Cultural Elements in Audio-Visual Texts: A Case Study of French Subtitles of the Iranian Television Series Der Cheshm Bad" (2019). This article examines the process of transferring and translating cultural aspects into audiovisual texts using subtitles.Alireza Nazari, Fatemeh Ferozan Qalabin, and Muhaddezah Samiiwrote the article "Analysis of the Role of Linguistic Factors in the Untranslatability of the Text of the Qur'an (a Comparative Study of Verses from Surah Yusuf in Four Famous Translations of the Qur'an)" (2014).In this article, the authors focus on the specific role of linguistic factors in the verses of Surah Yusuf and subsequently analyze these factors in four well-known contemporary translations of the Qur'an.The paper titled "Difficulty of Translatability of Kitab al-Mubin as a Literary Work" was authored by Abolfazl Hari in 1386. This essay analyzes the Qur'an as a piece of literature and concludes that while its rhetorical and linguistic intricacies are not entirely impossible to translate, they are indeed challenging to translate.Based on the authors' thorough investigations, no previous independent research has been conducted specifically on the issue of untranslatability in Ihsan Abdel Quddous’ novel "Al-Nazzara al-Sauda." Consequently, the writers have chosen to introduce a novel contribution.Research MethodologyLiterary translation is considered the most aesthetically pleasing form of translation. This is as a result of the translator carefully choosing the most appropriate and harmonious language in accordance with their literary preferences. The presence of various verbal and spiritual arrangements is clearly apparent in literary translation (Marouf, 1384:17).Linguistics and societal customs: When considering the connection between language and culture, it may be argued that language serves as an integrated system that represents and propels culture. According to this, all text elements might have a cultural aspect since language is inherently connected to culture as a distinct and autonomous entity (Hijazi and Shirin, 2019: 71).Intranslatability: The presence of linguistic diversity can provide obstacles to the process of translation, particularly when it involves words, phrases, or cultural nuances that are difficult to effectively convey. An obstacle that might hinder accurate communication is untranslatability, as it directly affects the interpretation of the message. Several theorists have discussed the concept of untranslatability in the process of translation, and each of them has put forth ways for achieving accurate translation. Hermans and Santos argue that untranslatability encompasses both the linguistic structure and the interplay between language and culture. They propose a division of untranslatability into two categories: "linguistic untranslatability" and "cultural untranslatability" (Hermans, 2019: 602; Santos, 21:2006).David Harvey, a different scholar, has put out four approaches for rendering features that cannot be translated:Equivalent role (functional) 2: A visual representation of the same meaning in language 3- Loaning 4: Translation that provides an explanation and description of the text (Khairkhah and Sajjudi, 2013:24).ConclusionThis research has served as a paradigm and a reference to prevent the occurrence of untranslatability, aligning with one of David Harvey's proposed solutions. Consequently, based on the categorization and detailed analytical examination of the excerpts extracted from the novel, it can be concluded that translators are obligated to offer a recommended translation that is compatible with the linguistic structure. In the majority of instances, Farsi employs the approach of role or function to convey desirable linguistic and cultural concepts to the reader. However, it also utilizes other techniques, such as descriptive translation, to achieve the same objective effectively.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Zohreh Ghorbani Madavani; Ehya Komasi
Abstract
The phenomenon of linguistic relativity has long posed a significant barrier for translators, arising from the diverse life experiences of language users. Cultural underpinnings, encompassing practices, ideas, and social phenomena, are intrinsically linked to linguistic notions, drawing from the collective ...
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The phenomenon of linguistic relativity has long posed a significant barrier for translators, arising from the diverse life experiences of language users. Cultural underpinnings, encompassing practices, ideas, and social phenomena, are intrinsically linked to linguistic notions, drawing from the collective experiences of language users. The term "organ names" refers to the terms that describe the various parts of the human body, such as eyes, head, and ears. These names can encompass cultural and cognitive notions, including knowledge, perception, emotions, and conventions. Conversely, there exists asemantic correlation between the physiological principles (pertaining to the structure of body parts) and the notions of sociology. An exploration of the cultural and cognitive foundations of these phrases, along with consideration of the speakers' background and lived experiences, can serve as a valuable tool for translators to comprehend the precise meaning and then convey it accurately in the target language. The significance and placement of organ names in language, together with the frequent usage of hand-related terms in Arabic and its dialects, have motivated us to conduct a descriptive-analytical investigation on the word "hand" and its variations. Let's explore the linguistic and cultural conceptualizations of it. In order to examine the semantic and linguistic aspects of this term, we need to select its Persian equivalent and translate it accordingly. The use of formulation in both the source and destination languages can have an impact on the translation and presentation of concepts, which is a significant finding. Sometimes, the translation is based on a shared formulation, while other times it is based on a different formulation. When there is overlap in the translation, it can convey the cultural background and worldview of the source language. Linguistic relativity arises when concepts cannot be effectively conveyed through overlapping translations. In such cases, heterogeneous translation, also known as concept translation, must be employed. This approach ensures that the translation aligns with both the cultural norms of the source language and the cultural norms of the target language.Keywords: Linguistic Relativity, the Names of Hand Organs, Translation, Cultural Foundations. IntrodcutionOne of the enduring obstacles faced by translators throughout history is selecting precise equivalents and effectively conveying concepts from the source language to the target language. Several linguists argue that the translation and equivalency of words do not provide an exact representation of the original language. This is due to the varying cognitive and cultural experiences of language speakers over history. The findings of linguistic studies conducted over a long period of time indicate that each language possesses its own distinct formulations and conceptualizations. Consequently, speakers of different languages have varying perspectives and worldviews.The research inquiries are as follows: What are the linguistic terms and cultural ideas associated with the naming of different parts of the hand in the Arabic language? How might the linguistic relativity arising from the conceptualizations of hand and limb be applied to the Persian language? The research hypothesis posits that there exists a form of linguistic relativity in the conceptualizations of the name of the hand organ in the Arabic language that cannot be adequately conveyed by translation into the target language.Literature ReviewExtensive research has been conducted in several languages about the nomenclature of organs and the examination of their cognitive and cultural concepts, as well as their translation.Ildiko (1990), a researcher in the field of English language, has demonstrated that the utilization of organ names can enhance the breadth of vocabulary in language. Gibbs and Wilson (2002) argue that the human body serves as a cognitive resource in our metaphorical language.Yu (2000), a Chinese researcher, compared the names of the palm and finger organs in the Chinese and English languages. He posits that the conceptions derived from the names of the organs are universally shared cognitive experiences among all humans.Researchers in the field of Persian language also made significant advancements in studying the names of organs and conceptual metaphors. One notable research study is the work of Veisi Hisar and colleagues (2013), titled "Metaphor and Culture: A Cognitive Approach to Two Translations of Khayyam's Quatrains." Saad-allah Homayoni and Maryam Fuladi wrote the article (1401) titled "Analysis of the Role of Linguistic Formations and Cultural Domains in the Translation of Metaphorical Compounds from the Perspective of Cognitive Linguistics."Ali Ganjian Khanari and Ahya Kamasi (1402) have authored an article titled "Cultural and Cognitive Structure of the Singular Nasal and Synonyms in the Arabic Language in the Context of Cultural Linguistics and Wang Li's Theory." This article partially aligns with the objectives of the ongoing research.Research has been conducted to explore the Arabic names of organs and their equivalents in the Persian language. The presence of relativity in the translation of Arabic into Persian has not been thoroughly examined. Research MethodologyThe forthcoming article is based on a cognitive-cultural approach. In order to accomplish the intended objective, we shall employ the principles of cognitive-cultural linguistics as a means to progress the research. This study explores the utilization of hand part names in the Arabic language and subsequently investigates their corresponding counterparts in the Persian language.ConclusionBased on the study of the research data, the following conclusions can be drawn: The semantic domains in Arabic and Persian are established around the concept of "the hand as a tool for measuring and determining direction." This suggests a cultural and biological shared experience among speakers of both languages. Nevertheless, it is undeniable that relativity is present in certain formulations and conceptualizations of the limbless hand, particularly those that are based on experiences derived from the material world.Overlapping translation refers to the identification of linguistic structures that arise from shared experiences. However, when attempting to discover suitable replacements for language structures that arise from the diverse experiences of language users, a process of heterogeneous translation emerges. When translating various and diverse expressions, the translator must consider the cultural norms of both the original and destination languages. Linguistic relativity manifests in various forms, making it difficult to transfer concepts through overlapping translations. Heterogeneous translation, on the other hand, refers to a type of translation that effectively conveys the concepts of the source language while also aligning with the cultural norms of the target language.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Rezvan Beyranvand; Ali Nazari; Seyed Esmaeil Ghasemi Mousavi
Abstract
Translation evaluation and quality assessment have always been crucial in the field of translation studies. Among the several models and theories proposed for assessing translation, Juliane House's context reconstruction model is widely recognized as one of the most renowned models. The concept of translation ...
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Translation evaluation and quality assessment have always been crucial in the field of translation studies. Among the several models and theories proposed for assessing translation, Juliane House's context reconstruction model is widely recognized as one of the most renowned models. The concept of translation can be categorized into two distinct types: overt and covert. In an overt translation, the text and its elements are oriented towards the culture of the source language, and the recreation of context is evident. However, in a covert translation, the norms and culture of the target language are clearly apparent, and context is being generated. This study seeks to assess the quality of Alireza Baqer's Persian translation of the novel Fardghan by Youssef Zaidan. The research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical approach, with the Julian House Translation Quality Assessment model serving as the foundation for the study. The translation quality was assessed by comparing the source text (ST) with the target text (TT), and both obvious and hidden faults were examined. The resulting data was then displayed in the form of tables and graphs. The results indicate that the translator made efforts to employ strategies such as incorporating terms and proverbs from Persian culture and colloquial language, as well as utilizing omission as a common translation strategy to align the translation with the target language and culture. However, the prevailing strategy observed was open translation.Keywords: Youssef Zaydan, Translation of Fardghan’s Novel, Julian House, Evaluation of Translation Quality, Alireza Baqer.IntroductionFardqan, written by Youssef Zaydan, is a novel that recounts the imprisonment and exile of Avicenna, the renowned Iranian scientist, to Fardqan, a well-known stronghold in Hamedan. It is worth noting that Alireza Baqer translated this novel into Persian. Throughout the history of translation, the assessment and appraisal of translated materials have consistently held significance. Given the particular significance of translating literary writings, the evaluation of the quality of these translations has been of even greater relevance. Julian House (1997) proposed the translation quality evaluation model as one of the methodologies and models for translation evaluation. This model aims to assess the worth of translation, particularly in the context of literary translation, by employing defined and practical criteria instead of relying on subjective judgments of taste.The objective of this study is to analyze the translation of Alireza Baqer, the initial published translation of the esteemed novel "Fardqan" by a prominent Egyptian author, employing House's model. The present research focuses on a translation that has undergone textual modifications. The chosen translation is of significant importance due to Zaydan’s novel. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to examine this translation. The research focuses on studying and critiquing the Persian translation of a modern novel that explores the life and contributions of the great Iranian scientist Avicenna. The study aims to answer the following questions: The Persian translation of the novel "Fardqan" is being evaluated based on the House model. The translator's tendency towards covert and open translation is being analyzed, specifically in which parts of the novel. Alireza Baqer's translation of "Fardqan" leans more towards open translation strategies in general, indicating that it is an open translation. Is it seen as explicit or concealed?Literature ReviewValuable research has been conducted in recent years in both English and Arabic language and literature to evaluate the quality of translations using House's model. Researchers have sought to employ House's comprehensive model for precise and scientific translation criticism. Several research studies have been conducted using this paradigm. Some notable examples include:In his master's thesis titled "The Application of Julian House's Translation Quality Assessment Model Regarding the Persian Translation of the Book (Prophet) Gibran-Khalil-Jibran by Meshya Barzegar," Eskandari Durbati (2014) compared these translations and found that Barzegar's translation is highly intricate and abstract in Farsi, while Daryabandari's translation is structurally more understandable.In his master's thesis, Vakili (2014) evaluates the quality of the translation of the book "Be a Follower of Your Heart" by Andrew Matthews, conducted by Vahid Afzalirad and Zahra Nabi, using the House model. The focus of the study is on comparing the explicit translation tactics employed by the two translators. The translator has determined that Afzali's translation is more faithful to the essence of the original text and therefore more suitable.Salimi and Ansari (2019) conducted a study titled "Examination of the Translation Quality of Nahj al-Balaghah based on House's Role-oriented Model (a case study of Allameh Jafari and Shahidi's translation of the ghost sermon)". Their conclusion, based on House's model, was that both translations are clear.In his master's thesis titled "Utilizing the House Model to Assess the Quality of Two Persian Translations of Charles Dickens' Book 'Great Desires' by Yonsei and Akhwan," Ahmadi Darani (1400) conducted an evaluation of the translation quality. The findings indicate that Yunsi's translation of Akhwan is characterized by greater clarity and accuracy, while also noting the removal and alteration of cultural elements due to the influence of the cultural filter.Despite extensive study, the writers did not uncover any studies that assessed the quality and critique of Alireza Baqer's Persian translation of the novel "Fardqan" or attempted to analyze the translation's quality using the Julian House model.Research Methodology This research has used Julian House's model to find answers to the aforementioned questions. It aims to analyze the text profile by considering the genre of the text and the context of the speech, including the discourse range, agents, and style. Furthermore, it examines the style of discourse by identifying both obvious errors and hidden translations, such as the removal of certain parts of the text. This also encompasses incorrect selection and cultural filtering in the translation process, as well as the use of direct or indirect discourse. By analyzing these factors and compiling the relevant data, the research aims to determine the style of Alireza Baqer's translation of Fardqan’s novel.ConclusionUpon careful analysis and comparison of the source and destination texts, it can be concluded that this translation is congruent with the source text. Both of them are widely recognized and embraced in terms of their shared topic and societal impact in the original and final texts. Both books exhibit a sophisticated discourse style when it comes to media style. The translation successfully maintained the historical-romantic genre and the contextual elements of the original text. Upon analyzing the comparisons, we also examined evident errors, and the evaluation findings indicate that the number of evident errors in translation is greater than concealed errors, suggesting that the translator has a preference for translating overtly.Based on the conducted studies, it can be concluded that translators often employ covert translation strategies by manipulating frames and utilizing cultural subtleties in areas of the text that are intricate and perplexing for the reader. This is done to express an equivalent representation of the target language culture and ultimately achieve the objective of role equivalence. The text has been imbued with an indigenous essence, and via thorough examinations, 59 instances of the translator's adherence to cultural authenticity were identified.The translator employed phrases and proverbs that align with Persian folk culture to effectively translate the cultural aspects requiring concealed translation.Furthermore, the translation maintains the genre of the source work. However, modifications have been made in the discourse, a component of context, without compromising the substance of the subject. The source text employs both direct and indirect speech, and the translation adheres to the same approach. In several sections, the translator opted to employ direct speech rather than indirect speech, as found in the original text. The apparent objective of this alteration is to allure a larger audience and render the narrative of the novel more palpable.By analyzing the characteristics of the source and destination texts and scrutinizing both the concealed and evident mistakes, it has been seen that in certain instances, the source text has been disregarded. This disregard encompasses actions such as deletion, addition, erroneous selection of equivalents, doubtful acceptance, and irregularities, all falling under the category of obvious errors. From a statistical standpoint, deletions have the highest frequency, constituting about two percent (0.2) of the entire text. Conversely, the translator has inserted words and phrases into the text where ambiguity has been eliminated or replaced with alternative words and phrases. Incorrect equivalences were made in certain sections, resulting in the detection of 19 instances of such errors during the investigations. These errors were entirely incorrect and led to the failure to accurately transfer the message from the source text to the destination text.According to Julian House's model, Baqer's translation can be categorized as a combination of hidden and open translations. While Baqer has incorporated elements of cultural purity, his translation mostly adheres to the role and norms of the source text, resulting in a clear and faithful rendition in the target language.As Julian House explained in his translation of the book (Fardqan), Baqer used two translation techniques, namely hidden and open translation. However, it is worth noting that the majority of the translation was conducted openly.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Oveis Mohammadi
Abstract
The poem's phrases possess significant semantic depth, with each one conveying numerous concealed and enigmatic connotations. Therefore, comprehending its meaning necessitates a meticulous analysis of the poetry. An effective approach to comprehending word meanings is to analyze them through the lens ...
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The poem's phrases possess significant semantic depth, with each one conveying numerous concealed and enigmatic connotations. Therefore, comprehending its meaning necessitates a meticulous analysis of the poetry. An effective approach to comprehending word meanings is to analyze them through the lens of the theory of conceptual relations. In this theory, we aim to comprehend the precise significance of each word by analyzing the correlation between words. Synonymy is a relationship between words in which they have the same or similar meanings. When analyzing meaning through synonymy, the goal is to gather and compare terms that have the same meaning. This process helps to refine and clarify the semantic boundaries of each word by considering additional synonymous words. Synonymy can be applied in the translation of poetry and its criticism. This article critiques the equivalence of terms in the book "To turn green from love" by utilizing the notion of synonymy. This book features a compilation of Nizar Qabbani's love poems that have been translated from Arabic to Persian by Musa Aswar. During the analysis of equivalences, the initial step involved extracting the denotations of the words under discussion from the dictionary. Subsequently, the extra-lexical meanings of these words, such as their emotional and stylistic connotations, were decoded by taking into account the context of the poem. In the following, the process of selecting the most similar equivalent to the source text by gathering counterparts with the same meaning is described. Additionally, the translator's equivalence is evaluated and criticized. The research findings indicate that in certain instances, translation equivalents do not align with other terms within the context of the poem. Furthermore, many counterparts in the translation exhibit reduced emotional intensity compared to the words in the original text, while others possess a broader and more encompassing significance than the words found in Nizar's poems. Additionally, certain equivalents have caused the translated text to be unclear or open to interpretation.Keywords: Synonymy, Conceptual Relationships, Poetry Translation, Nizar Qabbani, Musa Aswar.IntroductionAn effective approach to comprehending the significance of language words is to analyze them through the lens of structural linguistics. According to this perspective, linguistic units are not discrete signs with fixed meanings, but rather they are interconnected and have a systematic relationship with one another. Hence, words should not be regarded as self-contained vessels that possess a fixed and unchanging content. Instead, they resemble fragments of a visual jigsaw, where the significance of each piece is illuminated when placed adjacent to others. Hence, to comprehend the significance and precise connotation of any word, one must verify its correlation with other components.One of the connections between words is through synonyms, or words that have the same or similar meanings. Across all languages, there exist words that have highly similar meanings. These terms are referred to as synonyms. Words that are considered synonymous are not entirely interchangeable in any language, as each term carries its own distinct and specific meaning. The distinction between these synonyms may lie in their respective usage categories. For instance, certain synonyms may be considered official, while others may be deemed unofficial. Additionally, certain synonyms may be classified as literary, while others fall into the non-literary category. For instance, the term "woman" is more formal than "wife." Occasionally, synonyms possess distinct contextual associations. For instance, the adjectives "big" and "large" are synonymous when describing a "big house" or a "large house," but they differ when applied to a "big sister" or a "large sister." (Rambaud, 2012: 125). Two words with synonymous meanings may exhibit a relationship of inclusion, where one word encompasses the other. As an illustration, we can provide a car as an example. The term "car" is used twice in this context, and while in some instances these two occurrences can be interchangeable, there are occasions when substituting one "car" with another is not feasible. For example, in the sentence "I cut my beard with a car," it is not conceivable to substitute "car" with another "car" (Safavi, 1379: 106). Additionally, it is plausible that synonyms may vary in their emotional connotations. An illustrative instance of this distinction can be observed in "please have a seat," "Sit down," and "sit." The reference is taken from the same source and page number as the previous citation (Ibid., 108).By conducting a comparison of synonyms, one can gain a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between them and discern the precise meaning of each term. Comparing synonyms is widely employed in the fields of translation equivalence and translation critique. To broaden the options for selecting appropriate equivalents in the target language, translators or translation critics can gather various equivalents with similar meanings for a word and then compare them to determine the most closely matching equivalent.Literature ReviewIn "Research on the Structure of Synonymy of Verbs in the Arabic Language and the Role of Conjugation in Determining the Meaning," Youssef Nazari (1400) has analyzed the five types of Arabic synonyms. This article specifies the meaning of each verb by examining its similarities to other linguistic elements.Farzdouhi and Safari (2019) conducted a study titled "Evaluation of Synonymy (Taba, Khatm, Ghalf, and Safar) in the Translations of Behbodhi, Sadeghi Tehrani, Mojtbavi, and Makarem Shirazi." The study focused on analyzing the four verbs mentioned in the title and their compatibility with the word "heart" in various translations. The researchers criticized the translations of these verbs based on their ability to coexist with the word "heart."In their publication, "Synonyms in the Words of the Qur'an and the Problems of Their Translation," Raisian and Kordloui (2013) researched and analyzed several perspectives on synonyms in the Qur'an. Specifically, they focused on the concepts of dread, sadness, grief, avarice, and greed, as explored by multiple translators of the Qur'an.The indicated papers differ from the previous article in terms of their substance and methodology. The original article is connected to the current article solely in terms of its theoretical foundation. While both articles share the same underlying meaning, they diverge in terms of research methodology, content, and textual presentation of the issue. Furthermore, the current article serves as a critique of the translation, whereas the aforementioned piece does not share this characteristic. In contrast to the previous article, the other two papers employ synonyms in their critique of the translation. However, they differ in terms of their study methodology and the content of their research topic. This article focuses on examining the synonymy between equivalent words in the target language. In contrast, the previous research explored the synonymy among source words in the Arabic language.Research MethodologyThis article aims to analyze the Persian translations of the poetry collection "To turn green from love," which consists of selected passages from Nizar Qabbani's poems. The analysis focuses on identifying and exploring the synonyms used in the translations. The equivalents will be assessed using three different methods. Initially, the user consults dictionaries to obtain the primary or inherent definition of the term, along with some synonyms that convey the same idea. Subsequently, through contextual analysis and the examination of word co-occurrences, the meanings of the term are deciphered and elucidated. Simultaneously, the chosen translation equivalent is scrutinized, and a more appropriate alternative is proposed.ConclusionThe research findings indicate that certain equivalents were selected in the translation process without taking into account the principle of cohabitation or closeness of terms. Occasionally, other terms have been used that differ from the primary word of the poem in terms of both usage and style. In certain locations, alternative terms have been selected that possess a greater depth of significance compared to the primary word. These equivalents express the meanings of the destination words in a broad manner; therefore, the translations do not possess the gracefulness of the phrases in the original poem. Among the similar terms in Farsi, certain examples have been chosen where the emotional intensity is lower compared to the Arabic word in the source text. However, it should be noted that there are instances in Persian where the emotional intensity is higher. The translator frequently employed literary counterparts that failed to capture the full meaning and emotional depth of the Arabic words, resulting in a challenging reading experience for the poem.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Zeinab Nazemian; Batool Meshkinfam; Nasrin Faghih Malek Marzban
Abstract
"Motion" is the fundamental basis of existence. Multiple scientific disciplines have examined and established this concept based on their own fields of study. Cognitive linguistics approaches this category from a philosophical-mental-linguistic perspective and investigates the process of how motion concepts ...
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"Motion" is the fundamental basis of existence. Multiple scientific disciplines have examined and established this concept based on their own fields of study. Cognitive linguistics approaches this category from a philosophical-mental-linguistic perspective and investigates the process of how motion concepts are formed and transferred from the external world to the mind and from the mind to language. Talmy introduces the notion of motion verbs, categorizing languages as either verb-oriented (lexical) or satellite-framed based on the demonstrative direction of verbs. The present study employs an analytical-descriptive method to examine the translation of the novel Alfatah Al-Akhira from Arabic to Persian. The study focuses on the extent to which translators utilize verb-oriented verbs and satellite framing. Additionally, the study aims to investigate the reasons behind the differing translation choices made by different translators in terms of verb-oriented and satellite-framed translations. The findings of the current study indicate that two translators, when translating the novel Alfatah Al-Khaira, deemed satellite framing as a more appropriate template for conveying motion concepts from Arabic to Persian. Also, when the translations of these motion verbs were compared and looked at, it was found that being satellite-framed does not always mean that the idea is communicated better and more completely. However, taking into account the elements of association and substitution, as well as the verb's connection with other components of the phrase and the context of the text, is crucial to ensuring a more effective translation.Keyword: Cognitive Linguistics, Leonard Talmy, Lexicalization, Satellite Framing, Alfatah Al-Khaira.IntroductionThe initial indication of existence is "motion," making it the paramount element to be regarded in the context of both existence and transformation. The significance of this concept has led intellectuals in the realms of philosophy and cognitive science to assign considerable value to it and develop theories about it in recentyears. In the field of philosophy, Merleau-Ponty, a prominent phenomenologist, introduced the theory of "physicality of perception" and emphasized the role of motion in creating time and space. Contrary to popular belief, Merleau-Ponty does not argue that space and time must exist before motion. Instead, he posits that motion itself generates the required space and time. (Shokri, 1395: 113) Heidegger's concept of "being in the-world" can be understood as the origin of motion.Leonard Talmy, a distinguished professor of linguistics and philosophy at the University of Buffalo in New York, has developed a renowned theory in the field of cognitive linguistics. This theory, known as the "theory of motion verbs," focuses on the conversion of motion concepts into linguistic expressions. Talmy's expertise lies in the study of semantic communication, formal linguistic structures, and semantic taxonomy.Talmy's theory of lexicalization explains the transformation of different motion aspects, such as cause, manner, state, path, context, and body, from a physical state to a conceptual state and subsequently into words that become part of language. According to this theory, motion verbs fall into two categories: verb-oriented and satellite-framed. The initial category comprises basic verbs that "lexicalize" motion, while the subsequent category consists of complex verbs that incorporate satellite with the basic verb to convey certain nuances of motion notions. Consequently, we can conceptualize a continuum for action words, with lexicalization on one end and the satellite axis on the other end. The present study is centered around the translation of these verbs from Arabic to Persian, with a specific focus on analyzing the variations and commonalities in their translation within two different renditions of Nadia Murad's novel "Alfatah Al-Akhira.".The challenge in Thalami's theory lies in the fact that not all languages in the world adhere to the same pattern when it comes to verb-oriented or verb-oriented motion verbs. Some languages exhibit a greater emphasis on verbs, while others exhibit a lesser emphasis.However, as elucidated in the article, it is evident that when translating Arabic verbs into Persian, they can be rendered in either verb-oriented or satellite-framed forms.The current study is significant as it applies Thalami's theory of motor verbs to the field of translation. Furthermore, it not only compares verbs in two distinct languages but also expresses and evaluates their translation by two separate translators. Given the absence of prior studies on the intersection of translation and cognitive linguistics in the relevant areas, the significance of this analysis in the field of translation studies is considerable. Simultaneously, it is regarded as an innovative contribution to the present research.Literature ReviewSeveral studies have been conducted about the subject matter of this article. The following study findings are worth mentioning:In their 2019 research titled "Analysis of the use of the motion verb 'anzal' in the Qur'an based on Talamy's linguistic theory," Behrouzi et al. conducted an analysis of this verb and determined that it functions as a directed and dynamic verb. The medium that focuses on the disclosure of the Qur'an and the expression of kindness towards humanity is characterized by a significant level of occurrence.In their 2018 research titled "Comparison of verbs of motion in Persian and English from the Cognitive Point of View and Cognitive Category," Eslamipour and Sharafzadeh conducted a comparative analysis of verbs of motion in Persian and English. They determined that the Persian language differs from English in this aspect. The English language exhibits a greater inclination for satellite framing. In Farsi, dominant satellite refers to the state, but in English, it refers to the orientation.In their 2011 research titled "Lexicalization in Persian Verbs of Motion: A New Model," Ezekia and Sassani examined the concept and process of lexicalization in Persian verbs. They found that when analyzing the event of motion, two distinct approaches are taken. The first approach, known as the holistic approach, focuses solely on integrating the central conceptual structures within the action verb. The second approach, referred to as the partial approach, takes into account the peripheral conceptual structures, which also play a role in the integration with the action verb.Hamedi Shirvan and Sharifi looked at the category of satellite in Talamy's theory of language classification in their 2013 study, "Investigation of the Cognitive Category of the Category "Satellite" in the Event Construction of Motion Verbs in Persian Language." They found that the Persian language can be classified as both satellite-oriented and verb-oriented according to Talmy's division. This is because certain features of Persian align with satellite-oriented languages, while others resemble verb-oriented languages.In their study titled "Investigation of the Conceptualization of Motion in Persian Compound Verbs: A Cognitive Approach" (1401), Azgoli et al. examine the lexicalization of compound verbs of motion in the Persian language. They find that the components of motion and manner have a higher frequency of lexicalization. Ilkhanipour and Karimi Dostan looked at three semantic dimensions of facet in Persian facet attributes in their 2015 study called "Lexicalization of the Semantic Dimensions of Facet in Persian Facet Attributes." These dimensions are facet power, facet base, and source of order. They find that in Persian facet attributes, the three forces of obligation, possibility, and necessity are highly lexicalized.Upon further examination, it has been discovered that no research has been conducted in Iran thus far that explores the notion of thalamic verbs in translation. Therefore, the novelty of this current research lies in its focus on addressing this particular issue.Research MethodologyFor this study, we have chosen two Persian translations of the Arabic novel Al-Hattat al-Akhira. Subsequently, a selection of motion verbs has been haphazardly pulled from various sections of this text. Next, the translation of these verbs was extracted and assessed in a comparative manner by comparing two translations. Regarding the topic of discussion, an analysis has been conducted to determine whether the two translators exhibit a preference for verb-oriented or satellite-oriented translation while translating motion verbs. What are the reasons for selecting each one, and how does the meaning-development process occur in them?ConclusionThe outcome of the discussion is that, because the Persian language is satellite-oriented, there is a greater preference for using satellite-oriented verbs. The translation of verbs in the form of verb-oriented or satellite-oriented does not alter the semantic component.To address the initial question of the discussion and validate its hypothesis, it is important to note that a comprehensive analysis was conducted on the novel "Alfatah Al-Akhira." A total of 44 motion verbs were identified as the statistical population for this study. The translations of these 44 verbs were then compared in two different translations by Chobani and Nazari. It was noted that neither of the translators used the past tense for any of the 44 verbs translated in a verb-oriented form. This suggests that the employment of motion verbs in verb-oriented form is uncommon in the Persian language. Among the 44 verbs, Chobani and Nazari have translated 23 verbs into the satellite-oriented form. This observation highlights the prevalence of satellite-oriented motion verbs in the Persian language. In addition, Chobani translated ten verbs into a verb-oriented form, whereas Nazari translated them into a satellite-oriented version. However, Chobani has rendered eleven verbs in a satellite-oriented form and Nazari in a verb-oriented form, indicating a relatively equal distribution between the two translators. Consequently, it may be concluded that the two translators have deemed the form of satellite framing as a more appropriate paradigm for conveying motion principles from Arabic to Persian.Regarding the second question and supporting its hypothesis, it was found that being satellite-oriented does not always lead to a better and more complete way of expressing the idea through translation by comparing and looking at these motion verbs. Instead, it highlights the aspects of coexistence, substitution, and the verb's connection with other elements of the sentence. Furthermore, the context of the text plays a significant role in effectively conveying its meaning. Factors such as the verb's emphasis on action or activity, the verb'semphasis on the goal, origin, or journey, and the mental states of individuals inferred from the context of the text are some of the factors that impact the effective transmission of meaning. However, the verb being satellite-oriented does not imply that it is more comprehensive in terms of its meaning.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Mohammad Rahimi Khoigani
Abstract
An underexplored topic in the realm of Arabic-Persian translation is the impact of translation on political discourse. The study of political discourse in translation centers on the unavoidable ideological modifications that take place in any text throughout the process of translation, which warrant ...
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An underexplored topic in the realm of Arabic-Persian translation is the impact of translation on political discourse. The study of political discourse in translation centers on the unavoidable ideological modifications that take place in any text throughout the process of translation, which warrant careful examination and evaluation. Hence, the objective of this study is to examine several renditions of the dialogues between the Qatari Minister and the Saudi envoy during the commencement of the 148th session of the Arab League. This research aims to investigate the translation and representation of a single text by multiple media outlets, taking into account their ideological and political perspectives. Drawing on Christina Schäffner's theory and utilizing a descriptive-analytical technique, the study intends to determine the variations in translation and representation among these channels. The results of this study imply that both internal and external beliefs have an impact on translation modifications, and that various media platforms have altered the language and structure of the original text through word choice, grammatical changes, and textual reproduction.Keywords: Translation Critique, Christina Schäffner, 148th Arab League Summit, IdeologyIntroductionThe focus of translation critics lies on scrutinizing and assessing the essence of translation modifications and their underlying causes. This study seeks to examine the motives and techniques employed by different news agencies when modifying the texts of speeches delivered by Qatari and Saudi representatives at the 148th Arab League summit. Additionally, it aims to determine the impact of ideology and politics on the translation process and the selection of information. In order to accomplish this, the research utilizes Christina Schäffner's theoretical framework and applies it to the specific text. The study aims to ascertain the modifications made by various news outlets to the structure of Qatari and Saudi speeches, as per Christina Schäffner's theory.What was the rationale behind the modifications made to the speeches of the Qatari Minister and the Saudi Envoy, and how did these changes affect the overall content and tone of the text?The research hypotheses are assumed to relate to the following aspects: Observable changes are made in the translation and republication of the original text, encompassing word selection, information selection, transmission, and restructuring at all levels.The primary factor influencing changes in the translation process is linked to the beliefs and macro-policies of each news agency. Literature ReviewMofeh and others (2016) have attempted to examine the type of rewriting, selection, and transmission of political data.Khalozadeh et al. (2012) have tried to identify possible translation behaviors based on ideological concepts evident in the translations by fundamentalist and reformist newspapers in foreign media.Torkashvand (2016) has endeavored to demonstrate that, through critical discourse analysis, the existing ideology in the text is also revealed as a factor in its overall direction.Firouzianpour Esfahani et al. (2018) have focused on the role of syntactic strategies in representing the ideologies of Persian translators in translated political and social texts using critical discourse analysis.Abdi et al. (2021) have delved into the verbal tenses in a corpus consisting of two political biographies and their Persian translations from a critical discourse analysis perspective.Karamzadegan and Fatemeh Mozaheri (2023) have analyzed the dominant discourse in the translation of political texts (Arabic to Persian) from 2019 to 2022, focusing on the theme of war, concluding that each country's policies have directly influenced translation choices. Research MethodologyThe stages of this research are as follows:Extracting data through the source text and target text confrontation methods based on changes in the target text;Describing and analyzing the data using the ideological analysis approach based on Christina Schäffer's theoryConclusionDomestic and foreign news agencies had different approaches to the coverage of the dialogue and conflict between the Qatari Minister and the Saudi Ambassador in Egypt. This approach was evident in the selection of words, text reproduction, and information selection.The choice of words by foreign media, especially Al-Arabiya, includes two points: Firstly, sensitive words like the Arabian Gulf were issued by Qatar's representative, and this news agency merely conveyed these words. Secondly, by using the term "regime," efforts were made to draw a line between the government and the people of Iran.3: The words chosen by domestic media are in line with everyday use and Persian language customs. These media outlets have used what is common in the Persian language without considering the original text.4: Both domestic and foreign media have tried to select what aligns with their broader policies and their governments and avoid quoting other matters. However, among them, Al-Arabiya has had the highest volume of selection and omission.5: In the restructuring process, the media have tried to use strategies such as choosing titles, changing beginnings and endings, deletion, transforming direct quotations into indirect ones, transforming the face and form of verbs, etc. All of these efforts are aimed at creating a legitimate role for themselves and delegitimizing others. Additionally, part of the media's efforts is aimed at highlighting their positive features and the negative features of others.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Arezu Pooryazdanpanah Kermani
Abstract
The Garces model is a significant theory in the field of linguistics that focuses on the qualitative examination of translated literary works to assess the quality of translations. This approach assesses translations according to two criteria: acceptability and appropriateness. It evaluates positive ...
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The Garces model is a significant theory in the field of linguistics that focuses on the qualitative examination of translated literary works to assess the quality of translations. This approach assesses translations according to two criteria: acceptability and appropriateness. It evaluates positive and negative attributes at four different levels. The initial level of this theory focuses on analyzing the components associated with vocabulary and the transmission of meaning via language. The second level involves the analysis of syntactic and morphological components, while the third and fourth levels focus on evaluating discourse and text style. Farīd ud-Dīn ʿAṭṭār of Nishapur’s Mantiq Al-Tair is highly esteemed Persian mystical poetry that has been translated into other languages. Currently, Dr. Badi’ MohammadJomeh’s translation, which he conducted at Ain Shams University, is the most thorough of these translations. Furthermore, Mohammad Jomeh’s original translation of Mantiq Al-Tair by Attar has been praised for its self-worth in conveying the logic and invaluable ideas of the author to the Arab world. The translation is particularly notable for its precision, conciseness, eloquence, and literary highlights. As a result, it has been subjected to examination and evaluation using the Garces model and its four levels. The research findings suggest that the translator has faithfully followed the source language in the mentioned translation. Furthermore, the translation demonstrates greater acceptability and adequacy in terms of lexical and syntactic-morphological meaning compared to the other two levels. The translator's proficiency is particularly evident at these two levels. He has employed a greater number of constructive methods. However, the translation being examined has prominently featured negative tactics at two levels of discourse: functional and stylistic-semantic. This might be attributed to the choice of content for translation, specifically mystical systems. Despite incorporating culturally similar parts, the elevation of Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh’s translation can be attributed to lexical expansion, compensation, and changes in syntax and structure.Keywords: Translation Criticism, Literary translation, Mantiq Al-Tair, ʿAṭṭār of Nishapur, Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh, Carmen Garces.IntroductionMantiq Al-Tair is a highly significant oriental text that has beentranslated into various languages. Dr. Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh, anesteemed professor specializing in oriental studies at Ain ShamsUniversity, has successfully rendered a full translation of this work into the Arabic language. Evaluating the translation is vital to ensuring its accuracy, utilizing various translation principles and approaches. Translation criticism serves as a crucial connection between translation theory and translation practice. Garces's theory is a significant destination-oriented theory that consists of four stages. Due to its complete nature, it can serve as an effective model for assessing the quality of translations, particularly in the context of literary translated works, in terms of their acceptability and adequacy. This essay aims to assess the Arabic translation of Mantiq Al-Tair by Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh using Garces' methodology, employing an analytical-descriptive approach.Literature ReviewSome significant research has been conducted in the field of translation criticism, specifically regarding the translation of Mantiq Al-Tair and the application of the Garces model. Notable articles include "Mantiq Al-Tair of Attar in Lebanon (criticism on the research and translation of the Arabic Mantiq Al-Tair)" (1383) by Nik Manesh, "Criticism and review of the Persian translation of the novel Qalb al-Lil with the title Del Shab based on the model of Garces" (1396) by Ali Sayadani et al., "Lexual criticism of the translation of Sheikh Abdulhaq Mohadath Dehlavi from Fatuh al-Ghayb based on the semantic level - Garces Lexicon" (1400) by Bidkhoni and AghHosseini, "Hermeneutic view of the French translation of somemystical words of Al- Mantiq Al-Tair based on the opinions of Umberto Eco" (1400) by Moghaddam and Akrami Fard company, and "Study in Translation Al-Arabiya for the Mantiq Al-Tair" (2006) by Nadi Hassoun.It is evident that the Arabic translation of Mantiq Al-Tair has not been systematically and critically evaluated using translation criticism theories. Furthermore, the studies based on Garces theory are restricted to the translation of novels and fictional works, and despite the potential of Garces theory to assess the translation of poetic texts, no research has been conducted thus far to critique and evaluate text translations using this theory. Therefore, it is imperative to elucidate the acceptability and sufficiency of the planned translation by listing the favorable and unfavorable characteristics.Research MethodologyGarces theory is a comprehensive model used to assess literary writings. It goes beyond just the translation of words and phrases and takes into account four different levels. The Garces model is widely regarded as a prominent model for evaluating the translation of literary texts. The increasing adoption of this approach by scholars in recent years demonstrates its favorable standing among translation critics. This paradigm operates on the notion of parity between the source and destination texts. According to Garces, the source text and the translation should aim for maximum equivalence on all four levels. The four layers are: semantic-lexical, syntactic-morphological, discourse-role, and stylistic-intentional.ConclusionMantiq Al-Tair is a significant spiritual poem in Persian poetry and literature that has been translated into other languages. This essay critically evaluates the Arabic translation of . Badi’ Mohammad Jomeh’s Mantiq Al-Tair, using the Garces model as a framework for analysis. Upon evaluating this translation using the four levels of the Garces model, it was concluded that the translation being examined is in the original language. Out of the four levels in the Garces model, this translation demonstrates a higher level of conformity with the semantic-lexical level compared to the other three levels. The subgroups that have emerged in this translation at this level include assimilation, lexical expansion, lexical account, general and specific, definition and explanation, cultural equivalent, and syntactic expansion. At this stage, the translator has employed constructive methods with the exception of one instance (lexical explanation). Out of the subcategories stated, lexical expansion and lexical account are more frequent in this translation.The translation examines modifications in syntax or structure, alterations in viewpoint, compensation, implications, and the elimination of subsets at the syntactic-morphological level. Among these modifications, the change of syntax or structure is particularly prominent in this translation. In addition to implication and omission, which are negative strategies at this level, the translator has employed positive techniques. All subcategories within the two levels of discourse—functional and stylistic-semantic—are seen asnegative strategies. The most common ones are the translator's mistake and changing the function of rhetorical devices.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Mohammadnabi Ahmadi; Farzaneh Chelehnia
Abstract
Translation of literary texts is one of the most difficult types of translation, which faces challenges that make it even more complicated and difficult. Today, theorists have helped translators by presenting various techniques and superior methods of translation and have paved their way forward to some ...
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Translation of literary texts is one of the most difficult types of translation, which faces challenges that make it even more complicated and difficult. Today, theorists have helped translators by presenting various techniques and superior methods of translation and have paved their way forward to some extent. One of the prominent theoreticians in this field is Antoine Berman, who enumerates thirteen factors of deviation in translation in his theory entitled Deforming Tendencies. Based on the techniques of Berman's translation, the present research analyzes the novel Barid Al-Layl written by Hoda Barakat and translated by Seyyed Hamidreza Mohajerani with the title "Post-e Shabaneh". In this translation, several tendencies of Berman's theory have been discussed, which have been the most repeated in Mohajerani’s translation, these tendencies are: rationalization, clarification, expansion, ennoblement, qualitative and quantitative impoverishment. Of course, it is necessary to mention that there are some examples of other deforming tendencies in this translation, which have been avoided due to their low number. In this article, with a careful study, cases of deviations in the translation of Barid Al-Layl are presented based on the mentioned tendencies, and in some cases, a suggested translation is also presented. In general, it can be said that the biggest cause of deviation in Mohajerani’s translation is related to the explanation and interpretation of the translator, who intends for the reader to clearly understand the content; therefore, it is clear that this translation is more oriented towards the target text.Keywords: Analysis of Translation, Barid Al-Layl, Hamidreza Mohajerani, Antoine Berman.IntroductionTranslation is a special example of the intersection of languages and one of the human activities that have a long history and allow for political, economic, cultural, and commercial exchanges, etc. between different nations and languages, and this clearly shows the necessity of translation. It goes without saying that a translation that does not adhere to the principle of faithfulness leads to misunderstanding and presenting a wrong meaning to the reader, which itself can cause great problems. At present, many theories related to superior translation techniques have been presented by great scientists and theoreticians all over the world. It is appropriate for translators to translate consciously and based on these techniques.Since Berman is one of the famous theorists in the field of translation; therefore, the present study aims to analyze some parts of the novel Barid Al-Layl translated by Hamidreza Mohajerani, according to Berman's basic principles, and to analyze and criticize the deviations that exist in it based on the proposed principles. The most important goal of this research is that the translation of Mohajerani from the novel of Barid Al-Layl was based on Antoine Berman's criteria and how faithful the translator is to the source language. This research examines the above criteria with a descriptive-analytical method.Literature ReviewSo far, many works have been written in the field of Antoine Berman's theory, some of which are as follows:- Mohammad Farhadi, Seyyed Mahmoud Al-Mirzaei Al-Husseini and Ali Nazari (2016) in criticism and review of expansion and explanations in the translation of Ṣaḥīfa Sajjādiyya based on Berman's theory (case study of Ansarian’s translation) have reviewed and criticized expansion and explanations which, based on the deforming tendencies, were out of place in Ansarian's translation and no benefit was obtained from it except for expansion, and in some cases, a suggested translation was presented.- Shahryar Niazi and Ensieh Sadat Hashemi (2018) in an article on the effectiveness of the component of (clarification) of Berman's model in evaluating the translation of the Qur'an: a case study of Rezaei Isfahani's translation, examine the surahs Anfal, Tobah, Ahzab and Tahrim in Rezaei Isfahani's translation. They conclude that in some cases, due to the lack of Ta'nis and Tasnieh in the Persian language and the lack of equivalents in Persian for some terms, transparency in the translation of the Holy Quran is inevitable.Although many articles have been written in connection with Berman's theory, no research has been conducted on Hoda Barakat’s novel of Barid Al-Layl, either from the perspective of Berman's theory or other experts.The present research aims to analyze the translation of the novel Barid Al-Layl by Seyed Hamidreza Mohajerani based on Antoine Berman's theory with an analytical-descriptive method and to analyze and criticize the frequent deviations of this translation from Berman's principles. The questions of this research are:- Among the thirteen components of Berman, which one has played a greater role in distorting the source text of the novel Barid Al-Layl?- How faithful was the translator to the original text?MethodologyIn this research, using the analytical and descriptive method, Mr. Hamidreza Mohajerani’s translation of Barid Al-Layl has been investigated. That is, in addition to examining the translation and to what extent it is based on deforming tendencies, examples for better translation are also mentioned.ConclusionBased on the investigations carried out in this research, it is clear that Hamidreza Mohajerani’s translation of Barid Al-Layl is more focused on the target text and the reader rather than adhering to the original text. In general, Mohajerani’s translation from the novel of Barid Al-Layl is very fluent and understandable, which shows the translator's mastery and awareness of both the source and target languages.In this translation, which has been studied and analyzed from the point of view of Berman's deforming tendencies, we notice the use of many cases of distortions that Berman considers objectionable in the translation. Six of Berman's tendencies are more prominent in this translation. In this article, an attempt has been made to criticize the parts of the translation of Barid Al-Layl that have been influenced by the deforming tendencies, and by citing the theories of the great figures in the field of translation, the criticism has been substantiated and documented, and finally, a suggested translation has been presented. In response to the two main questions of this research, firstly: about the use of deforming tendencies, it should be said that rationalization, clarification, expansion, ennoblement, and qualitative and quantitative impoverishment are the six cases that have had the highest frequency in Mohajerani’s translation. Secondly: Regarding the translator's faithfulness to the original text, it should be said that even though Mohajerani's translation of the novel Barid Al-Layl is a fluent and understandable translation, the use of tendencies that distance it from the source text is seen a lot, which causes the translation text to distance itself from the original text. It goes without saying that the translation of a novel is different from the translation of scientific, religious, legal, etc. texts. In the translation of the mentioned texts, the translator should not deviate a bit from the original text; but in the translation of the novel, the translator has freedom of action and can make changes to make the text of the novel more beautiful and attract more audience. Of course, this freedom of action in the translation of novels should not be to the extent that the meaning and concept of the translated text have a huge gap with the original text.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Fatemeh Akbarizadeh; Yosra Shadman
Abstract
According to Bakhtin's theory, the novel as a literary type, appropriate to the spirit of the age and human society, has dialogical relations in linguistic dimensions. A conversational visual novel is the result of the entanglement of languages emerging from the characters, each of them with a different ...
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According to Bakhtin's theory, the novel as a literary type, appropriate to the spirit of the age and human society, has dialogical relations in linguistic dimensions. A conversational visual novel is the result of the entanglement of languages emerging from the characters, each of them with a different worldview, social and cultural level, is present in the novel and interacts with each other. The novel "Post-e Shabaneh" in a multi-voiced world, with the depiction of different sounds, has the heteroglossia feature, and the language of each character in each part of the novel interacts with other languages. This heteroglossia can be seen in the language, tone, and form of the novel, and its translation is very important, and this article will analyze this feature. The novel "Post-e Shabaneh" is a Persian translation of the Arabic novel "Barid Al-Layl" by Hoda Barakat. The present article tries to criticize its Persian translations with a descriptive-analytical method in order to find out how translators dealt with the heteroglossia feature of the novel in the translations. There have been three translations of this work by Hamidreza Mohajerani, Mansoureh Ahmadi Jafari, and Soha Banouni and published under the title "Post-e Shabaneh". In the study of more than 60 samples of translations in multiple languages manifested in the tone and language of the character and the double-voiced discourse, it seems that each of the translators has been successful in translating the heteroglossia feature to some extent. Banouni has performed poorly in this field and has often not provided an acceptable translation.Keywords: Novel Translation, Heteroglossia, Post-e Shabaneh, Hoda.Introduction The Arabic novel "Barid Al-Layl" by Hoda Barakat is the winner of the 2019 Arabic Booker Prize, and due to its importance in the contemporary Arabic novel, it is also translated into Persian under the title "Post-e Shabaneh" by three translators (Hamidreza Mohajerani, Mansoureh Ahmadi Jafari and Saha Banouni). By explaining this feature of the novel, this article is trying to examine with what components it is possible to translate the heteroglossia style of the novel and whether the translations of this work have been able to reflect this important feature in the style of the novel. Because a good translation of a novel is not a translation of words and sentences, but a translation of all the narrative, stylistic, and linguistic aspects of the novel; the present article tries to criticize the translations of the novel "Post-e Shabaneh" by Hoda Barakat, focusing on its "heteroglossia" feature. Therefore, this article examines the characters' utterances in accordance with the characterization, the interaction of the novel with other literary types, and the interaction of the speech styles of hybridization, polemic, parody, and stylization.The current research aims to answer the following questions:In what components can the feature of heteroglossia in the novel "Post-e Shabaneh" be studied and evaluated?Which of the translators has presented a more successful translation of the heteroglossia feature of the mentioned novel? The hypotheses are as follows:According to the narrative style of the letter in the first part and the self-talk of the characters in the last two parts, the novel "Post-e Shabaneh" has put the speech of the story characters in conversational interaction with other sounds and has established heteroglossia in the language of the characters according to the type of each character. Also, heteroglossia can be seen in the interaction of the language of the novel with other literary and non-literary types in the language of the characters, as well as double-voiced discourse in the interaction of speech styles such as hybridization, polemic, parody, and stylistics.In the examination of the double-voiced discourse of the novel, it seems that the translators have not provided a suitable translation and the interference of sounds and correspondence or correlation or contrast in the desired double-voiced discourse have not been considered.Literature ReviewIn analyzing the feature of heteroglossia in the novel, the following points can be mentioned:Akbarizadeh et al. (2014) in the article Heteroglossia Effects in the Novel Things We Left Unsaid, investigated the double-voiced discourse between the female writer and the characters and narrator's language and the language of literary and non-literary genres, and by studying the three levels of multilingualism in Pirzad's novel for women, they analyzed different elements in the creation of an inconsistent language system in the discourse of the novel.Baloo and his colleagues (2016) in the article Bakhtinian Polyphony and Heteroglossia and Their Presentation in the Novel Sangesabor, besides the polyphonic feature of this novel, paid attention to heteroglossia feature, and while enumerating the characteristics of the sounds of the text manifested in the characters, they also dealt with the conversational relationships between them and enumerated the aspects of parody and consonance between them.Professor Mohammadi and his colleague (2016) in an article entitled Multilingualism and Polyphony: Post-modernism Features in "Possible Night" (Shab-e Momken) Novel, while enumerating the novel's postmodern characteristics, pointed out multilingualism and listed the use of English and French alongside Persian as well as the use of colloquial language and the use of words different from the official language by the characters as manifestations of multilingualism.MethodologyIn order to understand a novel, it is important to pay attention to its linguistic and stylistic layers. Also, it is necessary to discover and understand the different language varieties that have emerged according to linguistic rules. The novel "Post-e Shabaneh" is a Persian translation of the Arabic novel "Barid Al-Layl" by Hoda Barakat. This article tries to criticize the Persian translations of Hamidreza Mohajerani, Mansoureh Ahmadi Jafari, and Soha Banouni with a descriptive-analytical method and library tools in order to understand how the heteroglossia feature of this novel is translated.ConclusionAccording to the analysis of the discourse of the novel "Post-e Shabaneh" by Hoda Barakat; in confirmation of the first hypothesis, it can be found that the words of the characters in the novel in the official language of the letters are appropriate for each character as well as the specific time and place of writing.Heteroglossia can be seen in the language of the characters, in the mixing of the language of religion, popular culture and science in the words of the characters. The double-voiced discourse is arranged in relation to the voice of the hypothetical addressee of each letter, as well as the voice of the society and the ruling presuppositions and taboos. Where another voice has an objective embodiment in the speech of the speaker, we are faced with a hybrid discourse. However, when another voice is implicitly considered during the speech, or the speaker's voice is consistent with another voice, it is the stylistic double-voiced speech, or it is in contrast with the other, and the representation is contradictory. It is very important to pay attention to the interference of sounds in speech and translators should consider the type of personality, insight, and social level of the person as well as another voice, to represent the double-voiced speech and translate the multiple voices and choose the appropriate interpretations and words. Among more than 60 selected samples, some of which were mentioned in a small part of the article, it was observed that the second hypothesis is somewhat true and the translators tried to translate these heteroglossias in an experimental way and were successful to some extent.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Hesam Hajmomen
Abstract
Focusing on the translation of classical poetry into classical poetry between Arabic and Persian languages, this study investigates the issue of what kind of relationship is the "semantic balance" between the source and target poems in this type of translation and how it is realized. The study method ...
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Focusing on the translation of classical poetry into classical poetry between Arabic and Persian languages, this study investigates the issue of what kind of relationship is the "semantic balance" between the source and target poems in this type of translation and how it is realized. The study method is descriptive analysis. In the analytical part, first, the semantic structure of the poem is analyzed based on the theory of Order (Nazm) by Abdul Qahir Jurjani, and it is determined that the semantic structure of the poem is a product of the way the poem signifies its purpose, which is expressed in a special order of speech. Then, in the descriptive part, by referring to samples of the translation of classical poetry into classical poetry between Arabic and Persian, the semantic relationship between the samples is described, and it is specified that the semantic balance between the source and target poems is a similarity of expression that flows at the level of the way of indicating the purpose, and the semantic balance at this level is realized through simulating the function of linguistic elements in the way of presenting meaning. Therefore, the target poem is a semantic construct in the target language, whose linguistic elements are used in its production in such a way that they have a similar function to the linguistic elements of the source poem in the way of signifying the purpose.Keywords: Semantic Balance, Poetry Translation, Classical Arabic And Persian Poetry, Theory of Order, Abdul Qahir Jurjani.IntroductionOne of the types of literary translations between Arabic and Persian is the translation of classical poetry into classical poetry. From the linguistic point of view, two types of balance are expected in this type of translation: balance in poetic form and semantic balance. In terms of balance in the poetic form, the similarities of the classical poetry form in Arabic and Persian have created the possibility that the product of this type of translation has a rhythmic and rhymed structure like the original poem. But in terms of semantic balance, the following questions are examined in this study:In the translation of classical poetry into classical poetry between Arabic and Persian languages, what kind of relationship is the semantic balance?How is semantic balance achieved in this type of translation?The hypotheses of the study are:Semantic balance in this type of translation is an intertextual relationship based on which the target poem has maximum correspondence with the source poem in terms of the beauty of expression.When the target poem reflects the expressive techniques of the source poem, semantic balance is achieved in the translation.The theoretical framework in this study is based on the theory of Order (Nazm) by Abdul Qahir Jurjani with reference to his two books Daleel Al-Ijaz And Asrar Al-Balaghah.Literature ReviewIn the literature review of the present study, the following studies should be mentioned:In his article Challenges of Translating Poetry from Arabic to Persian (2012), Alebouyeh concluded that the translator must find out the content of the source poem and express it in a fluent and literary form in the target language. Therefore, he decided that a successful poetic translation is a re-creation of the original poem.In the article A Linguistic Framework for Analysis of Translating Arabic Poem to Persian: Based on Formalism (2016), Nezamian and Hajmomen concluded after analyzing the form of the poem based on the four components of "structural art, theme, rhythm, and system" that the translation product should have a similar relationship with the original poem according to the four mentioned components.Hajmomen also showed in his article "The Dialectic of Rhythm and Expression in the Translation of Classical Arabic Poetry into Classical Persian Poetry" (1400) that the observance of musical requirements in this type of translation often distances the expressive structure of Persian poetry from the expressive structure of Arabic poetry. Ansari and his colleagues have also shown in the article An Exploration of the Stylistic Balance of Abdurrahman Jami's Translation of Ibn Faraz's Ta’yah (1401) that in Jami's translation of Ta’yah, the observance of external beauty and musical requirements has caused the transfer of meaning to be ignored.MethodologyThis study was done with the analytical-descriptive method. Based on this, first, the semantic structure of the poem is analyzed based on the theory of Order, and then by studying samples of translation, the semantic balance between the source and target poems is objectively described.ConclusionIn the translation of classical poetry into classical poetry between Arabic and Persian, the semantic balance is an expressive similarity at the level of "the way of signifying the purpose of the poem". The way the poem signifies the purpose reflects the creative process that is designed in the poet's mind to express a theme.When this mental process finds an objective expression in the poem with the use of linguistic elements, a special meaning construction is formed, which is the product of the poet's creativity in arranging the speech to present the meaning. Therefore, the poem in the source language is a special way of signifying the purpose in a semantic structure, and what puts the target poem in balance with the source poem in terms of meaning, is the simulation of the way of presenting meaning in the poem, or the way the poem signifies the purpose.Semantic balance in this type of translation is realized through "simulation of the function of linguistic elements in the presentation of meaning". Because in the original poem, the value of linguistic elements depends on their function in the way of signifying the poem. Therefore, the semantic balance in the translation of the poem is dependent on simulating the function of the linguistic elements in the way of presenting the meaning. This simulation creates a poem with aesthetic value in the target language if the interpretations and sentences of the target poem are formed based on the interpretive and grammatical possibilities in the target language so that finally, produces a semantic structure that is considered a poetic work with aesthetic value based on linguistic features and literary traditions in the target language.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Ali Sayadani; Saman Rahimkhani; Somayeh Aghamohammadi Ahle Iman
Abstract
During different decades, language and translation have a wide and mutual relationship, and translation has achieved many advances by using the science of linguistics and considering linguistic contexts in establishing dynamic and concrete communication with the audience. Christian Nord (1977), a theoretician ...
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During different decades, language and translation have a wide and mutual relationship, and translation has achieved many advances by using the science of linguistics and considering linguistic contexts in establishing dynamic and concrete communication with the audience. Christian Nord (1977), a theoretician in the field of translation studies, has improved the communication between the speaker and the listener or the writer and the reader by presenting the elements of her specific language function model. Based on the analytical-descriptive method, the present study aims to investigate Reza Ameri’s and Ataullah Mohajerani's translations of Season of Migration to the North based on Christian Nord's model in order to achieve the level of reflection of the linguistic functions of Nord's model and their impact in the translations and determine the quality level of translators’ performance. The result of the research shows that Reza Ameri’s translation has been most reflected in terms of referential and expressive functions, and also his performance has been more acceptable compared to Ataullah Mohajerani in the translation of the novel "Season of Migration to the North".Keywords: Linguistics, Function of Language, Christian Nord, Reza Ameri, Ataullah Mohajerani.IntroductionLanguage and translation are closely related to each other in such a way that by neglecting language and related sciences, such a puzzle will remain incomplete and the connected links of this orderly collection will be separated. A group of researchers have studied the nature of linguistic elements and components and have come to the conclusion that the presence of linguistic elements with cultural meaning in texts is a symbol of the interweaving and interaction of culture and language. Linguistic patterns presented by many theorists have always made the cultural and semantic connections between different languages, especially their audiences, stable. Christian Nord's model deals with a new view of the functions of language in the field of translation studies and clearly explains it by introducing four language functions (referential function, expressive function, appellative function, and phatic function). The translator's attention to these four important tools, in the first stage, causes a detailed reflection and analysis of real or unreal topics and phenomena according to the nature or relevant example (characteristics of informing, meta-linguistic, guidance, educational) in the target text that the lack of attention to cultural values in the translation of these topics causes problems in the translation.In the second stage, it reflects the aesthetic characteristics of the source text, and in the third stage, it causes the transfer of cognitive stylistic features of the infinitive text, and in the fourth stage, it leads to the explicit transfer of the author's feelings or to be in tune with him during the translation process.The Arabic novel Season of Migration to the North is one of the literary genres and is among the top hundred Arabic novels of the 20th century in Damascus in 2001. The main part of the story begins with mysterious and unfortunate events and many highs and lows. By criticizing two translations of the novel Season of Migration to the North based on Christian Nord's (1977) model, the present research tries to pay close attention to the quality of the translations as well as the amount of interference of the aforementioned linguistic elements.Literature ReviewIn the field of translation criticism, there have been researches that have helped the authors of this research in writing this section, it should be noted that so far no research has been done in the field of applying Nord’s approach to the content of the novel Season of Migration to the North.Afzali, Ali, and Maedeh Akbar Karkasi (1400) in the article Investigation of the Cultural Categories of the Arabic Novel based on the Theory of Lawrence Venotti, have concluded that the translator (in the analysis of the novel Ors al-Zein) removed the linguistic and cultural differences in order to achieve a smooth and fluent translation and provided an acceptable translation by using the element of localization.Madani, Akram, and Javad Asghari (1400) in the article The Application of Newmark's Theory in the Transfer of the Unit of Culture in the Translation of the Arabic Novel, indicate that in the translation of these novels (Miramar, Zaqaq al-Mudaq, Sarsara Fuq al-Nil, Mosm al-Hijrah El Al-Shamal (Season of Migration to the North), Ars Elzin) the methods of transfer, localization, and cultural equivalent have been most used in the transfer of the cultural unit.Masbouq, Seyyed Mehdi, and Solmaz Ghafari (1400) in the article The Effect of the Translator's Semantic Horizon on the Target Text in the Light of the Aesthetic Theory of Reception, a Case Study of Three Translations of the Novel “Season of Migration to the North”, concluded that a reader who reacts to white spaces and gaps, interprets and updates the text in a natural way, and provides fast reading according to the rules of the target language, can overcome the aesthetics of the target text.Yousefzadeh Arbat, Hassan (2015) in the article Investigation of the Role of Culture and Language in Intercultural Communication, concluded that individual characteristics play a decisive role in the success or failure of intercultural communication and knowing one's own culture and the culture of the audience, mastering linguistic subtleties and individual characteristics are three determining components in intercultural communication.MethodologyThe Arabic novel Season of Migration to the North is a novel in which the transmission of cultural elements in the text requires a lot of precision and skill, and Christian Nord's theory can be appropriate as a precise and practical language model in conveying the most sensitive aspects of the field of translation and especially the criticism and analysis of the two translations under study,Therefore, in this article, two translations of the novel Season of Migration to the North by Reza Ameri and Ataullah Mohajerani are analyzed according to the components of Christian Noord's model (1977) in order to evaluate the degree of involvement of each element in the translations, and the performance of the two translators in the explicit and accurate transfer of grammatical, cultural and linguistic elements from the source text to the target text have been reviewed. It is worth mentioning that the research method in this sample is descriptive-analytical.Purpose of the StudyThe importance of the present article in the discussion of the application of Nord’s approach in the content of the present novel is clearly shown. The language construction in the mentioned novel implies the use of referential, expressive, appellative, and phatic functions as elements of linguistic functions which are clearly manifested in the comparative and case translation of the present novel. It should be said that the aim of the research was to examine the level of reflection of the linguistic functions of Nord’s model and their effect in the investigated translations, as well as to determine the quality level of each translator's performance in the form of functional speech groups.ConclusionIn this research, by examining the basis of Christian Nord's theory on the content of two translations of the novel Season of Migration to the North by Reza Ameri and Ataullah Mohajerani, the following results have been obtained.Reza Ameri with a function-oriented attitude and paying attention to the symbols, cultural and literary values of the two languages, as well as observing the grammatical principles of the target language and replacing commonly used equivalents for words, phrases, and sentences, especially preventing the prolongation of speech and reflecting the linguistic elements of Nord's point of view in the target text, has a more successful performance compared to Ataullah Mohajerani, especially in the elements of the referential and expressive functions.Ataullah Mohajerani in the majority of sections with a relatively balanced attitude and with a relatively strong dependence on the grammatical structure and semantic aspects of the infinitive text and the lack of selection of appropriate equivalents in the target text, which has caused the main author's message to weaken, not only did not fully reflect the main axis of the discussion (the linguistic elements of the mentioned point of view), but in many cases it caused ambiguity in the words and message of the main author, for the audience of the target language, which prevented translators from observing the two traditional and fundamental principles, i.e. observing the principle of faithfulness to the message of the infinitive text and creating a balance between the two languages.In this research, the translator Reza Ameri, taking into account the rules of linguistics and the effectiveness and knowledge of applied linguistics (the field of sociology and neurology) as a branch of linguistics, completed his task as a successful translator in the translation of the mentioned novel.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Gol Mohammad Basil; Sayed Azimullah Esmati
Abstract
In this research, an analytical-statistical method was used, and our main goal was to show the extent of the use of the translation process in the academic system of Afghanistan. The findings of this research indicate that the year (2019) had the highest number of subjects registered for translation ...
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In this research, an analytical-statistical method was used, and our main goal was to show the extent of the use of the translation process in the academic system of Afghanistan. The findings of this research indicate that the year (2019) had the highest number of subjects registered for translation compared to recent years. So, a difference of about 30% can be seen between the mentioned year and the previous year. Although the number of translated works has not been impressive so far, it is a good step towards strengthening the materials and resources for the researches of the country's academic system. The main question that was addressed was how to start the translation process in Afghanistan's higher education institutions in order to use the works and researches of other nations. So, it can be seen that the restoration process in the year (2019) was unprecedented in Afghanistan's higher education institutions compared to the 90s.Keywords: Translation, Goals, Motivation, Scientific Needs, Higher Education Institutions. IntroductionTranslation is considered an excellent and vital approach in the process of teaching and transferring data and solving problems from one language and culture to another language and culture.Also, translation causes the sharing of theories, viewpoints, mindsets, and methods of scientific-literary studies among nations.Today's Afghanistan society, especially the academic and scientific generation needs access to academic texts more than ever. Undoubtedly, it is translation that can give a suitable answer to many of these needs and introduce relevant, enriched, and important texts for us.Translation has a history of thousands of years. Humans have used this approach since time immemorial to exchange their thoughts and opinions. Translation has always been used as a principle of interaction between living languages. But sometimes, due to its necessity, translation becomes an important matter, the denial of which causes unforeseeable losses in that society. Although many books from other languages have been translated into Farsi and other languages in different eras, in the mentioned periods, the passion for translation was so great that the activity of translation in those periods was called (translation movement). After the arrival of Islam, Muslim translators have played a very prominent role in translating from other languages into Arabic as the language of government, religion, and science. The process of translation has had many ups and downs in different periods of history. However, the chaotic situation and the ever-increasing disturbances have always prevented translation activity in Afghanistan. Despite the fact that some people called Afghan translators residing in other countries or within Afghanistan have tried to translate, there has been no effort to meet the needs of the society. If it is carefully considered, the practice of translation in other countries has specific goals and motivations that have made it flourish. In the absence of goals and motivation, one can never reach the destination, for example, Mohammad Ghazi says his motivation for translation is primarily (love for translation) and then (material needs). Languages are limited. In the same way, whoever has done the act of translation has also expressed his motivation. Although the historical course of translation in Afghanistan has been examined from different perspectives by translators abroad, we have explored and examined the translations of 2019 in state institutions of higher education led by the Ministry of Higher Education. The result obtained from it showed that in the early 90s due to the problems that affected the people of Afghanistan, the translation process was not taken care of much, but in the last half of this decade, we have witnessed the relative growth of this process; a number of books have been translated from international languages into the national languages of Pashto and Dari Farsi, for example, we can refer to books translated from Arabic, for example, Türkiye Meydan al-Sara' bein al-Sharq va al-Gharb was translated by a professor at Badakhshan University. From a literary point of view, this translation has some errors, because the translator is a history professor and does not know much about Persian grammar, which is why it has some literary errors. I have read this work once. Similarly, other works that have been translated into Pashto in other universities of the country are not free of literary errors. Because those who translate the books are not experts in the mentioned languages in terms of expertise. For example, the following books have been translated from Arabic to Pashto: the rules of fasting and philosophy in Dhu al-Qur'an and Sunnah, al-Zahreh fi fan al-Takhrij and Drasa al-Asatid, Taysir al-Qava'ed al-Narhulllambtadiin and the book of al-Qava’ed al-Ulama, Al-Adab and Fanoonah, Nizam al-Syasi fi al-Islam, which were translated by professors in Nangarhar and Kandahar universities, the only flawless translations that have been translated by language experts, among which the number of language experts is limited.Literature ReviewWe did not come across any articles about translation in Afghanistan's higher education institutions. Therefore, we decided to write an article about the activities carried out regarding the translation from other living languages to national languages.Significance of the StudyThis article has examined and researched the process of scientific-research translations in Afghanistan's higher education institutions in the year (2018). Moreover, it discussed some points about the translation services in higher education institutions which are done for scientific promotion of professors. For this reason, the present article is new in terms of content and is of great importance.Purpose of the StudyThe main purpose of translation research in higher education institutions is to reveal the services of Afghanistan's higher education academic staff members. Its partial goals are to estimate the amount of translation services provided according to the conditions, whether it is in accordance with the needs of the present age or not. Whether so many different works from living languages have been translated by the academic staff members of Afghan universities to meet the academic needs or not.Another secondary goal of this research has been to reveal this process with its importance and path along with objective evidence, so that every student and researcher can easily understand how many necessary works have been translated by the scientific staff members of higher education.Research Questions:What was the main purpose of starting translation in Afghanistan's academic institutions?How many of the desired works of Afghanistan's academic field have been provided through translation so far?To what extent can works translated from foreign languages into national languages of Afghanistan help in the scientific process of Afghanistan?MethodologyA statistical method has been used to investigate the problem. The statistical population of the mentioned research was the source of data from the Department of Research, Compilation, and Translation of the Ministry of Higher Education. Our way of working was that we first presented each university in separate tables, and then at the end of it, we analyzed the received data of works translated in all universities of Afghanistan in the year (2019).FindingsSo, we talked about the definition, literature review, purpose, significance, and questions of translation. The findings of this research show that the motivation for translation has increased among the academic staff members of some universities. This increase will bring hope for the translation process in the following years.Among the educational institutions, the professors of Kabul University have the highest motivation for translating the work from international languages to the national language, and in the second step is Nangarhar University, followed by academic members of Harat and Balkh universities. The experience of academic members and researchers shows that there have been significant considerations in the quantity and quality of the translated works. The most frequent and expressive translations in the year (2019) are the translations that have been translated using the semantic method (free meaning).The Importance of the Translation Process in Academic FieldsTranslation, as one of the simplest and most effective tools and means of communication between humans, has always received special and public attention throughout history. The requirements of the current era (technology) and the revolution of communication in the current century have made the lives of countries dependent on each other. The multi-dimensional reliance of the age of communication has forced contemporary people to be aware of each other's conditions and understand each other's needs.Therefore, the universities of Afghanistan, which are the cradle of science, and the members of its scientific staff are considered among the scientific and academic assets of the same society and expected to play their valuable part in the development of this process.ConlusionAfter many efforts for the present research and due to an agreement with the translation management department Research, Compilation, and Translation Department of the Ministry of Higher Education, we were able to obtain a relative database in which the scientific topics of the professors are recorded. The works of professors are registered in the database of scientific subjects based on the name of the translator, academic institution, and academic rank. But we proceeded by removing some things, and we only mentioned the name of the works, faculty, group, and year. Regarding the translated topics, it should be said that most of the translated topics are specialized and they have been translated according to the expertise of the group or field that was mentioned. In general, it can be said that the most translated works are from English and then from Arabic. Translators of works in Afghanistan's institutions of higher education have mostly used semantic methods (conceptual translation) and this is the usual and acceptable method of the Ministry of Higher Education of Afghanistan. The results obtained from the present research show that the most works for translation in the year (2019) were first registered at Kabul University, followed by Nangarhar University, Harat University, University of Medical Sciences, Sheikh Zayed University, Balkh University, and others, which is summarized in the diagram below.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Abbas Ganjali; Sayed Mahdi Nouri keyzghani; Masoud Salmani Haghighi
Abstract
Today, translation theorists have taken a big step in the development of translation criticism methods by presenting their works and theories and have provided translators with the necessary platform to provide the desired translation. One of the theoreticians of this field is Henri Meschonnic. Translation ...
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Today, translation theorists have taken a big step in the development of translation criticism methods by presenting their works and theories and have provided translators with the necessary platform to provide the desired translation. One of the theoreticians of this field is Henri Meschonnic. Translation poetics in the concept that is considered in this discussion, according to Meschonnic, is a kind of theory of text translation. Poetics deals with linguistic structure issues just as painting deals with image structures; because linguistics is the general knowledge of language structures. The poetics approach of Meschonnic’s translation consists of concepts such as transparency and centripetalism, empirical application and theoretical application, and inter-poetics relationships. In this essay, relying on the descriptive-analytical method, the Persian translation of Ruhollah Rahimi's novel "Under the Feet of Mothers" with the title "Behesht-e Maman Ghaizah" is reviewed based on the poetics approach of artistic translation by Meschonnic. The result of the research shows that the translator has used literary devices such as metonymy and non-metonymy, which have the same aesthetic effect in the source and target text, in the field of inter-poetics relations. The language of the translated text is embedded in accordance with the norms of the Meschonnic’s poetics approach and the target text, and the translator has tried to show the cultural signs of the language and ideological approach to the reader by providing an acceptable translation.Keywords: Translation Criticism, Meschonnic’s Translation Poetics, The Novel "Under the Feet of Mothers", Ruhollah Rahimi.IntroductionCriticism of translation as a linguistic and intellectual activity, although in a traditional form, has existed in parallel with translation, and sometimes the translators themselves or even the authors have measured their work and that of others with the standards of their times. Criticism of literary translation in the 20th century has taken a more scientific and methodical direction after the works of Antoine Berman on the translation of prose, Henri Meschonnic and Effim Etkind on the translation of poetry (Ahmadi, 2015: 11). For sure, it is wrong to limit the criticism of literary translation to certain people. All schools of translation criticism, even those that did not speak directly about literature or are not from this field, have concepts and tools that are effective in translation criticism, such as the theory of comparative stylistics of Vienna and Darbelneh, which has a linguistic watershed, or the function-oriented theory of Katharina Reiss's translation criticism, or the interpretative theory of the Paris school (Danica Selekovitch-Marian Lederer) or the discourse theory of Jean Delisle.Due to the fact that many novels have been translated from Arabic to Persian, it is felt necessary to make the translation process more scientific by criticizing the translation and evaluating the quality of the translation based on specific principles and elements. In order to prevent weakness and defects in translation, various and many approaches and models have been presented, the use of which increase the scientific and literary value of a work. Literary texts are always full of words, sentences and melodious constructions. One of the challenges of translators when translating such texts is to transfer the elements of the original text correctly and accurately in the translated text. Henri Meschonnic's poetics approach of artistic translation, which includes components such as (transparency and centripetalism, experimental application and theoretical application, and inter-poetics relations), is considered as a leading approach in providing translations in accordance with the criteria and frameworks of the original and target text. This research is based on the descriptive-analytical method and its purpose is to examine Ruhollah Rahimi's Persian translation of the novel "Under the Feet of Mothers " based on the aforementioned theory. The reason for choosing this novel and Rahimi's translation of it is to have the necessary linguistic capacities and capabilities to adapt and implement the components of Henri Meschonnic’s Poetics of Translating. In this research, the following two questions are answered:1- Which of the components of the Henri Meschonnic’s Poetics of Translating is more prominent in Rahimi's translation?2- What is the function of the components of the mentioned approach in transferring the text message?Literature ReviewThe subject of the present research has not been investigated in any article or thesis so far, but considerable theses and articles have been written with the focus of examining the translation of other novels based on the ideas put forward for translation, which are referred to below. Due to the fact that Antoine Berman has followed the views of people like Henri Meschonnic in presenting his theory, therefore, in this section, the works written based on Berman's theory are also mentioned:- Valiullah Esmaili (2016), in his dissertation entitled Translation and Structural Criticism of the Novel Kabartu wa Nasitu an Ansa by Buthaina Al-Issa, has translated and criticized the fictional elements of the said novel. Individual theory was not used in the translation of this novel, and the translator relied on theory and general knowledge to translate the text and then criticize it.- Ali Bashiri (2019), in the article Implementation of Antoine Berman's Theory of Deconstructive Trends in the Translation of a Novel from Persian to Arabic (a case study of two translations of Boof-e Koor), has examined the aforementioned translations based on Berman's theory. The result of the research shows that all the issues related to Antoine Berman's theory can be applied in the translation of this novel, except Glorification, and the reason for not achieving Glorification in the translation of this prose is that the type of this prose is a novel and it is of a modern type, and the goal of the author and as a result the translator of the novel is far from Glorification and the use of figures.- Saber Mohseni (2019), in the article Investigation of Rhythm in the Persian Translations of Christian Boben Case Study: Mahvash Ghavimi's translation of geai (Idiot of the neighborhood) and Isabelle Bruges", has investigated the rhythm in Mahvash Ghavimi's translations of Christian Boben's works based on the artistic rhythm component of Meschonnic. The analysis of the translation of the two stories of Ablah-e Mahaleh and Isabelle Bruges shows that although the translator sometimes deviated from the rhythm of the original text due to language differences or complying with spelling rules, he was successful in recreating the rhythm and signs of orality (oralité) of the text.- Rajaa Abu Ali and Behzad Esbaghi Giglo (2019), in the article Criticism and Analysis of Fatemeh Jafari’s Translation of Rabi Jaber's Novel Confessions (E’terafat) based on the theory of deconstructive trends of Antoine Berman, investigated the aforementioned translation based on seven components of the deconstructive components of Berman.The result of the research shows that, among the mentioned components, the expansion and the destruction of the rhythm of the text are among the most frequent factors of distortion of the text in the translation of Fatemeh Jafari, and these components also have an effect on ennoblement, and in some cases, we see an increase in the component of ennoblement in the translation.MethodologyBased on the descriptive-analytical method and using online and library sources, this research has investigated Rahimi's Farsi translation of the novel "Under the Feet of Mothers" based on the poetics perspective of Henri Meschonnic's translation.ConclusionA total of 24 samples were selected to examine the poetics components of Meschonnic’s translation, of which 5 samples were considered for the element of transparency and centripetalism, 11 for experimental application and theoretical application, and 8 for inter-poetics relations. With the investigations carried out on the translation text, the components of experimental application, theoretical application, and inter-poetics relations in Rahimi's translation are more frequent and have more manifestations.Considering that the mentioned novel has the characteristics of a literary text and has melodious folk and literary expressions and interpretations, and also despite the difference of cultural elements in the two languages, literal and direct translation cannot be appropriate to transfer meanings; therefore, the poetics approach of Meschonnic’s translation is a solution in this situation and helps to provide a suitable and at the same time accurate translation.In terms of transparency and centripetalism, the translator, taking into account the textual relationship between the original and target languages, as in the original text, used simple and unpretentious words and phrases in his translation, and his writing is full of rhythmic sentences with a pleasant pattern, which plays an important role in conveying the meaning and emotional load of the text.In the section of experimental application and theoretical application, the translator has used the components considered for theoretical application such as deletion, displacement, and additions, in order to ennoble and glorify his text, which can be a special type of ideology in translation, adopted by the translator to advance his goals in order to provide a literary translation.In the field of inter-poetics relations, it should be said that the translator has correctly used the tools needed to establish a precise and desirable relationship between the original text and the target text, and has responded to each of the prominent elements of the source text in the target text, and added to the integrity of the structure of the translated text. It can be said that the translator in this section has used literary devices such as metonymy and non-metonymy, which have the same aesthetic effect in the source and target text, well in his translation.The language of the translated text is embedded in accordance with the norms of Meschonnic’s poetics approach and the target text, and the translator has tried to show the cultural signs of the language and his ideological approach to the reader by providing an acceptable translation.It can also be said that the translator understood the meaning of the words, phrases, and idioms relatively and expressed the equivalent of each of them in the translation according to the context of the target text and the elements determined for the Meschonnic approach. Therefore, it can be said that the translator has fulfilled his mission of finding the elements of meaning generation in the original text and then recreating them in the translation to an acceptable extent. Although he has made mistakes in a few cases.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Amir Afshin Farhadian; Seyyed Mehdi Masboogh
Abstract
Beyond its literary and artistic values, Hafez's poetry is known as a mirror of Iranian culture and worldview. Therefore, familiarity with it by people of other languages and cultures will open a window to the perception of Iranian art and culture. From this point of view, the quality of the translation ...
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Beyond its literary and artistic values, Hafez's poetry is known as a mirror of Iranian culture and worldview. Therefore, familiarity with it by people of other languages and cultures will open a window to the perception of Iranian art and culture. From this point of view, the quality of the translation of Hafez's poems into other languages becomes especially important. So far, at least nine selected or complete translations of Hafez's poems have been published in Arabic, which shows the appreciation of Arabic speakers for Hafez's poetry and thought. One of the most recent translations is the translation of Ali Abbas Zulaikha. because every metonymy expression, in addition to lexical meanings, also contains cultural, historical, and ethnic attachments, translating metonymies into another language that is current in a different context is one of the difficulties of translation is considered. In this research, which was carried out with the method of content analysis and in a descriptive-analytical way, 10 sonnets of Hafez containing 29 metonymies were randomly selected and analyzed using Kendall and Smith's table of numbers. The results of the research showed that in 8 cases, the meaning of the phrase was translated acceptably, and in 21 other cases, the Arabic translation faced serious problems. It is worth noting that 5 out of 21 cases of wrong translation were caused by misreading the Persian text.Keywords: Hafez's Poetry, Arabic Translation, Metonymies Translation, Ali Abbas Zulaikha.IntroductionHafez has a privileged position among numerous poets in the history of Persian literature. Any selection of the best examples of Persian poetry will contain examples of his poetry. This high position is the result of establishing a balance between the two characteristics of beautiful form and deep meaning. Hafez's extraordinary linguistic ability, along with his aesthetics and extraordinary skill in poetic art, has made his poetry desirable to lovers of literature. But regarding the meaning of the word, perhaps it can be considered as the summary of Iranian culture and worldview. "Hafez is not only the great poet of Iran, he is the miracle of Persian literature and the summary of this culture" (Shaygan, 2014: 114). The first feature makes it difficult to translate Hafez's poetry, but the second feature adds to the importance of the quality of his poetry translation. Hafez's poetry shows resistance to being translated in terms of the complexities of the form and the visible and hidden relationships of the words, but since his poetry is the manifestation of a part of the identity of Iranian culture, the correctness of the translation audience's perception of the pure manifestations of Iranian culture and worldview has a direct relationship with the quality of the translation of his poems. Dick Davis in his article " On Not Translating Hafez" says: " Certain poets are held to be untranslatable, or virtually so, and often they are thought of as those that most intimately express the poetic soul of their people (…) The fact that it is often precisely the poets who seem to sum up a poetry’s idiosyncratic potential and identity who are those whose works are most resistant to translation" (Davis, 2011: 74).The importance of Hafez's poetry translation benefiting from a suitable quality, with all its inherent difficulties, makes the mission of the translator of Hafez's poems heavier. Walter Benyamin explains the mission of the translator as follows: "This mission consists of finding that intention or meaning in the target language that echoes the original text in this language" (2003: 44).The world fame of Hafez's poems has been a strong motivation for translators to translate his poetry into many living languages of the world. Among others, we can mention its numerous translations in French, German, English, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, Russian, Armenian, Kazakh, Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi, Bengali, Turkish, Japanese, Arabic, etc. (Hafez Encyclopedia, 2017: pp. 542-585).Due to the extent of cultural exchanges between Persian and Arabic languages, the Arabic translations of Hafez's Diwan are very important. "Numerous translations of Hafez's poems, as well as various academic articles and theses, on the subject of his poems and personality, show that Hafez as a literary-mystical figure in the Arab world has attracted the attention of many writers and poets, including Taha Hossein, Shawarebi, Seyyed Qutb, Salah al-Sawi, Omar Shebli and..." (Zinivand and Almasi, 2011: 57).So far, Hafez's poems have been translated into Arabic nine times, most of which contain excerpts of poems. Mohammad Al Forati (selection), Mohammad Mehdi Javaheri (selection), Mohammad Amin Al-Shawarbi (sonnets), Salah al-Sawi (selection), Youssef Victor Al-Kakk (selection), Muhammad Ali Shamsoddin (selection), Omar Shebli al-Sawairi (selection), Ali Abbas Zulaikha (selection) All Poems) (Azizi, 2013: pp. 75-93) and Nader Nezam Tehrani (sonnets) are the translators of Hafez's poetry in Arabic.Ali Abbas Zulaikha, born in 1958 in Syria, is a doctor and embryologist. The result of his interest in the Persian language and literature was the translation of several famous works of Persian literature into Arabic, among which we can mention the translation of Hafez Shirazi's Diwan, Molana's Masnavi, Attar Neishaburi's Diwan and Asrarnameh (Kakavand and Valvi, 2019: 10). His translation of Hafez's Diwan, which is examined in this article in terms of translation of metonymies, is one of the most recent Arabic translations of Hafez's poetry and includes the entire Diwan of Hafez based on the famous correction of Qazvini and Ghani.Literature ReviewRegarding the Arabic translations of Hafez's poems, articles have been published so far, but in none of them, the translation of the metonymies in Ali Abbas Zulaikha's translation has been investigated.Behrouz Ghorbanzadeh and Shahram Ahmadi in the article "The mystical concept of metonymy in Omar Shibli's Arabic translation of Hafez's diwan based on the theory of Antoine Berman" criticized Shibli's translation of some metonymies in Hafez's poetry and concluded that in many cases the translator understood the metonymy of the expressions. He did not, and for this reason, he has turned to literal translation or ignoring the metonymic expression."Criticism and review of rhetorical translations in the Arabic translation of Hafez's poem by Salah al-Sawi" written by Gholamreza Karimifard is the title of an article that examines the translation of Al-Sawi from a rhetorical aspect. A part of this article is devoted to the analysis of a few cases of translation of metonymies in Hafez's poetry."Examination of the translations of the semantic contrasts of Hafez's sonnets in Ali Abbas Zulaikha's translation" is an article written by Owais Mohammadi and his colleagues in explaining examples of semantic contrasts in Hafez's poems and criticizing Zulaikha's translation of those examples. It is necessary to explain that the study of metonymies was not intended in this article. Hossein Mohseni and Amin Sheikh Bagheri, in an article entitled "Pathology of Transferring Multilayered Semantics in the Translation of Hafez's Poems Based on Catford's Theory of Formal Changes (A Case Study of Al-Shwarabi and Abbas Zulaikha's Translations)" have investigated the translation of the multilayered concepts of words and terms of Hafez's poetry in the translation of the two aforementioned translators.MethodologyContent analysis and descriptive-analytical methods have been used in this research. Overall, ten sonnets from Hafez have been randomly selected using Kendall and Smith's table of numbers for review and analysis in this research. Because the translator used the Qazvini and Ghani correction of Hafez's poems as the basis of his translation, the selected sonnets in this article are considered based on the same order. In each of the selected sonnets, first, the Arabic translation of Zulaikha's verses that contain metonymic compositions was translated into Persian, and then the translator's success in translating those phrases into Arabic was evaluated. It should be noted that in some sonnets, the translator has translated verses into poetry in addition to prose. In dealing with such verses, we have translated both Arabic poetry and prose into Persian and analyzed them.ConclusionThe results of analyzing the translation of metonymies in Zulaikha's translation of Hafez's ten sonnets indicate the failure of the translator to correctly translate those phrases from Persian to Arabic. Seventy-two percent error in the studied population is significant. The main reasons for this failure can be classified into two categories. The first reason that includes the number of translation errors is the failure to correctly understand the metonymic meaning of the phrases in the Persian language, which indicates the translator's lack of respect for the subtleties and details of the text being translated. But another reason is the misreading of the Persian text. The error that occurs in this category, which unfortunately includes nearly a quarter of metonymies translation errors, basically occurs before entering the translation because the text is misread in the same source language, and the resulting translation will be far from the original text. It is clear that Hafez's poem, despite its wide acceptance among Persian speakers, is relatively difficult, and the evidence of this is the large number of commentaries written on it, but this difficulty and complexity is not an acceptable justification for the erroneous translation of a significant literary work. It should be noted that Zulaikha's translation of Hafez's poems is one of the most recent Arabic translations from this Diwan and other examples of Arabic translations of Hafez's poems have been available to the translator. Also, many Persian commentaries of Hafez's poems have been published, which could prevent many misreadings. Undoubtedly, the quality of the translation of the poems of one of the most prominent poets of Iran will have an important effect on the understanding of his words and his literary position in the society of the target language. Zulaikha has not been very successful in carrying out this mission.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Majid Salehbek
Abstract
In this research, an attempt has been made to criticize and analyze the Arabic translations of Khayyam's quatrains. Therefore, at the beginning, the history of the quatrains, Khayyam's quatrains, the translations done in the West, and how they entered the Arab world have been discussed. Next, Arab translators’ ...
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In this research, an attempt has been made to criticize and analyze the Arabic translations of Khayyam's quatrains. Therefore, at the beginning, the history of the quatrains, Khayyam's quatrains, the translations done in the West, and how they entered the Arab world have been discussed. Next, Arab translators’ methods have been criticized and analyzed under titles such as ideology, source and target language discourse, translation formats, and translation from the intermediate language by bringing evidence. In the topic of ideology, the influence of the ideology of the translator and the target language, and in the context of discourse, the evolution and transformation of the text and the potential of the translator's success have been discussed. The translator's adherence to the main quatrain format or non-adherence to it, as well as its results in the translation process, in addition to the use of the intermediary language and its positive and negative and sometimes destructive effects in the translation, like other cases, have a special place in this study. In the present research, in addition to what has been said, the personal choices and methods of translators and their influence in clarifying, stylization, changing and deleting, the transfer of the received meaning from the source language which is affected by misunderstanding or intermediate language or cultural differences, have been critically analyzed.Keywords: Khayyam's Quatrains, Arabic Translation, Ideology, Context of Discourse, Quatrain Format. IntroductionAlthough the great brilliance of men like Ferdowsi, Hafez, Saadi, Attar, Khayyam, and Molavi in the sky of the vast land of Iran has aroused the admiration of the researchers of the Arab world and many works in this regard have entered the field of literature, but among the Persian language poets, Omar Khayyam has a special place and fame in the Arab world. In such a way, Omar Khayyam and his quatrains have attracted the attention of researchers and Arabic gatherings more than any Persian poet. The existence of nearly a hundred translations of his quatrains in Arabic shows this attention. In this respect, Adib Taqi Dameshqi says: Despite the fact that Khayyam's quatrains are not among the best masterpieces of Iranian genius, and although Khayyam's position is not such that other Iranian poets have not been able to achieve it, what is the secret of this superiority and priority of literature, a phenomenon that may make people wonder (Safi Najafi, N.D.: 17). In response to this question, Reza Tawfiq Bek, a Turkish philosopher, says in his book "Khayyam's Quatrains" that: This success achieved by Khayyam's quatrains is derived from his understanding of the meaning of life based on the present taste and civilization, the basic principles of which are arranged in a new way in his quatrains; Westerners have not turned to Khayyam except because they saw him as a contemporary European sage and followed his teachings (Ibid: 18).Khayyam's name is Omar, his nickname (Kunya) is Abū al-Fatḥ, and known as Ghiyāth al-Dīn. The reason for his fame as Khayyam or Khayami is not known correctly. It has been said that his father had this title and may have been a curtain maker (Foroughi, 1379: 13).What is certain is that during the reign of Jalal al-Din Malik Shah Seljuqi and the ministry of Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk in the year 467 A.H. when they wanted to correctly determine the order of the calendar according to the astronomical rules, they chose a group of scientists for this purpose to arrange the calculation, and Khayyam was one of those scientists, and it seems that he was ahead of everyone (Foroughi, 1379 AD: 13 and 14).Literature ReviewAlthough the research studies that have been done about Khayyam and his quatrains cannot be counted, in line with the title of this research, we can refer to the following items:- The article Analysis of Yusuf Hossein Bekar's critical views on the translations of Khayyam's quatrains based on Antoine Berman's theory written by Zahra Bavand, Shahriar Rahmati, Touraj Zeinivand, and Ali Salimi. In this article, the respected authors' critical opinions on the book "Al-Tarjamat al-Arabiyyah Lerobaiyat al-Khayyam" are examined based on Carman's theory.- The article Review and Analysis of Arabic Translations of Khayyam's Quatrains written by Hossein Kiani and Saeed Hesampour, respected authors, although they have discussed the translation of Rami and Saraf in general terms in their research, but they have not provided an example for their theoretical discussions.- The article Abdul Rahman Shukri and Khayyam's Quatrains written by Jamil Jafari and Sherafat Karimi, in this article the subject of Shukri's influence on Fitzgerald's poetry is examined.- The article Researching on Khayyam based on the Arab World written by Naser Mohseninia, this article focuses more on Khayyam's life and his works in the Western world and the Arab world, and in another section, Khayyam's influence on the Akhawan al-Safa, as well as Ma’ari, has been discussed by referring to the debate between him and Zamakhshari.MethodologyThe method used in this research is descriptive-analytical. It is worth mentioning that in order to clarify the discussions raised in this research as much as possible, an effort has been made to use different examples of well-known Arab translators from different Arab countries, such as Safi Najafi, Ahmed Rami, Abdulhaq Fazil, Ibn Tavit, Ariz, Heydari, etc. and at the end while answering the research questions, present a summary of the findings to the readers.ConclusionAt the end, the results of this research are:- The translation of literary works is always influenced by various factors such as the culture and ideology and personal belonging of the translator, so it is impossible to come across a translation that is not influenced by the culture and ideology that governs the worldview and the translator's belonging, and does not have traces of these things. In other words, any concept and meaning in the form of language cannot be free from culture and ideology, because translation is based on language. It is for this reason that Fitzgerald and his translation, under the influence of the dominant culture and the special position of Great Britain and its undisputed power in the 19th century, have a contemptuous view of the Eastern culture; to the extent that he considered meddling in the works of Iranian poets, including Khayyam, as a source of his entertainment, he stated that they do not have the qualities of a poet and need a little art. Another aspect of it is the cultural and ideological ties of poets such as Safi Najafi and Ahmed Hamed Saraf, who are related to the completely traditional society of Iraq, especially to the religious cities of Karbala and Najaf, or Ibrahim Ariz and Aqqad, whose origin is a society with traditional customs and traditions such as Bahrain and Egypt. As we can see, the apparent invitation to wine in Khayyam's quatrains in Safi Najafi's translation loses its clarity and is used in an inspirational way; and finally, the translator of those quatrains feels remorse because of the popularity of his translation, and seeks to destroy it; or because Ariz who avoids the translation of wine and calls to it and shows a different perception or neglects himself; Aqqad's confrontation with Khayyam and Ahmad Rami's recklessness in saying wine and drinking are also interesting.- The Arab translators not sticking the Persian quatrain format and choosing other formats such as Solasiyat (three stanzas). Moraba’at (four stanzas). Khumasiyat (five stanzas). Musaba’at (seven stanzas). although it has been chosen under the pretext of ease of translation, so that the translator feels free in choosing more words and expressions; but this intention has not been realized, because we come across many evidences that despite the size of the format and the change in meter, not only the entire quatrain has not been translated, but sometimes one or two stanzas have been removed or focus has been made on one or two stanzas.- The polysemous words and their dependence on the sphere of different discourses are other significant things in translation, and at the same time, they provide an opportunity for a capable translator; where the translator can make the necessary balance between the source language and the target language, taking into account the discourse of the age and the audience, to undergo a positive transformation. Among its examples, the interaction of translators such as Wehbi, Saraf, Abdul Haq Fazil, Ibrahim Ariz, Noble Abdul Ahed, Abdul Latif Nashar, Mohammad Jamil Al-Aqili, Abushadi and... with the addition of "Jam Jam" in the negative and positive aspects of the translation of "Water of Life" by Saleh Jafari.- Distance from the original language of the text and the translation from the intermediate language, which, according to the translator himself, is an interpretative translation; or misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the nuances and subtleties of the source language, by the translators' own admission, who do not know even a word of Persian, and the whole translation from translation and lack of adherence to the same Latin text, along with the distance of the Latin text from the Persian equivalents of quatrains, are other challenges. In any case, the results of distance from the Persian original of quatrains in the translation of this group of translators are not surprising. In addition, Fitzgerald, who is the authority of many Arab translators, refrained from bringing the part of Khayyam's prayer that was not in accordance with his poetry. As a result, the comprehensiveness of Khayyam's thought has been damaged in Arabic translations.- In addition to verse translations, a group of Arab writers have turned to prose and word-for-word translations, and their main concern has been to adhere to the text and be faithful in preserving the concepts, preferring the melodious language and style of poetry.- Not adhering to the semantic relationship and the unity of the subject of each stanza and relying on the taste of the source language or pure captivity in the target language to the extent that it leads to the elimination of the subtleties and nuances of the text, all tell about the importance of this issue. Finally, the methods of the translator in clarifying or simplifying or changing and deleting, etc., are all positive or negative aspects of the translation and translator.
