Translation in Arabic language and literature
Azam Daryadel Movahed; seyyed Mehdi Masboogh; Mohamad Taheri
Abstract
Attar Neyshaburi, the great poet and mystic of the sixth and seventh century AH, depicts the high mystical themes in the form of a symbol and code in his works. One of these works is the valuable poem of Mantiq al- Tayr which is deeply associated with religious and mystical symbols. Since Telmieh plays ...
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Attar Neyshaburi, the great poet and mystic of the sixth and seventh century AH, depicts the high mystical themes in the form of a symbol and code in his works. One of these works is the valuable poem of Mantiq al- Tayr which is deeply associated with religious and mystical symbols. Since Telmieh plays a prominent role in influencing mystical themes, Attar expresses these imbalances in the form of a symbol and symbol to sit in the listener's life and wisdom. This literary and mystical masterpiece has been translated into various languages, including Arabic. So far, three Arabic translations of this poem have been made by Ahmad Naji al -Qisi, Badie Mohammad Friday and Ali Abbas Zulikh, who have undoubtedly been one of the most important challenges facing translators. Lepi Halm introduces methods for translation and symbols that the present study has attempted to evaluate and evaluate the quality of symbolic transmission in the three above translations in a descriptive method. Due to the rational scope of its first 65 bits, "Talking to Chicken", it was selected as the research body due to the high frequency of symbolic implications. The result of the research showed that among the translators, only the savior of al -Qaisi has taken into account the meaning of symbolic implications and tried to choose a suitable equivalent
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Ali NajafiIvaki; mohaddese haddadi
Abstract
Valuable series of Mukhtarnameh includes a significant number of vernacular components such as idioms, ironies, assimilation, bazaar street words, slang words, prayers, curses, and broken writing, which has contributed a lot in the process of conveying the desired concepts to the audience. This series, ...
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Valuable series of Mukhtarnameh includes a significant number of vernacular components such as idioms, ironies, assimilation, bazaar street words, slang words, prayers, curses, and broken writing, which has contributed a lot in the process of conveying the desired concepts to the audience. This series, which has been translated into Arabic and has been shown on many channels in the Islamic world, has been well received by the audience. The question raised here is that the translator or the group of translators performed in the process of translating the mentioned components and what strategy they used to translate and equate them. In the light of the relatively impressive presence of the mentioned components in the Mukhtarnameh series and considering that no researcher has looked at the Arabic equivalents of those meanings from this point of view, the research tries to move forward while identifying, extracting and categorizing them. evaluate their Arabic equivalents with a descriptive-analytical method and, if necessary, present the suggested equivalents and make the results of the research known to the audience. The result shows that in the interpretation of the common components of the studied series, more than anything else, conceptual equivalence has been used and a large amount of the equations presented suffer from the problem of insufficiency.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Abdolbaset Arab Yousofabadi; Noura Mahbube
Abstract
Pseudo-translation refers to texts presented in the form of translation; but there is no corresponding source for them in other languages; As a result, it lacks any real linguistic transfer and translation relationship. Such works are one of the attractive topics for researchers interested in translation. ...
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Pseudo-translation refers to texts presented in the form of translation; but there is no corresponding source for them in other languages; As a result, it lacks any real linguistic transfer and translation relationship. Such works are one of the attractive topics for researchers interested in translation. Identifying the motivations and strategies of pseudo-translation in the literary system of the target society is necessary. One of the prominent examples of pseudo-translation is the novel "Adame Zende" translated by Ahmad Mahmoud. In the introduction to the novel, Mahmoud introduces the author of the novel as an Iraqi named "Mamduh bin Atal Abunazal". But by analyzing the textual, genre and discourse levels of the novel, it is clear that Mahmoud is its author. In the present research, a descriptive-analytical method is used to explore origins of the pseudo-translation of "Adame Zende" as well as the most important methods used in it based on the target-oriented model of Toury (1995) and also the three-level analysis model of Liu (2019). The findings of the research showed that Ahmad Mahmoud, with the motivation of projecting progressive themes and criticizing politicians in his work, used a new way of characterizing and tried to make his work appear as a translation by imitating the text and paratext of the real translation works. These measures have saved Mahmoud from the sharp blade of auditors and literary critics to some extent.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
sayed hasan Tabatabaee; habib keshavarz; Ali Zeighami
Abstract
The deep connection between culture and language, is One of the important topics that has been focused by the science theorists for a long time, especially in translation of cultural elements field. Many translators and theorists consider these two to be necessary for translating texts. It cannot be ...
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The deep connection between culture and language, is One of the important topics that has been focused by the science theorists for a long time, especially in translation of cultural elements field. Many translators and theorists consider these two to be necessary for translating texts. It cannot be denied that language forms a large part of culture and the influence of culture and language on each other is a mutual influence. In Avon Zohar's theory of cultural reserves, language is considered as a cultural reserve, which itself consists of microcultures. Based on this theory, on the one hand, he examines the interaction between different cultures, and on the other hand, he examines the interaction between culture and language. In the field of literature, stories and novels can be introduced as rich sources of culture of a language. Therefore, this article tries to use the descriptive-analytical method based on the theory of Avon-Zohar to investigate the solutions of localization of cultural elements in the Arabic translation of one of Jamal Mirsadeghi's novels titled Deraznaye Shab by Ahmed Yusuf Sheta. The result of this research shows that the translator used methods such as cultural analysis - cultural mixing - cultural reform and cultural adaptation in the localization of cultural elements due to linguistic borrowing, cultural exchanges, commonalities of social issues, unity of religions and similarity of religious customs. The most prominent solution for translating cultural elements is literal translation, which is a subset of the objective transfer strategy.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
masoud salmanihaghighi; abbas ganjali
Abstract
Criticism and evaluation of the translation of texts, especially literary texts, and providing an appropriate translation of various concepts and elements in the target language have always been of interest. One of the topics in the field of translation is the issue of untranslatability of cultural elements. ...
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Criticism and evaluation of the translation of texts, especially literary texts, and providing an appropriate translation of various concepts and elements in the target language have always been of interest. One of the topics in the field of translation is the issue of untranslatability of cultural elements. Malcolm Harvey's is one of the experts in this field. He has proposed methods such as functional equivalent, linguistic equivalent, borrowing, and descriptive-explanatory equivalent for translating cultural elements. In this article, relying on the descriptive-analytical method, Seyyed Mahdi Hosseini Nejad's translation of the novel " Yumiyat Motalaga " by Haifa Bitar has been analyzed and examined based on Malcolm Harvey's strategies for translating untranslatable cultural elements and the degree to which the translator's translation complies with the aforementioned approach. The findings of the study indicate that in addition to preserving and observing linguistic and cultural subtleties and principles, as well as adhering to traditions and customs related to the structure of the Persian language, the translator has made efforts to overcome the untranslatability of cultural and linguistic elements and to adapt his translation to the components determined by Harvey, although in some cases he could have done better, as has been pointed out in the examples.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Sayyed Mehdi Masboogh; Solmaz Ghafari
Abstract
Abstract The book Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda is one of the narrative works that revives a large part of ancient popular culture and literature In this book, more than two hundred life stories of people caught in problems are depicted in the form of stories. These people have been saved by trusting ...
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Abstract The book Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda is one of the narrative works that revives a large part of ancient popular culture and literature In this book, more than two hundred life stories of people caught in problems are depicted in the form of stories. These people have been saved by trusting God in facing the problems of life. One of the appropriate models of translation criticism is Katarina Reiss's model, which has received less attention from researchers. Considering the comprehensiveness of translation criticism techniques in Katarina Reiss's model compared to other translation models, the present study can be used as a suitable example and model by researchers in the field of translation criticism in Arabic language and literature. This research tries to provide a general analysis of the Persian translation of the book Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda from two linguistic and meta-linguistic perspectives by using Reiss's model in the Arabic text. Because the difference in the structure of the two languages is significant and this issue can be useful in translation research and linguistic studies.Key words: Translation, Model of Katharina Reiss, Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda, Ghazi Tanukhi, Dehestani.IntroductionThe field of translation between Persian and Arabic languages has been very prosperous for a long time. The translation of literary texts, such as Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda, has been one of the most dynamic literary trends in ancient times. Many works in different genres and subjects have been translated from Arabic to Persian and from Persian to Arabic, and some of them have been very influential from a literary point of view. The book Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda, is one of the prominent Arabic works written by Qazi Tanukhi, a writer of the 4th century of Hijri. Hossein Dehestani translated the book Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda, in the 7th century. Katharina Reiss is a well-known German translator who is known as a role-oriented translator and the creator of the "text type in translation" theory. This research tries to answer the following questions by criticizing the translation of Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda, relying on Katarina Reiss's model:Are the methods proposed in Katarina Reiss's model suitable for criticizing the translation of Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda, if the answer is positive, what are the reasons for the usefulness of these methods?How is Dehestani translation criticized and evaluated based on Katarina Reiss's linguistic and meta-linguistic factors.Literature ReviewFew researches have been done about the Katarina Reiss model in Iran, including:The article " Reiss's Pioneering Model for Translation Criticism" written by Alireza Khanjan, who tried to introduce Kathrina Reiss's model.The article "Examination of Literary Translation Challenges" written by Ali Ganjian Khanari, who introduced the first part of Reiss's model, i.e. the type of text, in this article and it has shown the characteristics of literary texts and the challenges and problems that the translator faces in translating this type of texts.About the Katharina Reiss model in Arabic language, a few researches have been done, including:The article "Measurement and evaluation of Katarina Reiss's translation model" written by Leila Alam, who started the discussion with an introduction of criticism and translation, and continued to introduce the category of "text type" and the division of the text based on the role of language, and at the end of her discussion has finished with the criteria of translation criticism.But this research criticized the translation of the first chapter of the book "Al-Farj after Al-Shada" based on Katharina Reiss's model and it is new both in the theoretical approach and in the text of the research.Research MethodologyConsidering the volume of the book, its first chapter was selected and analyzed by descriptive-analytical method.ConclusionFrom what came in this research, the following results are obtained:Based on the balance in the type of text presented in Katharina Reiss's model, it can be said that Dehestani has disturbed this balance in determining the "dominant role". Reiss believes that a text may have different roles and what is the criterion is the dominant role. based on Katarina Reiss's model, Dehestani has presented an adapted translation. He has achieved semantic sufficiency and balance in his translation by means of semantic changes, the use of precise grammatical structures in accordance with the criteria of the target language, and significant stylistic elements.The methods proposed in Katharina Reiss's model are suitable for criticizing the translation of the book "Al-Faraj Bad al-Shedda" because in this model, Reiss directs the critic to a targeted criticism to examine and judge the literary work in terms of content, style, and sometimes from an aesthetic perspective.Relying on the two linguistic and meta-linguistic components mentioned in Reiss's model, the reasons that caused the translator to achieve semantic imbalance in his translation were criticized and his performance was comprehensively evaluated. in the linguistic component, the translator has disturbed the semantic balance due to the semantic changes and grammatical changes of the source language, the use of unique stylistic elements and the criteria of the target language, and the construction of the target text is broken. on the other hand, in the evaluation of the meta-linguistic components, the gaps in the situation and the topic of speech have been well filled by the translator and by being influenced by temporal and spatial elements, he changed the form of the original text in favor of the target language and removed the cultural gaps between the two cultures.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Ahmad Pashazanos; Abdolali Alebooyeh Langerudi; Mohammad Zangoui
Abstract
One of the beautiful Qur'anic styles for expressing the truth, attracting attention and informing the audience is asking questions. Most of the questions in the Qur'an have purposes other than real questions. Rhetoric scholars have listed several secondary meanings, such as denial, mockery, surprise, ...
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One of the beautiful Qur'anic styles for expressing the truth, attracting attention and informing the audience is asking questions. Most of the questions in the Qur'an have purposes other than real questions. Rhetoric scholars have listed several secondary meanings, such as denial, mockery, surprise, interpretation, negation, etc. for questioning. Until now, various theories of translation have been used as codified frameworks to evaluate the translations of the Qur'an. Among them, Jean-Paul Vine and Jean Darblene published a book titled "Comparative French and English Stylistics" in 1958, which later became an important source for translation scholars. Became. Vineh and Darblene introduced techniques in this work. In this article, after explaining these techniques and their sub-branches with a descriptive analytical method and confronting the quality of their application in the translation of secondary meanings, four translators of the Holy Quran (Makaram Shirazi, Aiti, Ansarian and Elahi Qomshei) who due to differences In the approach, the jurisprudential attitude and the method of translation that they have have differences, advantages and disadvantages relative to each other, and its purpose is to explain how and the extent of the application of the translation model of Vineh and Darbalteh in the translations under review. the findings of the research show that the translators have used literal translation, which is one of the components of direct translation, more than other components, considering the sanctity of the Qur'an text and its special linguistic features. On the other hand, the transposition technique - as one of the components of indirect translation, has the highest frequency after literal translation due to the difference in the grammatical structure of Arabic and Persian languages; The indirect technique of assimilation also has a lower frequency than other components due to the cultural similarities between the two languages and the prohibition of excessive interference in the Qur'an.Keywords: Interrogation, Secondary Meanings, Veena and Darblaneh, Selected Translations of the Holy Quran.IntroductionQuestioning is deposited as a natural instinct in the existence of every human being and is one of the signs of his intellectual development. Whenever a person does not know about something and wants to know about it, he tries to get the necessary knowledge by using questions. In the Holy Qur'an, which is the most important miracle of the Prophet of Islam, many questions are used, and most of these questions are figurative, and the reason for this is God's control and knowledge of all matters, and the real questions in the Qur'an are usually from someone other than God. have been. In the Qur'anic questions and rhetorical purposes, the meaning and meaning of the theologian, which consists of secondary meanings, has been the opinion of Qur'anic commentators and translators since the very distant past.On the other hand, the translation of the verses of the Holy Quran from Arabic to another language, such as Persian, may not accurately convey the secondary meanings of interrogatives that exist in Arabic, due to differences in linguistic structures and principles. The concept of questioning, which is used in the Qur'an and can refer to a number of secondary meanings, may have some shortcomings in translation into other languages, and there may be differences in the meanings of questioning.Finally, the translation of the Qur'an is an interpretive process, and the translator's interpretation, linguistic and cultural conditions, and his personal understanding may influence the translation. Studying and researching in this field sheds light on the rhetorical subtleties in the verses that highlight the miraculous aspect of the Qur'an, and by thinking and considering these verses and the questions used in them, one can understand the main intention of God. and obtained a correct translation of those verses.Literature ReviewThe background of the current research should be examined in two parts; First, the researches conducted on the translation of Quranic interrogatives and secondly in the field of translation criticism based on the model of Winnie and Darbelneh. Regarding the first part, the following studies can be mentioned:Dissertation "Aesthetics of Quranic interrogatives and Shia interpretations, parts 4, 5, and 6" by Hakimeh Sadeghinejad (master's degree in Arabic language and literature, Yazd University, 2013).The article "Rhetorical Secrets of Interrogation in the Qur'an" by Hassan Rezaei, Arabic Literature Magazine, 2014.Thesis "Interrogatives and their use in the Holy Qur'an" by Seyyed Mahmoud Qasrinejad (Master's degree in Arabic language and literature, Tarbiat Modares University, 1379).Regarding the background of the second part of the present article, it should be said that the seven-fold model of Vinny and Darbelneh has been used in many studies in the field of translation criticism. including:An analysis of Garmarodi's translation of the letter of Imam Ali (pbuh) to Malik Ashtar based on the seven methods of Vinah and Darblanah (2017), in which Esmaili Taheri and his colleagues have criticized examples of Mousavi's translation of Garmarodi based on the seven methods of Vinah and Darblanah. . According to the findings of the research, Garmarodi's translation was in most cases an indirect translation, which caused the fluency of his translation.The article analyzing a part of the novel "Al-Shahaz" based on the theoretical model of Wini and Darblaneh (2018), Shahriar Niazi and colleagues have tried to extract comparative examples from the translation of Najib Mahfouz's Al-Shahaz book based on the translation techniques of Wina and Darblaneh. The result of this research shows that the translator has benefited the most from the indirect translation method in order to be able to artistically reproduce the textual materials of the source language in the target language.Criticism of the translation of parts of the time of Sayyidat al-Qamar" with an emphasis on the seven techniques (1401) The achievement of Mohammad Nabi Ahmadi and Yahya Babaei in this research is that the translator paid much attention to the reader in translating the time of Sayyidat al-Qamar and had a goal-oriented approach. ; Therefore, indirect techniques have been used abundantly in the presented translation.According to the mentioned backgrounds and also according to the review of the authors, so far no research has been done in connection with the translation of the secondary meanings of interrogatives in the translations of Shirazi, Aiti, Ansarian and Elahi Qomshei based on the theory of translation of Vinah and Darblanah.Research MethodologyResearchers have used the descriptive-analytical method to investigate the translation of Quranic interrogatives in four selected translations. And the review of the translations is done based on the Vinny and Darbleneh method.ConclusionThe results of this research in the first part in response to the question that what are the similarities and differences of the mentioned translations in the context of the secondary meanings of the Quranic interrogatives? and why as follows:And the result of the review of the translations of the four translators of the Holy Quran (Makaram Shirazi, Aiti, Ansarian and Elahi Qomshei) based on the seven translation strategies of "Vini" and "Darbelneh" is summarized in the following points:1- The translation of Makarem Shirazi is a direct translation of the Wini Darbelaneh type due to frequent use of the literal method (85 percent), balance method (5 percent) and displacement method (10 percent) and is close to the source text.2- Due to the frequent use of the literal method (80 percent), displacement method (15 percent) and imitation method (5 percent), the translation of the verse is a direct translation of the Wini Darbelneh and is close to the source text.3- Ansarian's translation, due to the frequent use of the literal method (90 percent) and the displacement method (10 percent), is a translation of the direct type of Wini Darbelneh and is originalist.4- The translation of Elhi Qomshei due to the frequent use of the literal method (60 percent), the method of balance (10 percent), the method of assimilation (15 percent) and the method of displacement (15 percent) is a translation of the direct type of Wini Darbelneh. and is close to the original text.5- No translation is 100% source oriented or destination oriented, but always a combination of the two.6- The translations examined in the order of degree of direct or original translation from the highest to the lowest are as follows: Ansarian, Makarem Shirazi, Aiti and Elahi Qomshei's translation.7- The translations examined in the order of degree of indirect or target oriented translation from the highest to the lowest are as follows: Elahi Qomshei, Aiti, Makarem Shirazi and Ansarian translation.8- In general, all four translations of the Qur'an under review are close to the original text due to the frequent use of the literal method (literal translation). The main reason for the use of more direct translation models (originalist) can be seen in the traditional attitude towards the Qur'an and the effort to preserve the structure of the Qur'an in Persian translation.9- Considering the excellence of the literal translation technique from the point of view of Wini and Darbelneh, it should be said that the translation of the Ansarians is superior to other translations due to the observance of the original text of the Qur'an; Although it is sometimes difficult for the audience to read the translated text, the explanation given below the translation and in the form of a footnote makes up for this shortcoming to some extent.10- Since the basis of the translation of Elhi Qomshei is on the expression of literary topics, he has often referred to the figurative meanings of interrogatives. But it is worth noting that in a few cases, some questions from Makarem Shirazi or Ayati have been carefully explained.11- In some cases where there was a need to explain the questions for accurate translation of some verses, no analysis was provided by the translators.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Shahryar Niazi; Mahmood Bijankhan; Mazyar Pashaei
Abstract
Abstract Man's need to translate with more efficiency has made him endeavor to achieve advanced translation technologies. Most of the efforts in this field have been devoted to achieving machine (automatic) translation (without human intervention), which, although it does not have the quality of human ...
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Abstract Man's need to translate with more efficiency has made him endeavor to achieve advanced translation technologies. Most of the efforts in this field have been devoted to achieving machine (automatic) translation (without human intervention), which, although it does not have the quality of human translation, has other advantages such as speed and high availability and low cost. The peak of these benefits can be seen in free online translation machines. Some of these machines (i.e. Google, Bing, Yandex, Reverso, ModernMT, and NiuTrans) support Arabic to Persian translation and vice versa. The purpose of this research is to compare the quality of Arabic<>Persian translations provided by these machines with each other. In order to achieve this goal, first, two small Arabic and Persian corpuses, each containing 60 sentences with random types and topics, were selected from the sentences in the two Arabic and Persian frequency dictionaries published by Routledge, then these sentences were entered one by one into the aforementioned translation machines. and the received output was scrutinized by human evaluation method based on the DQF-MQM error classification and analysis model. The translation machines in order from highest to lowest output quality are: Google, Bing, Yandex, ModernMT, Reverso, and NiuTrans. This is not an absolute and constant result, but a statistical and probabilistic one; lower-ranked machines translate some sentences better than the higher-ranked machines.Keywords: Translation Studies, Translation Technology, Machine Translation Evaluation, Google Translate, Bing Translator, Yandex Translate, Reverso, ModernMT, NiuTransIntroductionTranslation technology has been an important branch of translation studies. In 1972, at the third conference of applied linguistics, James Holmes introduced the field of translation technology as a sub-branch of the "applied" branch of the emerging interdisciplinary science of "translation studies". He divided this field into three categories: theories of translation by humans, by machines, and by both (Machine-Aided Human Translation or Human-Aided Machine Translation).Most of the efforts in the field of translation technology have been focused on making the machine able to translate without human intervention. This type of translation is called “machine translation”. Machine translation will not be able to beat professional human translation in the field of quality, but it has other advantages such as high speed, low cost and easy access.The pinnacle of convenient access and low cost for translation services can be seen in free online translation machines. They can be accessed and used for free through any system with a browser and connection to the Internet; Some also have a specific smartphone application that provides additional features such as offline translation.The evaluation of the phenomenon of machine translation generally includes many topics; Different aspects of it can be examined in different ways in response to the different needs of the people involved (including: end user, developer, and investor). Our focus in this article is on evaluating the quality of the output or product of the translation machines. The questions of the research are:1- Which free online translation machine do produce Arabic to Persian translation with better quality?2- Which free online translation machine do produce Persian to Arabic translation with better quality?A brief and widely used definition of “translated text quality” is as follows: “A quality translation demonstrates accuracy and fluency required for the audience and purpose and complies with all other specifications negotiated between the requester and provider, taking into account end-user needs”Literature ReviewSeveral scientific studies have dealt with the subject of comparative evaluation of machine translation for Arabic-English or Persian-English language pairs, but no research in this field has been published for Arabic-Persian language pairs. These researches have generally selected a test suite first, then translated it by several translation machines and studied the output using one or more special methods of machine translation evaluation. Here we present the summary of most recent researches. Ben Milad (2022), Almahasees (2020) and Al-Shalabi (2017) tested several machine translations between Arabic and English with different methods and all concluded that Google Translate produces better quality translations, just Abu-Ayyash (2017) concluded that Google Translate and Bing Translator produce similar quality outputs.Research MethodologyThere are various methods to evaluate machine translation quality. They are divided into two main subcategories of human and automatic evaluation. In this research we use a standard and up to date human evaluation model called DQF-MQM, and especially a subset of it that is appropriate for machine translation quality evaluation and is as follows: Four high-level error types of Accuracy, Fluency, Locale Convention, and Terminology. Accuracy type is further subdivided into four granular error types of Addition, Omission, Mistranslation, and Untranslated. Fluency type is further subdivided into three granular types of: Grammatical, Grammatical Register and Spelling.We used the excel template on the formal website of DQF-MQM to evaluate 60 Arabic-Persian and 60 Persian-Arabic translated sentences done by 6 online free translation machines that support Arabic<>Persian translation. The sentences were selected from two Arabic and Persian Frequency dictionaries and had random modes, genres and subjects.Conclusion
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Ali sayadani; Yazdan Heydarpour Marand
Abstract
Creative translation through the concept of trans-compatibility is an interpretive and conceptual approach that should be viewed from the pragmatic perspective. Lance Hewson, a prominent theorist in this regard, suggests that translation faces many challenges, especially when the translator tries to ...
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Creative translation through the concept of trans-compatibility is an interpretive and conceptual approach that should be viewed from the pragmatic perspective. Lance Hewson, a prominent theorist in this regard, suggests that translation faces many challenges, especially when the translator tries to recreate meaning. The challenges may be recognized through pragmatic markers. Hewson introduced the markers with structural patterns in the form of compatibility reflections, through such components as homologous issues, artificial extensions, and expression change. Moreover, he introduces the linguistic patterns in the form of explicitation, implicitation, and description. He believes that the conceptual representation of each linguistic component is connected with the detailed and exact analysis and equalization of each component. Taking Hewson’s creative translation model and a descriptive-analytical approach, this study explored all of the markers in the translation of Ghassan Kanafani’s (2013) A Bridge to the Eternity, published in the collection Plays by Faroogh Najm al-Din (2023). Taking into account the mysterious writing style of Kanafani the translator of A Bridge to the Eternity has tried to recreate the proverbs, idioms, and linguistic metaphors. It was proved that characterization played a significant role in the recreation. Here the existing mysterious language of the translation has represented the mentioned linguistic components; that is, it shows the exact image of socio-political conflicts that dominated the culture and ideology of characters in linguistic context. Considering the results, it can be said that compating Hewson's trans-compatibility markers could yield results in the communication structure of this play.Keywords: Translation Process, Fundamentals of Trans-compatibility, Lance Hewson, Play, The Bridge to the Eternity, Ghassan Kanfani.IntroductionHewson sees translation as an operational process in which the intercultural similarities are transferred and represented through ideological concepts. His translation theory is a conceptual model that emphasizes specifically on characters’ mental concepts. The exact representation of these concepts is a heated debate and true challenge in translation criticism, when the reproduction of meaning is considered. A complete understanding of meaning occurs when one can pass all the challenges by scrutinizing especially compatibility reflections, through such components as homologous issues, artificial extensions, and expression change and linguistic basics, including expliciation, implicitaton and description. Hewson argues that reconstruction of translation through these components in translation criticism, decreases the meaning differences to an acceptable level and may even bring about the exact meaning.Literature ReviewAnalysis of Lance Hewson’s trans-compatibility themes in the translation of Ghassan Kanafani’s A Bridge to the Eternity shows the endeavor for analyzing and corresponding the translation representations to the dramatic contents of the work. Several studies have been conducted on the issue, including: Navarchi and Motamedi (2019) explored the explicitation and implicitation in the French translation of Golestan, rendered by Omar Ali Shah. They concisely examined explicitation and implicitation as two applied strategies in intercultural translation. Through the investigation, the study examined Lance Hewson's ideas on the two components.Bassam Safar (2016) conducted another research in this regard, entitled “An interpretation of Ghassan Kanafani’s play” and published in English Journal of Culture and Thought. He focused on the communication concepts and themes of the characters of the novel. Jabr (2019) conducted a study on the play, entitled “The play A Bridge to the Eternity”. He argues that the characters of the play move the narration through expressing their feelings. Therefore, the events occur continuously and we cannot see any interruption in the narration. Taking the studies on the topic of the paper, one can say that the studies have paid attention to the mental and perceptual issues of the play, but only descriptive aspects of the play have been emphasized. Moreover, only a few studies has merely explained a limited set of the trans-compatibility components. Therefore, one can say that not any systematic study has been done, analyzing Hewson’s trans-compatibility themes on the communicative construction of the translation of the play A Bridge to the Eternity. Accordingly, the researchers opened a new venue in this regard. Research MethodologyThis studies emphasizes the significance of a comparative and analytical evaluation of linguistic and Hamtrazi components in the translation of Ghassan Kanafani’s (2013) play A Bridge to the Eternity. Faroogh Najm al-Din has rendered the play into Persian and published it in 2023. He presents a different translation of the events intermingled with imagination, contemporary identities, and a completely entertaining theme of the play. He has rendered the play using colloquial language. Thus, considering the radio and play nature of the work, he has endeavored to present correctly the linguistic components and the culture of the public and, this way, appropriately communicate with the audience. ConclusionExploring and comparing Lance Hewson’s trans-compatibility themes in Kanafani’s play A Bridge to the Eternity, this study came up with a some conclusions:The translator resorts to linguistic recreation of the play for the cultural commonalities between the components of stability in the source language and the similar components in Kanafani’s play presented in symbolic language to show the socio-political conflicts. For the purpose, according to Lance Hewson’s translation model, the translator usually prefers the substitution of more common equivalents of the target culture for the linguistic expressions, as well as metaphorical and ironic concepts of the source text.The translator uses in some cases such rhetorical images as descriptive tools and similes for representing the final goal of the play. Taking this translation strategy makes the language more effective through taking sense burden words and shows clearly the setting of the communication events among actors and the conflict between them. Regarding the characterizations, the translator looks at Kanafani’s characterization style from a symbolic point of view. Fars and Raja, two main characters of the play, in communication with other characters, make the narration proceed. From this perspective, most behaviors of these characters are presented through symbolic dialogues. One can conclude that this translation of the play, according to Lance Hewson’s themes of trans-compatibility, is a true representation of what linguistic components and semantic concepts seek to show.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Majid Salehbek; Abdolghader Pariz; Parvin Sanei
Abstract
With a systematic and systematic view, Saussure considers language to be a set of signs, and therefore, in her linguistic theory, sign is the main keyword. Signs are also very important in translation, and the translator should be able to identify the relationships between them by knowing the words of ...
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With a systematic and systematic view, Saussure considers language to be a set of signs, and therefore, in her linguistic theory, sign is the main keyword. Signs are also very important in translation, and the translator should be able to identify the relationships between them by knowing the words of the text accurately and use these relationships for a more accurate translation; This issue is doubly important in the translation of the Holy Quran. Among the words used in the Holy Qur'an, whose semantic analysis requires attention and precision, is the word "Sehr". The present research, which was carried out in an analytical-descriptive method, tries to answer the question with a semantic-structuralist approach, how the different levels and layers of meaning of the word "Sehr" are formed in the Holy Quran, and the concept of "sohar" in the use of the Holy Quran, based on The axis of substitution and companionship is synonymous with which words? And the obtained result states that although both in the Persian original of the word "Sehr" and in the Arabic dictionary, one of its main meanings, "Nasab", is mentioned, but on the other hand, its association with the same word causes it to have a different meaning. To be therefore, translators have taken different approaches in this regard, and some of them have translated the two into relative and causative, taking into account the conflicting relationship between Nasb and Sahr. Some have translated these two as male and female. Also, although the meaning of son-in-law for the word Sahr is found in many sources, but in the ten translations examined in this article, only one of the sources, the translation of Fuladvand, gives such a meaning for this word.Keywords: Translations of the Qur'an, Relative, Ferdinand de Saussure, Succession and Cohabitation.IntroductionOne of the most important factors in the formation of meaning in a text is the relationships of substitution and association of words. Saussure, with a new and structuralist approach to language, shifted his focus from the word to the phrase, leading to a major revolution in linguistics. A part of Saussure's modern theories pertains to the two axes of substitution and association. One of the binary oppositions among signs is the contrast between two fundamental types of relationships, namely the associative relationship and the substitutive relationship or "syntagmatic" relationship in language. In other words, meaning is derived from the difference between signifiers, which are of two types: differences arising from association, also known as syntagmatic, and differences resulting from the axis of substitution.The substitutive relationship examines the reason for choosing a word for a phrase, and the associative relationship examines the reason for creating a specific order for the arrangement of words in a phrase. Thus, the substitutive relationship delves into the deeper layers of language, necessitating comparison and analogy since one must examine a word and its synonyms in various texts.The substitutive relationship is based on intertextual and intratextual relations. In this relationship, texts are always interacting with each other (Ostakhrian Haqiqi and Ahsant, 2019: 15). Chandler examines substitutive relationships in three layers: contrastive, analogical, and comparative; and associative relationships in three layers: sequential, spatial, and conceptual (Sajudi, 2019: 52).After Saussure, structuralists who have theorized about translation, including Catford and Nida, believe in the translatability of texts because they argue that what Saussure established are general rules that align with the principle of linguistic systems, and therefore, the substitutive and associative relationships that exist in one language can also be transferred to another language.Saussure specifically, and structuralism in general, hold a view aligned with translatability: "If all natural languages share a level called 'langue,' this is where translation is possible, and therefore, anything that can be expressed in one language can be expressed in another language as well, which means absolute translatability" (Mousavi Razavi, 2018: 562).Given the axes of substitution and association in Saussure's theory, the present article conducts a comparative analysis of the translation of the word "ṣahr" in Surah Al-Furqan, explaining its semantic aspects, synonyms, and related concepts. This word appears in the Quran in this form only once:﴿وَهُوَ الَّذِی خَلَقَ مِنَ الْمَاءِ بَشَرًا فَجَعَلَهُ نَسَبًا وَصِهْرًا وَکَانَ رَبُّکَ قَدِیرًا﴾ (Al-Furqan/54)and once in another form with a different meaning:﴿یُصْهَرُ بِهِ مَا فِی بُطُونِهِمْ وَالْجُلُودُ﴾ (Al-Hajj/20)which, given the semantic difference, does not seem to have the same root.The necessity of this research lies in its structuralist perspective, meticulously examining the axes of substitution and association to analyze and compare the translations of one of the disputed words in the Holy Quran.In this context, the study aims to answer the following questions:How are the different semantic levels and layers of the word "ṣahr" in the Holy Quran formed?With which synonymous words is the concept of "ṣahr" in its Quranic usage associated on the axis of substitution, and how does each synonym change the meaning of the verse?Literature ReviewNumerous articles have been written on the semantics of Quranic vocabulary, including:Akbari and Kabiri, in an article titled "The Semantics of the Word Makr in the Holy Quran" (2018), explained the verses related to this word and concluded that this term in the Quran is used for both good and evil deeds and has synonyms such as deceit, plot, arrogance, treachery, and betrayal.Among the articles addressing the subject of substitution and association are:Zafari et al., in a study titled "Semantic Components of the Word 'Nazul' with Emphasis on the Two Axes of Association and Substitution" (2017), examined the uses and derivatives of this word and its synonyms, concluding that the word has gained semantic breadth through its association with other concepts.Vafaei and Ali Nouri, in a study titled "Artistic Appropriateness in the Two Axes of Association and Substitution in the Poetry of Qaisar Aminpour" (2010), examined the poems of this poet and concluded that Aminpour deliberately chooses words on the axis of substitution to create the greatest semantic and lexical harmony in combination with other elements of speech on the axis of association.Parmehr Yabandeh et al., in a study titled "Semiotic Analysis of the Collection of Posters of the Art of Resistance Festival with Emphasis on the Two Axes of Substitution and Association of Signs" (2022), conducted an analytical-conceptual examination of these posters, concluding that in all the works, when a visual sign metaphorically expresses the concept of revolution and Iran, the understanding of the sign occurs on the axis of substitution, and the arrangement of textual and visual signs is based on the axis of association.Additionally, Mousavi Razavi, in an article titled "An Explanation of What Structuralism Is, Based on the Views of Saussure, Lévi-Strauss, and Propp, and Examining the Traces of Structuralist Thought in Contemporary Translation Theories" (2018), examined the views of structuralists on the translatability or untranslatability of texts and concluded that structuralism believes in the translatability of texts.Upon reviewing the studies related to the subject of the present article, it was found that no research has been conducted on this specific topic, thus indicating the innovation in this study.Research MethodologyTextual AnalysisCollect and analyze interpretive and lexical texts related to the term "صهر"from various sources such as Quranic dictionaries, lexicons, and Quranic commentaries.Examine the usage of the term "صهر" in Arabic poetry before and after the revelation of the Quran and compare it with its usage in the Quran. Collocation AnalysisInvestigate the term "صهر" in collocation with words that appear alongside it in Quranic sentences. This includes analyzing the relationship between the term "صهر" and the term "نسب" in verse 54 of Surah Al-Furqan.Analyze different translations of the Quran and examine how various translators have rendered the term "صهر" in context with other words.Substitution AnalysisAnalyze the substitution axis of the term "صهر" with words that can replace it. For example, substituting the term "صهر" with "بعل" and "الأقربین".Examine the impact of substituting the term "صهر" with other words on the meaning of the sentence and the overall concept of the verse.Comparative AnalysisCompare different translations of the term "صهر" in the Quran and analyze their differences and similarities.Investigate the impact of substitution and collocation relationships on various interpretations of the term "صهر".Linguistic AnalysisExamine linguistic and semantic structures related to the term "صهر" using theories of linguistic semantics.Analyze the phonetic and pronunciation features of the term "صهر" and their impact on meaning.Sources and ReferencesThe Holy Quran and its various translations.Quranic commentaries including Tafsir Al-Mizan, Tafsir Majma' Al-Bayan, and Tafsir Nemooneh.Reputable lexicons such as Lisan Al-Arab, Taj Al-Aroos, and Quranic dictionaries.Articles and books related to semantics and theories of substitution and collocation.Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry and poetry after the revelation of the Quran.ConclusionThe word "sahr" (صهر) appears in the Quran only twice and in two different meanings: as "صِهْرًا" and "یُصْهَرُ." These two uses have no semantic connection and do not seem to share the same root. This paper analyzed the first usage of the word in verse 54 of Surah Al-Furqan and examined its translations based on Saussure’s theory in terms of substitution and collocation. The findings indicate that in terms of collocation, the association with the word "nasab" (نسب) plays a crucial role in the translation of "sahr" because, while one of its main meanings in both Persian and Arabic dictionaries is "kinship" (نسب), its collocation with this word gives it a different meaning. Consequently, translators have adopted various approaches regarding this term, with some translating it as "males" and "females."Although the meaning "son-in-law" for "sahr" is mentioned in several sources, only one out of the ten translations reviewed in this study, namely Fooladvand’s translation, uses this meaning.In terms of substitution, words such as "ba'al" (بعل), "al-aqrabin" (الاقربین), "arham" (ارحام), and "zawj" (زوج) are conceptually and semantically close to "sahr" and are mentioned in the Quran. However, the choice of "sahr" over these synonyms relates to the context of the verse. In the preceding verse, verse 53 of Surah Al-Furqan, Allah mentions: "He is the One who merges the two seas, one fresh and sweet, the other salty and bitter." Therefore, since verse 54 also speaks of water and its division into two opposites, it seems that "sahr" more effectively conveys the concept compared to its synonyms. Additionally, considering the preceding verse, translating "nasab" and "sahr" as opposites may be more accurate.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Yosra Shadman; Fatemeh Akbarizadeh
Abstract
Jean-René Ladmiral, in the field of translation theory with a destination-oriented approach, believes that limiting translation to simple encryption is incorrect and the translator should produce meaning or re-create it. This theoretician has provided solutions such as displacement, disambiguation, ...
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Jean-René Ladmiral, in the field of translation theory with a destination-oriented approach, believes that limiting translation to simple encryption is incorrect and the translator should produce meaning or re-create it. This theoretician has provided solutions such as displacement, disambiguation, addition, etc. This essay presents examples of successful translations according to ladmiral's components and analyzes their success according to the components. Then he mentioned other examples that were not successful according to the components and also stated their lack of success. Finally, the reasons for the strength and weakness of Amiri's translation are shown based on Admiral's theory. The result of the research shows that thetranslator has fully complied with the components of Jean-René Ladmiral in terms of disambiguation and augmentation and has presented a readable and understandable text in the target culture. But in some cases, especially in the examples of displacement and deletion, the translator used the components of the Admiral's model inappropriately and caused damage to the story in the transfer of meaning and rhetoric.Keywords: Translation Evaluation, Ladmiral's Theory, Migration Season to al-Shamal, Tayeb Saleh, Reza Ameri.IntroductionIn this study, among the literary works translated from Arabic to Persian, an excerpt of the novel entitled: "Season of Migration to the North" by Tayyab Saleh has been selected; because some prominent critics, due to the author's special ability in the field of fiction and novels, have made him to be famous as "Elite of Arab storytelling" and introduced him as the successor of the prominent novelist "Najib Mahfouz" (Molavi, 2010: 1). Reza Ameri; An Iranian translator has been assigned to translate this work. Based on the theory of Jean René Ladmiral, this article deals with the re-analysis of Reza Ameri's translation of the novel entitled: "Season of Migration to the North" to identify and examine the translation approach by evaluating the translator's method.Research QuestionsAccording to the solutions provided by Admiral, how did the translator act? Has the translator been able to present a readable and understandable text in the target culture, or has he alienated in the translation?Research ReviewDue to the significance of the novel entitled: "Season of Migration to the North", several works have been published in the review of its literary facets and have put emphasis on this novel in terms of story elements and post-colonial content. However, no research has been yet conducted in the field of criticism of the Persian translation of this work. The Persian translation of this work has been reviewed for the first time in Iran. Since this study evaluates the translation with Ladmiral's and Berman's approach, the researches related to this approach to the mentioned novel.The article entitled: "Research of Abdul Latif Tsoji's translation of the fundamental story of One Thousand and One Nights" based on the approach of JeanRené Ladmiral" (2015), written by Shahram Delshad, Seyyed Mehdi Masbouq, and Salahuddin Abdi. This article attempted to criticize Tasouji translation of the story "One Thousand and One Nights" based on Admiral' applied theory and evaluate the translator's performance in the context of the source text. The authors in this article accepted the principle as the most proper method for translating the book: "One Thousand and One Nights" is a goal-oriented and free method, and considered the Admiral's theory to be the most compatible with this principle.The article "Confrontational examination of the process of elimination or entropy in Persian translations of One Thousand and One Nights" (2015), written by Shahram Delshad. The article evaluated the elimination component, which is one of the components of the Admiral's model, in three categories of expression of love states, translation of Islamic Arabic poems, and signs in Persian translations of "Alif Laila and Laila". This study examined the Persian translations of the work only by analyzing the elimination theorem in three different aspects.The article "Evaluation of the translation process of Nahj al-Balagheh words based on Admiral's theory" (2016), written by Ali Sayadani and Siamak Asgharpour, examined various methods of interaction with Nahj al-Balaghah lexicons in translation, and also evaluated Ali Shirvani's performance in translating Nahj al-Balaghah concepts. The findings of the study showed that based on Admiral's components, the translator's approach is destination-oriented in some parts of the translation and origin-oriented in another part, and despite adhering to the vocabulary of the source language, he has also focused on conveying the textual message.The article "Criticism of the novel: Seasons of Migration to the North, based on the components of the modern novel" (2019), written by Ali Akbar Nursaideh and Parviz Jahanshahlou, analyzed the components of modernism such as lyricism, passing of time, different viewpoints, blending of reality with imagination, etc. The findings indicate that the components of poetry and time-lapse are among the most prominent indicators of modernism in this novel and are more prominent than the other components. Of course, this is due to the specific content and context of the novel.A study entitled: "Analytical study of the novel: Season of Migration to the North" by Tayyeb Saleh and its translations from Arabic to English by Donis Johnson Defis" (2017), written by Abdul Hamid Alili was defended at the University of Algiers, in which the author analyzed the English translation of the novel, and is mostly seeking the answer to whether it is possible to get help from literal translation to the literary translation, or not. Institutionalizing coherent theories such as Admiral's theory in the translation of literary texts leads to higher coherence of the translation. Its application in a wider sense is the main purpose of this study and also it is the main difference between the present study and the other mentioned researches.Research MethodologyThe propose study deals with the descriptive-analytical method and through library tools, aims to to re-analyze Reza Ameri's translation of the novel "Migration Season to the North" by Tayeb Saleh, relying on Jean René Ladmiral’s approach. Accordingly; some instances of translations aligned with Admiral's components have been presented and their success has been analyzed and reviewed according to the components, and the other instances which were not successful accordingly are mentioned, as well. Finally, the reasons for the strength and weakness of Ameri’s translation are presented based on Admiral's theory.ConclusionTo sum up, the translator has looked for localization by putting emphasis upon destination orientation, and despite adhering to the vocabulary of the source language; has also focused on conveying the concept and textual message. The result of the study reveals that the translator has completely agreed with Admiral's components in some concepts such as "disambiguation", "adjunction", and "redundancy" and has provided a readable and understandable text in the target culture. However, under some tops such as "displacement" and "the translator’ freedom of choice", sometimes the components of the Admiral's approach have not been seen and it has caused damage to the story in the meaning and rhetoric transfer. Finally, according to the statistics taken from the 24 samples of Tayeb Saleh's text, 3 of the translations were no in line with Admiral's approach of components.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Hesam Hajmomen Sichani
Abstract
With an emphasis on the requirement for having an applied attitude toward the translation education, the present study tries to pass over abstract scope of the grammatical comparisons between the Persian and Arabic languages and examines that structures of the linking clauses with the verb “AST” ...
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With an emphasis on the requirement for having an applied attitude toward the translation education, the present study tries to pass over abstract scope of the grammatical comparisons between the Persian and Arabic languages and examines that structures of the linking clauses with the verb “AST” are equivalent with which structures in Arabic, having a text-based attitude toward translation from Persian into Arabic for patterning the applied methods for such an equivalence by analyzing relationships between structures of this kind of clause in Persian and its equivalent structures in Arabic. The theoretical support for this study is the theory proposed by J. C.Catford from the applied linguistics viewpoint that offers an applied method for analyzing the equivalence between structures of these two languages by bringing two concepts of “Formal Correspondence” and “Textual Equivalence”. This study is conducted using an analytical-descriptive method, focusing on “Today’s Iranian Poetry” book (Persian text with Arabic translation) and it finally attains six applied patterns in translation of linking clause structures with the verb “AST” into Arabic, including: (1) The grammatical aspect of the links in Arabic and its correspondent with the verb “AST” in Persian; (2) Verbal aspect of the links in Arabic and its correspondent with the verb “AST” in Persian; (3) Verbal aspect of the links in Arabic and its correspondent with the verb “AST” and another element of the Persian clause; (4) The correspondent Arabic vocabulary group with the linking clause with the verb “AST”; (5) The cliché styles and idiomatic interpretation in Arabic which is correspondent with the linking clause with the verb “AST”; (6) Changing the expression method in Arabic in an equivalence with the linking clause with the verb “AST”.Keywords: Linking Clause; The Verb “AST”; Translation into Arabic; Formal Correspondence; Textual Equivalence; Catford.IntroductionOne of the most important areas that affects the written translation from Persian into Arabic is the comparative studies between the grammars of these two languages that shows the grammatical correspondences between their structures. But the applied attitude toward the translation shows that the textual equivalence is farbeyond the grammatical correspondences of these two languages because a semantic structure from the language of origin may be equalize with various semantic structures in the language of destination. Therefore, the applied attitude toward translation education requires that references for education of translation from Persian into Arabic show that translators actually use what structures in Arabic language in order to equalize a Persian grammatical structure.This analysis methodology finds its theoretical support in J. C. Catford’s Translation Theory from the applied linguistics viewpoint that, setting forth the “Formal Correspondence” and “Textual Equivalence” duality, argues that we shot go far beyond the formal correspondences between two languages and extract the applied patterns translation by examining actual equivalents from the texts of origin and translation in order to analyze the equivalence in translation.In this respect, the present study focuses on the linking clause with the verb “AST” as one of the most used clause structures in Persian language and tries to determine what applied structures exist to equalize this kinds of Persian clause in translation into Arabic. The study’s samples are taken from “Today’s Iranian Poetry” (2005), abilingual book, which is translated by MousaAswar and published by the Academy of Persian Language and Literature.Thus, examining the said work, this study attempts two answer this question: Which applied patterns exist in Arabic for equalizing the linking clause with the verb “AST”?The hypothesis of this study is that, beyond results obtained from the comparative grammars, the said equivalences have variousapplications that may be actually determined by referring to translations from Persian texts into Arabic.History of the StudyAlthough the author has found no independent research in the area of this subject, some references for grammatical comparison between Arabic and Persian or references for translation education have implications to this subject. For example, for example, Tabiban in “Grammatical Equivalents in Arabic and Persian” (152: 2008) and Helmi in “Comparison between Arabic and Persian Grammars” (78: 1992) have analyzed the grammatical relationship between the linking clause in Persian and noun clause in Arabic. In some sources for translation education, it is set forth that the linking verb “AST” has no equivalent in Arabic; for example, Marouf in “Translation Technique” (236: 2007); Zarkoub in “New Methodology for Translation Technique” (106: 1999); Fatehinezhad&Farzaneh in Translation Methods” (30: 1998). But some authors have directly or indirectly implied that we may use a verb for translation of a linking clause with the verb “AST” into Arabic. For example, Asoudi in “Translation Technique and Applied Translation into Arabic” (39, 37: 2017); Asghari in “A New Approach Toward Translation from Arabic” (69: 2016) and Tahmasbinezhad&Naghizadeh in “Workshop for Translation into Arabic” (150: 2020).Research MethodologyThis study is conducted using analytical-descriptive methodology. Using this method, all linking clauses with the verb “AST” in thePersian text are extracted together with their equivalent in the Arabic translation and patterns ruling on relationships between samples are described and finally a set of applied patterns are explained for translating this type of Persian sentence into Arabic.ConclusionFor equalizing the linking clause with the verb “AST” in Arabic, there are six applied patters:Using Arabic clauses in which the links are obtained from grammatical relationship between subject and predicate without any verb in the sentence.Using Arabic clauses in which the link is attained through a verb and the verb simulates the relationship established by “AST” between the subject and predicate in the Persian sentence;Using Arabic clauses in which links are established through a verb and the verb is chosen from the Persian clause based on meaning of an element and at the same time the element and verb “AST” is used as a correspondent.Transforming the Persian linking clause from a sentence and diminishing it to an Arabic phrase which is used as a structure in another clause.Using prevalent cliché styles or idiomatic interpretations in Arabic that impose the specific grammatical structure to the Arabic clause with no correspondent grammatical relationships between their elements with the Persian linking clause’s elements. Expressing concept of the Persian linking clause in form of an Arabic clause which is its equivalent semantically but it is different in terms of method of expression and type of phrasing.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Seyed Mahdi Hosseini; Seyed Hossein Seyedi
Abstract
from 1976 Simultaneously with inventing of the cohesion theory from Michael Halliday and Ruqaiya hasan it became the basis of many discourse analysis researches. on the other hand, the Holy Quran as a revelatory text had been a refrence for linguistics investigations for centuries and according to the ...
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from 1976 Simultaneously with inventing of the cohesion theory from Michael Halliday and Ruqaiya hasan it became the basis of many discourse analysis researches. on the other hand, the Holy Quran as a revelatory text had been a refrence for linguistics investigations for centuries and according to the old and contemporary Quran scholars “one of the best points of Quran is a kind of cohesion in a diffrent layers of it's texture” insofar the Quran scholars considered the smartly dicipline and the wonderful arrangement of the Quranic phrases besides the great content and eloquence of words between the miraculous aspects of Quran. one of the indications of cohesion is conjuctions cohesion that speaks from the conjuctions role in creating cohesion between phrases near the grammatical and lexical cohesion. Halliday and Hasan devided the cohesion's devices in four types: additive, contrasting, casual and time. there are so many cases of conjuctions in Quran but the important matter and the subject of this article is the quality of rebuilding this conjuctions in persian. for this purpose, at first, we described the basics of cohesion especially conjuction cohesion and conjuction cohesion in the Quran. then the situations of conjuctions in a selection verses of the Quran be checked and finally, we critisized the translators functions.The examined translations include Fouladvand, Khorramshahi and Makarem Shirazi’s translation. Based on the research findings, the importance of conjuction cohesion device is undeniable and duo to lack of this usage, there are several mistakes in translators functions during the diagnosing, Consequently translating the conjuctions.Keywords: Holy Quran, Pathology of Translation, Conjuction Cohesion, Conjuctions.IntroductionHoly Quran translation with the help of linguistics therories present a stability to the translation. With adventing of modern linguistics theories, the translation get a scientic and specialite frame and these theories donate a systematic frame to the translation, that began with functional systematic theory.Conjuction cohesion as a conherence device has a high frequency in making connection between Quranic phrarses and verses. In the other word, conjuction cohesion is organizing the varied phrases of the text in a consistent shape, But the important matter is that because of varied uses and meanings of conjuctions in Arabic it should be a linguistic classification to help translators in finding the correct equivalent of them. It’s happen for the first time by Michael Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan that they grouped the conjuctions in additive, contrasting, casual and time.Because of translator’s old approaches they mostly don’t pay attention to the linguistics advices and they just focus on the syntax points of the text, especially in translation of conjuctions. This reaserch believe and want to prove that cohesion conjuction can present a helpful tool in finding the best meaning of the conjuctions between the phrarses. In this article we also choosed two cases: Fouladvand and Makarem Shirazi as non-literary translations and a case Khorramshahi as a literary translation to evaluate the function of both approaches in translation.Literature ReviewThere are several researches about cohesion theory and it’s usage in various text and the Holy Quran has been the basis of these researches several times and we can mention to the following studies: “Aesthetics Analysis of the Verses of the Holy Quran based on the Device of Cohesion and Coherence: A case study of some of the special of Surahs of Resurrection” by Ghasem Mokhtari and Mehrangiz Khodabakhshnezhad (1397) “Cohesive Devices in the Surah of Noah” by Yunus Valiei and his colleagues (1395) “Cohesion Factors in Surah Al-Muzzammil Based on the Halliday and Hassan's Theory” by Ezzat Molla Ebrahimi and Zahra Rezaee (1399) And other articles that studied the cohesion conjuctions under the general topic of cohesion, but in none of them, conjuction cohesion has been investigated in a especialized way. In “The application of connective coherence in the analysis of conflicting cases of commentators of the Holy Quran” by mojtaba Torkashvand and his colleagues (1402) The conjuction cohesion was the base of the research But in this article, the topic of translation is not be mentioned.Just in “A comparative study of elements of textual coherence in Surah Al-NAS” by Gholam Hasan Ouraki and Alkhas Veisi the transliteration of the surah has also been noticed, but considering the shortness of the surah, an acceptable volume of cohesion conjuction is not visible.Therefore, this is the first time that the function of Quran translators in translating Quranic conjuctions is investigated based on the conjuction cohesion.Reaserch MethodologyAt first, the study was done with the analytical- descriptive method. For this, we described the basics of cohesion especially conjuction cohesion and conjuction cohesion in the Quran. then the situations of conjuctions in a selection verses of the Quran be checked and finally and in critical method we analyzed the translations. ConclusionsAccording to the research data, it is evident that in the translation of a conjunction, in addition to knowing its position in Arabic syntax, it is also necessary to use the conjuction cohesion tool Because in many cases, translating a conjuction by means of its equivalent in the target language cannot correctly express its meaning. The reason of it, is that these means are based on syntactic, and in these divisions, although the base of the signification of the conjuction is correctly stated, sometimes, in the second layer, there are more significations that the syntax didn’t include it. Therefore, in these cases, the translator must look for a different a suitable substitute according to the contex of the verse. Finally, based on the analyzes and in response to the questions of the study, we reached the following conclusions: 1- conjuction cohesion by providing an acceptable system for organizing the conjuctions, presented a suitable tool to the translators of the Holy Quran. As a result, the usage of conjuction cohesion tool can be beneficial for analyzing the phrase and selecting the correct equivalent for Quranic cunjuctions.2- In choosing the suitable equivalent for a conjuction, paying attention to the context of the sentence and the syntactic and expressive features has an important role.3- In order to find the exact position of a conjuction in the conjuction cohesion categories, it is necessary to searching in the interpretation and logical analysis of the relation between the verses. 4- Despite that we cant consider the translators defeated in translating the conjuctions, but due to the lack of their discourse analysis knowledge, there are some mistakes in the their translating of conjuctions and this is undoubtedly one of the disadvantages of the Quran translation process.5- Also, the mentioned point is one of the disadvantages of both literary and non-literary approaches in translation of Quran, and there is no difference between them in this matter.6- In the examples of the "Vav", all of the recognitions from the translators was completely incorrect.7- In the examples of the “Fa”, except in one case (YUNUS:12) from Makarem Shirazi, the rest of the translations were incorrect. 8-In the examples of the “Somma”, Khorramshahi in one case (ISRA: 68) and Foladvand in one case (YUNUS: 71) have made a correct diagnosis.9- In the example of the "Lam", the translators didn't succeed in identifying the corrrect meaning of this conjuction.10- In the translation of the two conjuctions "Vav and Fa", in addition to the conventional meaning, the contrasting meaning has a higher frequency.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Fatemeh Savari; Naeem Amouri
Abstract
Criticism and evaluation of translation is one of the most important fields of study, which measures and recognizes the quality level of translated texts. This evaluation requires linguistic researches of prominent theorists. One of the most important linguistic models introduced and known is the translation ...
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Criticism and evaluation of translation is one of the most important fields of study, which measures and recognizes the quality level of translated texts. This evaluation requires linguistic researches of prominent theorists. One of the most important linguistic models introduced and known is the translation model of Mrs. "Carmen Garces". The present research, with a descriptive-analytical method, aims to investigate and evaluate the novel "Fi Qalbi Anthi Ibriya" by Khawla Hamdi translated by Ms. Asmaa Khajazadeh, using the model proposed by Carmen Garces as a measure and model for evaluating the quality of translation. Ms. Carmen Garces proposes four levels for measuring and evaluating translations, which are: 1- semantic-lexical level; 2- syntactic-word-building (morphological) level; 3- Discursive-applicative level; 4- Stylistic-semantic level.The current study examines only two levels of semantic-lexical and syntactic-lexical construction. Then it deduces that: the most prominent components of semantic-lexical levels in this translation are cultural or functional equivalents, syntactic expansion, syntactic contraction, ambiguity, and in the same proportion general or vice versa, and at the syntactic-lexical level, the most prominent components are literal translation, adaptation, changing syntactically or grammatically, changing the point of view, explaining or expanding the meaning, reducing and eliminating which change the type of sentence in translation.The adequacy and acceptability of a translation is based on counting its positive and negative features. Therefore the higher the number of positive features of the translated text, the higher is its adequacy and acceptability. It can be said that Khawajazadeh's translation conforms to the model of Garces and it has good adequacy and acceptability.Keywords: Criticism, Translation, Carmen Garces,Khawla Hamdi,In My Heart A Hebrew Gir.IntroductionToday, criticism and evaluation of translation has a special place among researchers. The analysis and evaluation of translation plays an important role in improving the quality of translated texts, and with a criterion-oriented view, it analyzes and evaluates the weaknesses and shortcomings in the translation, including reductions, increases and deletions of taste and without logical reasoning. Researchers in the field of translation studies have tried to provide criteria for evaluating and measuring the quality of translated texts. This issue makes the negative reactions to criticism and evaluation of translations to be at their lowest level and criticism is institutionalized in the scientific and academic community and among the owners of the translated works. One of the most prominent criteria and methods presented by theorists and experts in the field of translation studies is the model of Carmen Valero Garces (1994). In order to compare the similarities between two source and destination texts, Garces proposes four levels of analysis to evaluate the translation, which, according to him, sometimes overlap.Research ReviewA: Researches that have considered the evaluation of translation from Arabic to Persian based on the Garces model:- Syedani Ali et al. (2016), in the article "Criticism and analysis of the Persian translation of the novel "Heart of Al-Lil" with the title "Del Shab" based on the model of Garces" Kazem Al-Yasin's translation of the novel "Heart of Al-Lil" based on the four levels of the theory of Mrs. Carmen Garces has been investigated. The authors have come to the conclusion that Al Yassin's translation has been more successful and acceptable in two semantic-lexical and syntactic-morphological levels than the other two levels.- Sepasfar (2017), in a thesis entitled "Criticism of the translations of Abdurrahman Manif's Middle Eastern novel based on the Garces evaluation model", has criticized the quality of these translations using the Garces model.B: Researches that have analyzed Persian to Arabic translation using the Garces model:- Motaghizadeh, Issa and Seyyed Alaanqizadeh (2016) in a research entitled "Evaluation of the translation of Persian literary texts into Arabic based on Carmen Garces model (the message of the leader of the revolution on the occasion of Hajj season 2015 for example) Garces translation evaluation model in the translation of Arabic texts have been explored Although the objective example of the authors is only one Arabic text, they have generalized their results to Arabic texts and have reached results, including: cultural differences and appropriate equivalence based on these differences is one of the important challenges facing translators.C: Researches that have investigated different translations of the Holy Quran and evaluated them based on the Garces model:- Rahimi Khoygani, Mohammad (2016) in the article "Lexical criticism of Musavi Garmarudi's translation of the Holy Qur'an (based on the semantic-lexical level of Garces)" based on one of the levels of the Garces model, he evaluated Garmarudi's translation of the Holy Qur'an and the cases that It can be measured by using the Garces model in the mentioned translation, which is listed in detail in his article.- Anuri (2016) in a dissertation entitled "Criticism of the translation of verbally similar verses in the stories of the Holy Quran based on the approach of Carmen Garces", he extracted the translation of examples of similar words in the stories of the Holy Quran and based on the approach of Garces, he came to the conclusion that the translation These verses have the level of acceptability and sufficiency. Research MethodologyWith the help of the descriptive-analytical method, the present research has compared a part of the original text of the novel "Fei Kaalbi Anthi Ibriya" with the translated text of "That Jewish Girl" by Mrs. Asma Khajezadeh based on the perspective and index of the Garces model, and the source text And the destination has been investigated and evaluated by applying the two levels of semantic-lexical and syntactic-word-formation of Garces's four-level model in order to analyze the amount of reflection of the original text in the translated text.ConclusionAfter examining and criticizing the translation of the book based on two levels of semantic-lexical and syntactic-lexical level of Garces four-level theory, the following results were obtained:The most prominent components of the semantic-lexical levels in the translation of the novel "In the Heart of a Hebrew Woman" are cultural or functional equivalents, syntactic expansion, syntactic contraction, specific versus general or vice versa, and ambiguity.At the syntactic-lexical level, the most prominent components are literal translation, adaptation, syntactic change or grammar, change of perspective, explanation or expansion of meaning, reduction and deletion, and change of sentence type in translation.Cultural equivalence, syntactic expansion, specific versus general or vice versa in the Garces model are among the positive features of a translation at the semantic-lexical level, and syntactic complexity and ambiguity are among the negative features of a translation. Based on the Garces model, at the syntactic-lexical level, literal translation is one of the negative characteristics of a translation, and six characteristics of syntactic change, adaptation, change of perspective, expansion of meaning, reduction and deletion, and change of sentence type are evaluated in positive translation.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Nikoo Nikrah; Alireza Nazari; Ali Asghar Shahbazi
Abstract
Abstract Translation is the process of transferring linguistic data in many literary texts, especially fictional works, due to the existence of various specific cultural elements of the source culture, it acts as a bridge for cultural interactions and their ability to select the correct or more correct ...
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Abstract Translation is the process of transferring linguistic data in many literary texts, especially fictional works, due to the existence of various specific cultural elements of the source culture, it acts as a bridge for cultural interactions and their ability to select the correct or more correct equivalent in the target text can be considered as a factor in assessing the success or failure of the translator. Newmark, more than other theorists, was aware of the importance of this issue and, in addition to categorizing concepts, provided solutions for replacing cultural elements. The novel "Safar" by Mahmoud Dowlatabadi, with its internal content and narrative movement within the framework of traditional Iranian culture, encompasses all the cultural elements that Newmark considers, and the translator of this work into Arabic has faced multiple challenges in this regard. This article, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on Newmark's theory, attempts to analyze and criticize the translator's selection of cultural elements and to evaluate and even perform a stylistic analysis of the translator's performance in using Newmark's solutions. The results show that the most frequent cultural elements were related to material culture and proverbs, and the translator used a combination of more strategies than other methods in translating cultural elements. It can be said that the reason for the translator's frequent use of this method is the large number of some cultural concepts, including material culture and proverbs, and also to eliminate ambiguity and provide explanations in footnotes for better familiarity of Arabic-speaking audiences.Keywords: Arabic Translation, Cultural Elements, The novel “Safar”, Mahmoud Dowlatabadi, Salim Hamdan.IntroductionTranslation is generally defined as the transferring of data and information from one natural language to another natural language; But in fact, it is a bridge of communication between two cultures that is created with the tool of language; Therefore, the act of translation,both as a product and as a process, has always been the focus oftheorists in various fields of linguistics and other sciences related to linguistics, and each of them from their own perspective and the goals for translationconsiders and analyzes it. But the experience of the last few decades in the field of translation studies, which is being studied, taught and criticized by the world's leading theoreticians, who are currently in the universities and scientific institutions of the world, shows that with the development of views and theories Many, especially considering the introduction of translation in the topics of artificial intelligence or vice versa, maybe translation will become a machine thing that can save humans from its labors. However, when we face translation as a bridge to transfer culture and its numerous and diverse elements, we believe translation as a challenging matter more than ever.Among the numerous theorists of the 20th century who have presented theories about translation, its types and solutions, we must give a special place to "Peter Newmark" who delicately explained the importance of cultural elements in the matter of translation and the challenges and The attractiveness of choosing equivalents of these often unique elements in the target culture showed special attention and in addition to categorizing these elements, it offers several solutions to the translators in facing these challenging elements; He divided cultural categories into five categories and presented seventeen solutions in the field of translating cultural elements, which briefly include: transference method, naturalization, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, synonymy, through translation, compensation, reduction and expansion, couplet, etc. (Newmark, 1382: 103-117) Also, Newmark believes that the most important issue to be investigated in translation criticism is the quality or the amount of semantic defects of the translation. In addition, the translation should be examined as an independent writing from the original text, and in the next step, it should be addressed to what extent the translator has preserved the personal style of the original text. (Newmark, 1382: 245) Therefore, his theory is a translation training class before being a theory. In such a way that it can be inferred that the translator must master the cultural background of two languages before getting to know and master the source and destination languages. These cultural differences are more prominent in fiction, especially in Persian and Arabic literature, which deals with traditional topics and rural and somewhat ancient society.Among the Persian novels, the novel "Safar" by Mahmoud Dowlatabadi is one of such texts, whose translation into any language is challenging and troublesome for the translator. This challenge will not come from its various cultural elements. Therefore, in this article, an attempt will be made to criticize and analyze the equivalent choices of the translator of this work in the Arabic translation with descriptive-analytical method, and through this analysis, the following questions will be answered, which are the most frequent cultural elements. Which are in this work? According to Newmark's theory, which strategies did the translator use more than others in transferring cultural elements? And what is the reason for this type of exploitation?According to the mentioned questions, in order to reach the answer, we will first categorize the cultural categories of the novel and then we will criticize and analyze the performance of the translator while fully examining the equivalent of these elements by citing evidence and examples. Literature ReviewAlthough the Arabic translation of the novel "Safar" has never been the subject of an article about translation from Newmark's point of view, this approach has been examined on various works in two languages, including the following:The article "Exploration of the Arabic translation of the cultural components of the novel The Buyer of Love based on Newmark's theory" by Salimi et al. (1400) in the Quarterly Journal of Translation Research in Arabic Language and Literature is the title of another study whose results show that the dominant method In the translation of the cultural component of ecology, the translator is "transferring the word and localizing it" and in addition to using the cultural equivalent method and literal translation, he has also used the transfer method.The article "Arabic translation of the cultural categories of the Persian story Shakar is by Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh based on Newmark's approach" by Rahimi Khoygani (2016) in the Quarterly Journal of Translation Research in Arabic Language and Literature is a research title that shows some of its results. It means that the translator has provided a culturally equivalent solution and an audience-oriented translation.Rabiei et al. (2018), in a research entitled "Equivalence of Iranian folklore categories: a case study of the Arabic translation of Nun and Al Qalam by Jalal Al Ahmad", while enumerating the strategies of translating cultural elements from Newmark's point of view, most of the methods The use of a translator is considered a cultural equivalent and a descriptive equivalent. Gerji et al. (2019) in a research titled "Criticism of the translation of the cultural elements of the book "Tezkri" based on similes and allusions", by applying the Newmark model, believe that the translator has succeeded by using the functional equivalent method. .The article "Challenges of translatability of cultural elements in Najib Mahfouz's Al-Lass and Al-Kalab novels: a comparison of two translations based on Newmark's theoretical framework" written by Roshanfekr et al. Some of the novels of Al-Las and Al-Kalab have been discussed; the results indicate that the fusion method is one of the most successful methods for translating elements of Arabic culture into Persian.Esmaili and Shahbazi (1402) in a research entitled "Reviewing the Arabic translation of the cultural elements of the school principal's story based on Newmark's theory" believe that functional equivalents and the explanation of the concept of cultural elements in translation are the dominant and frequent approach of the translator, and the translator tries to use the text Make the story closer to the target language.Research MethodologyThe method of data collection in this library research and the data processing method will be descriptive-analytical in such a way that with the method of total induction, all the cultural elements in the novel will be extracted and quantified according to Newmark's classification, and all The data categorized based on all Newmark's strategies in the translation of cultural elements are examined, analyzed, and frequency based on the strategies so that the research result fully covers both aspects of this theory. Then, based on the importance and frequency of each category of elements and solutions, examples of the analysis of the translator's method in translating cultural elements will be mentioned as examples. The result of the research will be based on the calculation of all elements.ConclusionIn this research, while categorizing cultural categories, the methods used by translators in translating travel novels were investigated.- Out of the total of 83 cultural elements extracted from the novel "Safar", 38 items are related to material culture, 2 items are related to social culture, 4 items are related to customs, 3 items are related to gestures and habits, 3 items are related to currency units. 19 cases are related to proverbs, 11 cases are related to colloquial terms and 3 cases are related to titles.- The translator of the novel "Safar" in the translation of cultural elements, 42 times by the couplet method, 10 times by the cultural equivalent method, 7 times by the literal method, 5 times by the functional equivalent method, 5 times by the transference method, 5 times by the descriptive equivalent method, In 4 cases of incorrect equivalence, he used the synonymy method 2 times, the through translation method 2 times and the modulation method 1 time. Also, the results show that the translator of the novel "Safar" used the couplet method more than other methods and by 1/50%. Also, 0/12% of the cultural equivalent method is more than other methods, and 4/8% literal 0/6% functional equivalent, 0/6% transfer, 0/6% descriptive equivalent, 8/4% incorrect equivalence, 4/2% synonym, 4/2% through translation. Has used vector and 2/1% modulation. Cases such as synonyms, through translation, and modulation show the least amount of use of these methods by the translator in translation. - The extensive use of the synthesis method in the translation of the novel "Safar" shows that the translator tried to provide an understandable translation by applying this method, as well as a basis for the Arab-speaking audience to become more familiar with Iranian culture and better understand the meaning. Provide the author. Also, due to the fact that items such as proverbs and names of cities and cultural materials and products, respectively, have the largest number among the extracted samples, and this has caused the translator to use the integrated approach more.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Zahra Salimi; Narges Ansari; Seyed Mohammad Mirhosseini
Abstract
Lawrence Venotti's theory is one of the prominent theories presented in the field of fluent translation. He evaluates the translator's presence in the text by raising the duality of localization and alienation. According to him, localization strategy is done with the aim of preventing the entry of another ...
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Lawrence Venotti's theory is one of the prominent theories presented in the field of fluent translation. He evaluates the translator's presence in the text by raising the duality of localization and alienation. According to him, localization strategy is done with the aim of preventing the entry of another culture, and alienation is done in order to familiarize the audience with the values and culture of other nations. Investigating and analyzing the cultural components in the Arabic translation of Muhammad Alauddin Mansour from the Persian novel Soraya in Aghma by Ismail Fasih based on the theory of the translator's presence, based on the strategies of defamiliarization and de-estrangement, is the goal of this research by applying the descriptive-analytical method. has taken into account. In this article, the authors have first extracted the cultural elements and then matched them with the Arabic translation of the current novel in order to determine the audience's tendency towards the two strategies proposed by Venoti. The obtained results show that the translator has preserved the cultural values of the source text and due to the dominance of the defamiliarization method over the defamiliarization method in this translation, a fluent and comprehensive text has not been presented because the terms and interpretations without receiving the existing cultural load word for word or it has been transferred with a close equivalent to the source text, which is ultimately caused by the translator not knowing the culture and the source text correctly.Keywords: Cultural Components, Translation, Soraya Dar Ighma, Lawrence Venotti, Alienation, Localization.IntroductionThe translation of cultural elements is one of the most difficult parts of translation because the translator, in addition to the meaning of the words, must convey the cultural concepts contained in the phrases to the reader; Specialists in translation studies have proposed various methods to convey cultural aspects. In the meantime, Lawrence Venotti discusses the two methods of indigenization and alienation in transferring the cultural burden of the source text, and considers thetranslator's approach to the text as alienation toward the source cultureand indigenization toward the destination culture. The present novel examines the situation in Iran after the Islamic revolution and the events caused by the imposed war between Iran and Iraq, and the author also recounts the behavior of intellectuals outside of Iran. After reading this novel, the author was eager to read the Arabic text of this novel, which generally portrays Iran's culture during the war. To review how successful the translator has been in transferring Iranian culture and beliefs to the target text. Therefore, according to this content, the upcoming article is based on the classification of the cultural elements of the translation of the cultural aspects of the novel "Soriya Dar Aghama" written by Ismail Fasih, which was translated into Arabic by Mohammad Alauddin Mansour, based on the dual defamiliarization and defamiliarization. Lawrence Venotti to study.Research Questions- How successful is the translator in transferring the cultural values and semantic aspects of the source text based on Lawrence Venotti's theory?- How is the presence of the translator in the translation of the present novel based on Venotti's theory?Literature ReviewSo far, many researches have been conducted in the field of examining the cultural components and values of texts. This research also aims to study the cultural components based on Lawrence Venotti's dual theory, so at the beginning, related researches in this field will be mentioned: Mir Mohammad Khadim Nabi (2016) in the article "Lawrence Venotti" (Translator's Quarterly, Year 24, No. 58) believes that many equate Venotti's dual theory with Newmark's theory of semantic translation and communicative translation or Eugene Naida's dual dynamic balance and formal balance. Therefore, the duality of defamiliarization and defamiliarization has also been proposed before Venotti.In an article entitled "grammatical-semantic anomalies from the point of view of Lawrence Venotti in relation to the two translations of Mahdi Sarhadhi and Musa Aswar of the novel Isa Ibn al-Ansans" (1400), Syedani Ali et al. investigated the defamiliarization and defamiliarization component of Venotti's theory in two translations of the novel Isa. Ibn al-Insan has analyzed and compared the two considered translations, the destination-oriented and the origin-oriented of each of the translators.The master's degree Arabic thesis by Khaira Mohoush entitled "Translation of the cultural dimension in the context of the strategy of immigration and foreignization, a comparative study" (2016) is another research in which the author examines the cultural identity of an English novel based on the translation of two translators, based on the dualistic theory of Venoti. Has investigated and determined the benefit of both translators from the method of defamiliarization and defamiliarization, the author believes that although translation seems to be a simple task at the beginning, but due to the cultural burden, it is a complex matter and requires careful examination. Research MethodologyThe research method in this research is like other humanities researches in the form of a library, in fact, the research method of this research is based on descriptive and analytical methods.ConclusionChoosing an equivalent close to the terms of the source text and preserving the vocabulary of the source text in the target text due to the lack of an equivalent in the target text are the factors that caused the translator to prefer preserving the cultural identity of the source text to providing an accurate and clear translation; In transferring the cultural burden of the source text, the translator has not benefited from the method of explanation, whether in the form of intertext or footnotes, and in translating proverbs and interpretations, he has taken into account the literal translation method, which is difficult for the audience to understand. In other words, the translator is absent in this text and it is the author's voice that is seen among the target text and portrays expressions and concepts of another culture that the audience is confused in understanding and receiving.That is, the translator has expressed the signs of the author's identity in the target text despite the contradiction with his own cultural identity, and has conveyed all the details that the author has expressed about the customs and traditions of the Iranian people to the audience, and in general, his translation is a mirror that reflects the Iranian culture. It reflects in the political, historical, and literary dimensions, and finally, the translator's attention to the values and concepts of the source text shows his attention to Venotti's theory of defamiliarization.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Vali Baharvand; Mina Hasouni Nejad; Javad Karkhaneh
Abstract
Translation can be used to connect the ideas and beliefs of people in two cultures. From time to time, Mankind has been aware of the words, deeds and achievements of other lands through translation, and hereby, he has fertilized his vision and attitude. One of the most prominent translation theories ...
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Translation can be used to connect the ideas and beliefs of people in two cultures. From time to time, Mankind has been aware of the words, deeds and achievements of other lands through translation, and hereby, he has fertilized his vision and attitude. One of the most prominent translation theories that deals with measuring the qualitative level of translated text in literature and covers four different levels is the Carman Garces' theory (1994). This research, which is descriptive-analytical, aims to evaluate the Arabic translation of Iman Saleh from the book "Those 23 People" written by Ahmad Yusefzadeh on the basis of the Lexical-Semantic level of the translation model by Carman Garces, and to examine its superiorities and characteristics. The research shows that in this translation, the syntactic expantion appears in the coverage of figures like an added adverb, added adjective. In addition, the syntactic reduction emerged in the concepts like the deletion of adjective, object, verb and adverb. It also shows that the translator has narrowed the word circle by using the tools such as deleting the adjective in the general process versus the particular, and applying the techniques like expressing the kind alongside the gender in the particular process versus the general. Another finding of this study is that it attributed the positive characteristics of the remarkable part in this translation to it, Furthermore, this translation pocesses the adequacy and acceptability, causing the reader’s satisfaction.Keywords: Translation Study, The book Those 23 People, Carman Garces, Lexical-Semantic Level.IntroductionTranslation can be considered a beneficial endeavor in the direction of overcoming linguistic barriers between different nations. Although this phenomenon has been an important tool for the transmission of thought throughout history, the abundance of words and expressions in different cultures has always been one of the fundamental challenges facing translators. It can be clearly stated that the translator is a bridge of communication between people who do not share the same culture. In other words, he plays the role of a cultural mediator between different civilizations. Translation is an indispensable human necessity, because no nation, no matter how much it has achieved in terms of progress and culture, can dispense with the universal human heritage by relying solely on its own unique heritage.The need for translation has existed throughout history and across various cultures, manifesting in diverse forms. The efforts of translators to bridge linguistic barriers for audiences within the same culture have always been commendable. Examining and evaluating the work of other translators is a fundamental aspect of developing one's own skills and acquiring experience and expertise. In the process of rendering a text, translators often encounter phenomena such as augmentation, reduction, and other modifications, which serve as indicators of the translation's strength or weakness. Today, translation studies can be considered an interdisciplinary field that goes beyond merely do not assessing the accuracy or inaccuracy of a translation. Therefore, translation criticism, as a widely used field of translation studies, operates in all textual and extra-literary fields of a translated work. In addition, from the past to the present, various literary, religious and other texts have attracted the attention of those involved in the field of translation criticism; meaning that some have taken a critical approach to these translated texts and considered them to be subjective. One of the contemporary translation theories that has attracted much attention and opened up new horizons is the translation theory of Ms. Carmen Garces. This theory, encompassing four levels, is considered one of the most prominent linguistic theories in assessing the quality of translations. It analyzes and evaluates the quality level of literary translation text. This paper aims to evaluate the Arabic translation of Ahmad Yousefzadeh's novel entitled "Those 23 People", using an analytical-descriptive approach and focusing on the lexical-semantic level of Garces' theory.Literature ReviewAs far as the authors of this research have been able to find, no one has previously critically evaluated a topic with this title. However, there have been several studies on the critique and evaluation of Garcés' theory in relation to various texts. Some examples of these studies include:Rahimi Khuyaghani, M. (2018). Lexical criticism of the translation of the Holy Quran by Mousavi Garmaroodi based on the semantic-lexical level of Garcés. Journal of Quran and Hadith Translation Studies, Allameh Tabataba'i University, 4(7), 69-94. The author examined a number of words in Garmaroodi's translation of the Holy Quran based on the components of Garcés' theory and found that a significant portion of the components of the first level of Garcés' translation model are present in Garmaroodi's translation.Masoud Eghbali and Ebrahim Namdari. A Critical Review of the Translations of Surah Yusuf by Elahi Qomshe’i and Makarem Shirazi with an Emphasis on the Grammatical Level of Garcés' Translation . Journal of Quranic Linguistics, University of Isfahan, Spring and Summer 1397, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 154-137. This study evaluates the translations of Surah Yusuf by Elahi Qomshe’i and Makarem Shirazi based on the components of Carmen Garcés' translation model at the grammatical level. The authors examine various grammatical evidences from the verses of Surah Yusuf and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the translations.Asghar Babazadeh Aghdam and Colleagues: Lexical-Grammatical Level of Expression Change Based on Carmen Garces' Model: A Case Study: Translation of Haddad Adel, Mo'ezi and Ansariyan, Volumes 29 and 30 of the Holy Quran. Journal of Translation Studies in Arabic Language and Literature, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Autumn and Winter 1398, Vol. 9, No. 21, pp. 279-306. The most important findings of this research are that based on Garces' model, only Mo'ezi's translation is literal, while Ansariyan and Haddad Adel's translations have been explained and expanded in meaning.Research MethodologyThis descriptive-analytical research aims to evaluate the Arabic translation of "Those 23 people" based on the lexical-semantic level of Carmen Garces' translation model and to examine its advantages and disadvantages.ConclusionsIn the explanation section, taking into account cultural differences, the translator has successfully completed the translation and has well-explained unfamiliar expressions and terms in footnotes, and has explained everything that was unfamiliar due to cultural differences for the Arabic-speaking.In this translation, various aspects of grammatical expansion and contraction are evident. Grammatical expansion is manifested in the coverage of concepts such as the addition of adverbs, adjectives, and adjectival phrases, while grammatical contraction is manifested in aspects such as the omission of adjectives, objects, verbs, and adverbs..
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Javad Asghari; Hossein Jowkar
Abstract
AbstractCurrently, there is no precise and all-encompassing model available for evaluating the translation unit in the translation of the Quran. To attain such a model, it is necessary to first analyze the effectiveness of the components of the translation unit. In this new study, we aim to examine the ...
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AbstractCurrently, there is no precise and all-encompassing model available for evaluating the translation unit in the translation of the Quran. To attain such a model, it is necessary to first analyze the effectiveness of the components of the translation unit. In this new study, we aim to examine the translation unit used in translating the Holy Quran. This essay starts off by looking at how translation theorists have approached the idea of translation units. Following that, a thorough study and analysis of the translation units utilized by Quran translators in Iran have resulted in critiques of their effectiveness in interpreting the Holy Quran. In this study, alongside the utilization of translation units suggested by Western theorists, an additional groundbreaking unit was employed—a sub-word unit—which has not yet been utilized by any translation theorists in the Western context as a recognized translation unit. This article employs a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the translation unit. The examined translations include Moezi, Payandeh, Makarem Shirazi, and Ansarian's translation. The research findings indicate that the translation of the Holy Quran can be approached using several units, such as word unit, sentence unit, thinking unit, text unit, culture unit, and even units smaller than a word. The choice of unit depends on the specific context of each verse and the perspective of the translator. The percentage of sentence unit usage among the mentioned translators is higher than that of other units. Based on the research findings, it is not permissible for translators to make any modifications to the content of the Qur'an during translation. Therefore, the recommended translation unit for the Holy Qur'an is the sentence unit, which has proven to be the most impactful.Keywords: Holy Quran Translation, Translation Unit, Components of Translation Unit, Translation Critique.IntroductionThe exploration of various methodologies in the discourse around translation has given rise to numerous subjects within this domain. A problem that has been discussed in the theoretical field and has a direct impact on the practical field is the concept of the translation unit. The question at hand is: what is the optimal amount of text that a translator should choose as a translation unit? The translation unit refers to the portion of the source text that the translator selects for translation. It represents the unit of the source text that can be adjusted to match the unit of the destination text. Initially, the translator must choose a portion of the original text that has the essential meaning for translation. Subsequently, they must render it into the target language in its original form, or if that is not feasible, by implementing modifications. Translating religious literature is particularly delicate in comparison to other texts due to the significance of these texts in conveying divine revelation and words. This is because any alteration of the text's content by the translator is strictly prohibited. However, the sacredness of the term prohibits any alteration in the linguistic composition of the text.The translation unit is a theoretical concept in the field of translation that determines the portion of the source text that a translator can use to convey the meaning in the target language throughout the translation process. This article attempts to examine the usage of several linguistic units, such as word units, sentence units, thought units, text units, cultural units, and less-than-word units, by translators when translating the Quran from the source language to the destination language. Please have a look.This research has utilized twelve different translations of the Holy Quran. We selected these translators because we aimed to analyze various generations of translators and their distinct styles within the context of the translation unit. Our objective was to assess the utilization of different translation units by each translator.Literature ReviewIn the realm of Quranic translation, numerous subjects have been addressed, and thorough investigations have been conducted. Here are a few examples, summarized briefly: In their article titled "Criticism of Haddad Adel's Persian Translation of the Holy Quran from the Perspective of Conceptual Translation," Amraei and Marouf (2014) criticized Haddad Adel's Persian translation of the Holy Quran. They found that this translation, while drawing on the eloquent Persian language, adheres to the translator's belief in the method of conceptual translation. As a result, the translations are more equivalent and in harmony with the original language and structure of the Quran.In their 2013 article titled "Contemporary Literal Translations of the Holy Quran in Persian Language: Superiorities and Shortcomings," Naseri et al. examined the literal translations of the Holy Quran in Persian, specifically Dehlavi, Sharani, Mesbah Zadeh, and Moezi. They concluded that the literal translations of the Holy Quran have certain advantages and disadvantages when compared to the content translations. Although they have certain limitations, they also provide relative benefits.Azaddel et al. (2018) conducted a study titled "Criticism and Analysis of the Translation of Surah Al-Qara'a based on its Linguistic Context (a case study of the translations of Fuladvand and Makarem Shirazi)", where they compared two different translations of the Holy Quran. Fouladvand and Makarem Shirazi analyze Surah Al-Qaria by applying the principle of equivalence of linguistic context between the source and destination texts. Finally, they offer a recommended translation that is determined by analyzing the linguistic context using three key factors: lexical, morphological-syntactic, and rhetorical.Based on our observations, it has been discovered that numerous researchers have engaged in research endeavors focused on critiquing, examining, and evaluating translations of the Holy Quran. However, none of these studies have specifically focused on the act of translation itself. Thus, this paper aims to utilize the translation unit in translating the Qur'an to yield novel findings in the realm of Qur'an translation.Research MethodologyTo analyze the translation units in the translation of the Holy Qur'an, we initially determine the translation units available for the translator to utilize during the Qur'an translation process. In this study, alongside the translation units suggested by Western theorists, we will incorporate another groundbreaking unit: the sub-word unit. This article will analyze the translation of verses, focusing on translation units such as words, sentences, thoughts, texts, cultures, and smaller linguistic units. Next, an analysis is conducted on the efficacy of the translation units utilized by Quran translators in Iran for translating the Holy Quran. This article employs a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the translation unit.ConclusionUpon careful analysis of each translation of the Holy Quran, it becomes evident that the translators have rendered their translations based on their individual styles and personal preferences. This study demonstrates that the translator has the ability to utilize several units of translation, such as word units, sentence units, thinking units, text units, cultural units, and even units smaller than a word, when translating the Holy Quran. It is recommended to employ a single word in verses with jurisprudential difficulties that need to be translated without any interference.The sentence unit is the most frequently utilized due to its ability to effectively deliver messages without excessive or insufficient information. The usage of a unit of thought is suggested when it enhances the transmission of the message by being compatible with the target language and facilitating the audience's interpretation of the verse. Due to the significance of trustworthiness in conveying the message of the Qur'an and the concern of the translator's own bias, it is advised against utilizing the unit of the text.The cultural unit utilized varies depending on the specific cultural element and its relationship to the target text. However, its appropriate application will enhance the word's significance and promote familiarity with the culture of the Qur'an. In cases where the precise translation of individual letters is crucial, the unit is smaller, which enhances the accuracy of the translation. The study examined and criticized the translation units used by Quran translators in Iran.It found that the application of these units is highly effective in translating the Holy Quran. The use of translation unit components helps solve various challenges faced by translators, such as streamlining the translation process, avoiding inaccurate translations, addressing cultural differences, and accurately translating complex letters. Overall, the use of translation units greatly enhances the efficiency and accuracy of Quranic translation. Overall, the study on verse translation found that translators tended to use sentence units more frequently compared to other units. This is because sentence units allow for the translation of concepts without the need to add or remove any information. The verse's meaning is comprehended. Based on the research findings and the given reasons, the recommended translation unit for the Holy Quran is the sentence unit, as it is the most effective. This is because the sentence unit is particularly useful when the source language is concise (such as in descriptions or irony), which is also a characteristic of the Qur'an. Consequently, the sentence unit is considered the optimal and prevalent translation unit for translating the Quran.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Sajjad Esmaili; Mohammad Zangoei
Abstract
Cultural categories and non-verbal features are crucial components in visual and auditory texts, serving a vital function in effectively transmitting and eliciting the primary concepts to the audience. Translators, particularly those working on movies, are primarily concerned with accurately comprehending, ...
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Cultural categories and non-verbal features are crucial components in visual and auditory texts, serving a vital function in effectively transmitting and eliciting the primary concepts to the audience. Translators, particularly those working on movies, are primarily concerned with accurately comprehending, receiving, and conveying these aspects. The translator can effectively communicate the cultural concepts and non-verbal aspects of the movie to the audience by accurately employing textual counterparts in the movie subtitles. This research is focused on the translator's role in accurately conveying the intended meaning of cultural categories and non-verbal elements in audio-visual texts. It utilizes the descriptive-analytical method to examine the translation of subtitles in the movie "Melody." The translator should undertake the task of translating these elements. To evaluate the translation of subtitles, Gottlieb's methodologies and Peter Newmark's suggested cultural categories were both used to increase the accuracy of the findings. The analysis of the Arabic translation of the subtitles of the Melody movie revealed that the translator mostly employed semantic translation and made efforts to accurately transmit cultural characteristics in the target language for enhanced clarity of meaning. Thus, to accomplish this objective, the translator has employed the methods of "rewriting," "expansion," and "transformation" from the 10 strategies proposed by Gottlieb. However, when it comes to translating non-verbal aspects, the translator has chosen not to translate these parts because they are universally understood in both the source and target languages. As a result, the translation is focused on the needs and preferences of the audience.Keywords: Cultural Categories, Non-Verbal Aspects, "Melody" Movie, Newmark, Gottlieb.IntroductionPeter Newmark emphasizes the significance of cultural values and cultural imbalance in translation and cultural transmission. He argues that when translating cultural categories, it is important to analyze the concepts of meaning and their relationship with language and culture.The goal of translation should be to accurately convey and receive cultural influence with minimal alterations. Under the term of cultural categories, he has enumerated various classifications, including ecology, material culture (artifacts), social culture, institutions, conventions, gestures, and speaking habits. Aside from culturalcategories, non-verbal factors are also a significant aspect of translation. These elements communicate the information through non-linguistic behaviors such as facial expressions, eye contact, body movements, appearance, and voice actions. The translation of cultural categories and non-verbal elements is particularly crucial in the translation of audio-visual texts, such as movie subtitles.This is because films play a significant role in conveying the culture and ideas of a society, and their translation into another language requires meticulous attention. Translation scholars have identified multiple techniques for translating audio-visual texts, particularly the subtitling of movies and TV series. Henrik Gottlieb, a Danish linguist and translator, has contributed some of these ideas. He has implemented various strategies, including expansion, conversion, rewriting, adaptation, transcription, transfer, compression, shortening, and omission, for translating film subtitles.These strategies can be utilized to assess the translator's proficiency in accurately translating a discovered subtitle. This research intends to investigate the Arabic translation of cultural categories and non-verbal aspects in the Arabic subtitles of the 2006 film "Melody" by Jahangir Jahangiri. The objective is to develop ways for achieving the most optimal translation in this context. Two questions have been presented in order to accomplish these goals:What translation tactics does the translator employ to transfer cultural categories in the subtitles of the Melody movie, using Gottlieb's translation procedures?How effectively does the translator represent the non-verbal parts of the movie "Melody"? Literature ReviewSeveral studies have been conducted on the difficulties of translating films, including critiques of the Arabic subtitles for certain Iranian films. Some notable examples include: In his 2016 thesis, Hervi examined the strategies employed in translating cultural elements in Persian subtitles of American films, using Vladimir Ivir's classification. He concluded that the most frequently used strategies were borrowing, lexical translation, replacement, deletion, definition, adding more content or explanations, and making words.In his 2019 thesis titled "Investigation of Cultural Element Translation in Arabic Subtitles of the Films "Ekhraji" and "Miraji"," Masoudi explored the application of Newmark's model and its translation methodologies for translating cultural materials.In a research paper titled "A Critical Analysis of the Arabic Subtitle of the Film Cow (Produced in 1348) Directed by Dariush Mehrjooi," Rahimi Duraki examines the Arabic subtitle of the movie Cow and concludes that it is necessary for the translator to interpret this film.The topics covered include linguistic and non-linguistic variations, grammatical comprehension, literary industries, translation of poetry and lyrics in movie songs, proper names, hilarious thoughts, offensive terms, and curses. Take into consideration religious vocabulary and terminology.Research MethodologyThe research methodology employed in this study is descriptive-analytical. Initial research on the research topic's relevant sources helped establish the theoretical underpinnings of the study. Subsequently, the cultural categories and non-verbal elements utilized in the movie "Melody" were identified and extracted. Following that, each of these elements underwent analysis using Gottlieb's suggested strategies.Conclusion1) The translator's ability to convey cultural concepts has been rather effective. There are only a few mistakes in translation and dubbing, and the majority of the translator's decisions align with the existing norms and conventions of the target language (Arabic). During the translation process, the translator has employed three of Gottlieb's 10 methods, specifically rewriting, transformation, and expansion. The primary focus of the analysis is the data derived from the film and its corresponding subtitles. The translator has selected "rewriting" as the initial strategy for analysis. However, when considering the usage rate classification outside of the Gottlieb framework, this strategy is deemed brief. When comparing the Arabic language to the Persian language, the term "removal" will be the most frequently utilized by the translator.The Melody movie effectively communicates many of its themes and meanings to the audience through non-verbal components. The non-verbal behavior in this film serves as both a substitute for spoken signals and as a means to strengthen and highlight vocal ones. Nevertheless, when it comes to translating non-verbal aspects, the translator has chosen not to translate these elements and has refrained from equating them, based on the assumption that the meaning of these elements is universally understood in both the original and target languages. Non-verbal behaviors may have different interpretations for Arabic and Persian-speaking audiences. Neglecting to accurately translate non-verbal elements in subtitles can lead to misunderstandings and ambiguity in the translated subtitles. Hence, it is imperative to conduct a comparative analysis of the non-verbal elements used by Arabic and Persian speakers. This analysis aims to identify and categorize the unique non-common elements, which can then be incorporated into subtitle texts. The findings of this analysis can be further explored in a separate article.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Horiyeh Kokabi Dana; Ali Saedavi
Abstract
Keywords: Book of Al-Ayyam, Taha Hossein, Khadiv Jam, Al-Ayyam Translating, Referential Meaning, Slippage in theReferential Meaning.IntroductionWhether we consider the translation unit as a word, a sentence, a text, or even a concept, the quest for finding the appropriate equivalent for vocabulary remains ...
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Keywords: Book of Al-Ayyam, Taha Hossein, Khadiv Jam, Al-Ayyam Translating, Referential Meaning, Slippage in theReferential Meaning.IntroductionWhether we consider the translation unit as a word, a sentence, a text, or even a concept, the quest for finding the appropriate equivalent for vocabulary remains essential and effective. Understanding the meaning of sentences or texts does not occur in isolation; it is inherently connected to the vocabulary used. Therefore, when translating a text from one language to another, the translator’s initial task should be to assess the meaning of individual words.Peter Newmark contends that translators who dismiss the translation of individual words in favor of focusing solely on sentences and messages deceive themselves. After all, every sentence or text comprises words, each of which independently carries a meaning that reflects a tangible or abstract reality from the external world. Consequently, many experts prioritize the referential meaning—the genuine and concrete sense of words—over other potential meanings. As long as a translator can convey a word’s referential meaning accurately in the target language, there is no need to resort to alternative interpretations.Nevertheless, it is observed that translators occasionally falter when translating the referential meaning. In this essay, the authors aim to analyze and evaluate the translation of the second volume of Hossein Khadiojam’s book Al-Ayyam, specifically addressing the factors that led to deviations from the intended referential meaning.Literature ReviewNumerous studies have explored various aspects of meaning and the quest for equivalence in translation. Among these, the following noteworthy works can be highlighted:“Pragmatics of Referential Meanings of Words in the Translation Process of Nahj al-Balaghah” (1396-2016)by Seyyed Mehdi Masbooq: In this article, Masbooq and colleagues meticulously examine one hundred and twelve words from Nahj al-Balaghah across translations by Mr. Jafari, Dashti, Faqihi, and Faiz al-Islam. The study sheds light on challenges faced by translators, including issues related to vocabulary structure, as well as formal and spiritual nuances of the words.“Research on Translation from Arabic to Persian Based on the Process of ‘Spiritual Equivalence’ (Case Study of the Novel Al-Sakriye)” (1393-2013)by Adnan Tahmasabi and Siddiqa Jafari: This article delves into the translation process, exploring lexical equivalence and language structures across different lexical and semantic layers, with a focus on Al-Sukariyyeh’s novel.“Types of Meaning in Translation” (1393-2013)by Alireza Khan Jan: Khan Jan addresses the critical issue of distinguishing between various types of meaning, emphasizing its significance from Halliday’s perspective.“Criticism on the Translation of ‘Al-Ibarat’: A Testimony to the Necessity of Proficiency in Source and Target Languages” (2012)by Shahriar Gitti and colleagues: Through a critical examination of the translation of the textbook Al-Ibrate, the authors discuss common errors and their underlying causes, emphasizing the challenges faced by translators due to insufficient fluency in both the source and target languages.“Etymology of Words in Nahj al-Balagha: An Emphasis on Ibn-Faris’s Method” (1391-2013): Hossein Mu-yadi’s thesis delves into the etymology process of words found in Nahj al-Balagha. By analyzing the semantics and roots of the vocabulary, the study explores Ibn-Faris’s approach and its impact on vocabulary comprehension.“Pragmatics of ‘Translation Equivalence’ for Words in Quran Translation” (2011)by Hamidreza Mirhaji and colleagues: This article emphasizes the necessity of considering different semantic layers to achieve translation equivalence. The authors examine the process of equivalence and equality at the word level, highlighting that translations from the Quran often lack sufficient attention to the principle of “translation equivalence.” Translators tend to focus primarily on transferring the referential meaning, often overlooking other semantic layers.“Text, Metatext, and Analysis of Basic and Relative Meaning: A Comparative Study with Interpretation” (1386-2006)by Dr. Mohammad Baqer Saeedi Roshan: In this article, the author compares the perspectives of Muslim scholars and contemporary semantic approaches regarding situational meaning and pragmatics as the primary meaning of words, both within and outside the context. The study also explores the relative meaning of words, as understood from the context and text.Although referential meaning—one of the types of meaning—has been analyzed and evaluated in various books and research, there appears to be a gap in independent research regarding its importance, impact on understanding other meanings, and the factors contributing to translator errors in handling referential meaning during translation.On the contrary, the focus of this research lies on the referential meaning within the context of equivalence-seeking during the translation of the second volume of Al-Ayam. The authors aim to address the following questions:What factors contributed to Khadiojam’s errors in translating the referential meaning of certain words?Which factor occurred most frequently?To achieve this, the authors have extracted 69 examples from the second volume of Al-Ayam, where they believe Khadiojam deviated from the intended referential meaning. Due to space constraints, the article provides a select few examples for each factor, followed by an evaluation and analysis using a comparative approach.Conclusion
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Jalal Abidan; Morteza Zare Beromi
Abstract
The research aims to analyze source text tendencies when translating from Persian to Arabic, discussing translation principles. The mentioned research is divided into two parts: theoretical and comparative. The theoretical part focuses on Antoine Berman's attitude towards the transforming tendencies ...
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The research aims to analyze source text tendencies when translating from Persian to Arabic, discussing translation principles. The mentioned research is divided into two parts: theoretical and comparative. The theoretical part focuses on Antoine Berman's attitude towards the transforming tendencies of the source text. The comparative part includes an analysis of the translation of Imam Khomeini's political-divine testament based on Antoine Berman's model. Berman identified thirteen tendencies that influence the way the source text is presented. These tendencies are rationalization, clarification, expansion, ennoblement, qualitative impoverishment, quantitative impoverishment, assimilation, destruction of rhythms, the destruction of the underlying networks of signification, the destruction of linguistic patternings, the destruction of vernacular networks or their exoticization, the destruction of expressions and idioms, and the effacement of the superimposition of languages. Each tendency offers a unique perspective on the translator's decisions, based on different aspects of the original text. The research method used was descriptive and analytical. The results of the study revealed that the changing tendencies of the source text had varying impacts on the translation process of Imam Khomeini's political and divine testament. The extent to which each factor influences the process in question relies on the translator's decisions and the genre of the text. Rationalization is the most significant factor, while quantitative impoverishment, the destruction of expressions and idioms, and the effacement of the superimposition of languages have not been shown to have an impact.Keywords: Translation, Arabicizing, Antoine Berman, Text-Changing Tendencies, Political-Divine Testament of Imam Khomeini.IntroductionTranslation criticism theories are broadly categorized into two main branches: originalist theories which focus on the original text, foreign language, and culture, and destinationist theories which center around the reader, target language, and culture. The primary objective of transformational tendencies is to modify the original text in such a way that it presents an acceptable meaning and beautiful form to the users of the target language. Given this definition, it is crucial to evaluate the extent of destruction caused by the changing tendencies since the target text's essence usually rejects the source text's form in favor of syntactic independence and semantic clarity.In his translation evaluation model, Berman examines various methods of transferring text from the source language to the target language. He identifies tendencies that can impact the quality of the translation: rationalization, clarification, expansion, ennoblement, qualitative impoverishment, quantitative impoverishment, assimilation, destruction of rhythms, the destruction of the underlying networks of signification, the destruction of linguistic patternings, the destruction of vernacular networks or their exoticization, the destruction of expressions and idioms, and the effacement of the superimposition of languages. Berman provides many examples to explain the cultural and linguistic reasons for these distortions, including the destruction or modernization of native language networks, the destruction of expressions and idioms, and the effacement of the superimposition of languages. Familiarity with Berman's model is essential for teachers and translation students of the Arabic language, especially in translating key texts like the political-divine testament of Imam Khomeini, which require a strong tendency towards localization. It can improve their skills in translating from Persian to Arabic and vice versa.Literature ReviewThe search in the databases revealed that there has been no independent research on the translation of Imam Khomeini's political-divine testament based on Antoine Berman's model of the transforming tendencies of the original text. However, it might be helpful to mention the completed works based on the mentioned model and their description for the audience.In their article on the review of the latest translation of the novel "The Stranger" based on Antoine Berman's text distortion system (2016), Farsian and Esmaili discussed seven cases of the changing tendencies of the original text in the analysis of Mehran Zindabudi's translation of Albert Camus's "The Stranger." They concluded that 1) the translator had to use "rationalization" due to the structural differences between French and Persian languages; 2) the translator had sometimes made "clarification" in unnecessary cases; 3) The tendency of the translator to "expand" is the result of the two previous tendencies; 4) The "ennoblement" of the translator compared to the source text had sometimes led to the improvement and sometimes to the degradation of the linguistic level of the translation; 5) "Destruction of rhythm", "the destruction of linguistic patternings" and "the destruction of expressions" are among other tendencies that change the shape of the original text in the translation of Zindabudi from the Book of stranger; 6) Although Berman's model is very perfectionist and its application leads to word-for-word translation, it is quite effective in distinguishing the differences between the target text and the source text.In their article examining the effectiveness of Berman's model in the evaluation of Quran translation: the study of rationalization tendency (2019), Niazi et al. pointed out that the said model emphasizes preserving the originality of the source text and avoiding its change and distortion in the translation. They concluded that 1) rationalization in the translation of the Holy Quran is sometimes mandatory and sometimes optional; 2) optional rationalization is included in negative analysis and avoided in positive analysis; 3) The reason for forced rationalization in the translation of the Holy Qur'an is to avoid making the target text unpleasant.Amirian, in his article on the review of the Arabic translation of Ainaha according to Berman's morphometric model (1400), pointed out that the level of validity of the target text and its quality is determined by the application of translation evaluation models. In his research, he discussed Ahmed Musa's translation of the novel Chashm'hā'yash (Her Eyes) by Bozorg Alavi based on the six tendencies of Burman's model and concluded that 1) "quantitative impoverishment" and "qualitative impoverishment" more than other tendencies had changed the original text in the translation and this had caused a semantic difference between the source and destination text; 2) The translator's "ennoblement" is a decision to be reader-oriented and to achieve a destination text that is more beautiful than the source text; 3) "ennoblement" and "expansion" are effective in "clarifying" the translation; 4) The "rationalization" of translation is unavoidable due to the grammatical differences of the source and target languages.The present research is innovative compared to the works that have discussed the types of translation based on Antoine Berman's model. It is dependent on three factors: 1) the application of all thirteen tendencies that transform the original text in the analysis of the translation of Imam Khomeini's political-divine testament and avoiding act selectively in this field; 2) the structural and content expansion of disruptive tendencies; 3) Focusing the analytical part of the research on translation learning from Persian to Arabic.Research MethodologyThe current study methodology is both descriptive and analytical. The objective of the description is to address the theoretical framework of the investigation. At this stage of study, commonly accepted generalisations are often outlined, and the gathered data is not subjected to analysis. During the analytical phase, the research model is applied to the text being studied. This essay examines the translation process of Imam Khomeini's political-divine testament, using Antoine Berman's concept of the transforming tendencies of the original text. The goal is to uncover the effects of deforming tendencies in the translation from Persian to Arabic.ConclusionOut of the thirteen tendencies that alter the structure of the original text, 10 have influenced the translation of Imam Khomeini's political-divine testament.1) Rationalisation: This inclination entails repositioning adjectives, transforming nouns into verbs, simplifying the lexical chain, altering the placement of verbs, and converting noun phrases into verbs. It also involves eliminating redundant words, adding or removing inflections, converting unfamiliar terms into familiar ones, and vice versa. The change in the text of the Imam Khomeini's testament in translation has been most influenced by converting complex statements into simple ones. Additionally, additional instances, particularly related to grammar, can be identified that contribute to the imparting of wisdom.2) Clarification: The act of clarifying the translation of the testament of Imam Khomeini has occurred in two ways: firstly, by clarifying the element of the original text in the translated text after adjusting it to Arabic grammar; and secondly, by considering and defining the concept of the element of the original text in the destination.3) Expansion: The translation of the testament of Imam Khomeini has been carried out in two ways: creating synonyms and transforming words into phrases. Both approaches share the characteristic of including superfluous text in the final output.4) Ennoblement: This movement involves translating the testament of the Imam Khomeini into the Arabic language. In this revision, the objective is to enhance the aesthetic appeal of the target text by rephrasing the sentence structure and incorporating eloquent punctuation marks.5) Qualitative Impoverishment: Inevitable qualitative impoverishment occurs when translating the testament of Imam Khomeini due to the reliance on the word form in the language. Excluding the lexical borrowings between Persian and Arabic, it is impossible to rectify the deficiency in the quality of other terms.6) Assimilation: Assimilation refers to the process of reviewing and amending the source text before translation in order to prepare it according to the preferences of the translator. The translation of the Imam Khomeini’s testament undergo significant changes, mostly due to a trend towards assimilation.7) Destruction of Rhythms: The destruction referred to in the translation process of the Imam Khomeini’s testament has frequently occurred for two reasons: firstly, the utilisation of punctuation marks that deviate from the original text, such as quotation marks, brackets, and solid lines to separate sentences; and secondly, the implementation of substantial alterations in the context of the source text.8) Destruction of Underlying Networks of Signification: The network of signifiers and implicit meanings is destroyed when certain signifiers or crucial words from the original text are not translated. The translation of the imam's testament has partially dismantled the network of symbols and underlying connotations.9) Destruction of Linguistic Patternings: The identified tendency indicates Antoine Berman's scepticism towards translators and his pessimistic view of translation. He has observed that the target text lacks the original organisation of the source text because of the employment of morphing tendencies. Additionally, these justifications put the Imam's testament translation at risk of destruction due to systemic tendencies.10) Destruction of Vernacular Network or Their Exoticisation: The destruction of native language networks occurs when native languages and culturally-specific terms are ignored or eliminated from local varieties of the standard language. On the other hand, innovation happens when elements of the native language are emphasised in the standard written language, such as through the use of italics or bold writing. It has been hard to translate the Imam's testament into the framework that has been talked about because of changes in some culturally specific language. There has been no innovation in this context.Three out of the thirteen tendencies that alter the structure of the original text were not influential in the translation of Imam Khomeini's political-divine testament.1) Quantitative Impoverishment: This case demonstrates that synonyms or lexical variations associated with a certain meaning in the testament of the Imam were translated using only one term, neglecting the presence of other words with similar meanings.2) Destruction of Expressions and Idioms: Berman examines two factors to elucidate this phenomenon. Firstly, the significance of proper nouns in the main text's discourse. Secondly, there is a lack of interchangeability among idioms. He regarded the act of removing the listed things and substituting them with indigenous items as indicative of the obliteration of the original text's expressions and terminology in the translation. Upon examining and analysing the testament of the Imam, it was determined that the original text remained unaffected by the localization of phrases and idioms during the translation process, thus preserving its discourse intact.3) The Effacement of the Superimposition of Languages: This trend aims to eradicate the linguistic variations present in the source text throughout the translation process. This inclination has not had an opportunity to influence the translation of the testament of Imam, as the language used in the text of the testament of Imam does not encounter linguistic variety.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Somayeh Salmanian; Keivan Ehsani
Abstract
Within the text of Nahj al-Balagha, one may come across words and phrases that can be classified as profane or offensive statements. These terms serve two purposes. Some of them denote profanity and obscenity, while others seem to be using profanity. However, it possesses a metaphorical connotation and ...
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Within the text of Nahj al-Balagha, one may come across words and phrases that can be classified as profane or offensive statements. These terms serve two purposes. Some of them denote profanity and obscenity, while others seem to be using profanity. However, it possesses a metaphorical connotation and does not include any profanity. Understanding the historical origins of these statements, as well as their textual and temporal context, is essential and highly beneficial for comprehending the intended meaning of Imam Ali (peace be upon him). This study employed a prescriptive methodology to extract fourteen collective curses from Nahj al-Balagha and analyze the translation performance of five translators in relation to this work. The translators are Faiz al-Islam, al-Shahidi, al-Faqihi, al-Dashti, and al-Ansari. Each of these translators embodies a distinct translation style. The research findings revealed that many statements that may appear to be curses were not employed as insults but rather served various purposes such as praise, adoration, attention, and punishment. These translators neglected this difficulty and attempted to translate these meanings either word-for-word or with an imprecise functional equivalent, resulting in an incorrect translation of these meanings. Of the various translation methods available, the faithful approach and the literal method offer greater potential for translating this specific category of fixed language structures.Keywords: Translation, Fixed Form of Language, Cursing, Nahj al-Balagha.IntroductionGiven the intimate connection between translation and culture, the primary obstacle for the translator will be to convey these ideas accurately in the target language. Multiple hypotheses have been put out in the process of converting these concepts into different languages. Newmark (2011) has put forward a total of eighteen approaches, while Ivier (1987) has suggested a total of seven methods. Gradler (2000) and Harvey (2000) both postulated four distinct procedures. Additionally, Chesterman (1997) and Pedersen (2007) have put up alternative approaches. The primary distinction in the categorization of methodologies in these types of studies lies in the specific focus that each method places on the primary unit of language in translation (Alizadeh, 2019: 54). Profane expressions are seen as established linguistic and cultural phenomena that vary across different cultures. Consequently, translators often opt for literal translations, disregarding cultural nuances, resulting in inaccurate translations. To ensure a dependable scientific outcome, we chose five translations of Fayz al-Islam, al-Shahidi, al-Faqihi, al-Dashti, and al-Ansari from a pool of several translations of Nahj al-Balagha. We next examined how well these translations rendered eight collective cursing expressions. The primary objective of the ongoing research is to determine whether the cursing idioms found in Nahj al-Balagha exclusively convey the act of cursing or if alternative interpretations may be attributed to them based on the context and circumstances.Can a Persian-compatible cultural counterpart be provided for these allegedly cursed phrases? If the answer is yes, then which translator achieved greater success?Which translation method offered the most optimal approach for translating profanities?Literature Review The majority of research conducted in the realm of translating cultural components focuses on English translation. The research conducted in the domain of Arabic is exceedingly restricted. The majority of the works conducted in this domain, with the exception of a small number, pertain to the genre of novels and stories. This article introduces and critiques the following research studies relating to the subject:The study titled "A Study of the Content and Structure of Cursing Expressions in Nahj al-Balagha" was authored by Mir Ahmadi and his colleagues and published in the Journal of Studies in Nahj al-Balagha in 2017. Through an analysis of the rhetoric, style, and structure of cursing words in Nahj al-Balagha, the researchers aimed to examine the concept of politeness in Nahj al-Balagha from various perspectives. Their objective was to demonstrate that the Imam (peace be upon him) adhered to the teachings of the Holy Qur'an even when using cursing, maintaining a sense of politeness, and refraining from using vulgar language. The research approach employed in this study diverges significantly from the current essay, which seeks to critique the translation of profane terms in Nahj al-Balagha.The paper titled "A Study of the Expressions of Cursing and Cursing of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) in Nahj al-Balagha" was authored by Akbar Tawhid Law and published in the Journal of Modern Studies in Nahj al-Balagha in 2016. This essay focuses on elucidating the semantic and conceptual distinctions between the idioms of cursing found in the Qur'an and Nahj al-Balagha.The subject of the current research is novel and groundbreaking in comparison to earlier studies, and no research has been conducted using this approach thus far.Research MethodologyThis research used a prescriptive methodology. In this approach, after examining each sample, the researcher provides explicit instructions or recommendations that outline a particular approach for conducting translation tasks (refer to Manafi Anari, 2015: 13). The chosen samples are additionally evaluated and examined using the techniques suggested in the Newmark model.ConclusionThe results gained from researching five Persian translations of Nahj al-Balagha's sermons and messages for expressing collective cursing expressions are as follows:Translators have encountered comparable difficulties while translating profane terms, which include: A) Restricting their analysis to the surface meaning of certain curses and disregarding their purpose in early Islam. B) The inaccuracy lies in the verb's structure in translation, as it is employed to convey meaning based on a different structure. C) Failing to embrace a singular approach. When encountering comparable circumstances, the process of translating a term takes place.2: Upon evaluating the translators' performance, we observed deficiencies and inadequacies in their ability to accurately comprehend and convey meaning in this domain. The translators, as a whole, did not execute their tasks correctly and did not adhere to the established scientific principles of translation studies. Consequently, it is not possible to favor the performance of one translator over another.Some of the profanities found in Nahj al-Balagha serve purposes beyond mere cursing. They are employed in various contexts to express admiration, astonishment, caution, and other intentions.Hence, translators must diligently consider the many connotations of these terms and render them in accordance with the specific context in which they are employed. It is advisable for them not to solely depend on the Nahj al-Balagha dictionary and its explanations. Instead, students should explore these terms in poetry, ancient prose, collections of proverbs, and other sayings to get insight into their various applications and the intended meaning by the Imam.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Zahra Khafaje Karimoy; Hossein Shamsabadi; Seyed Mehdi Nouri Keyzoghani
Abstract
In our interconnected global society, the ability to communicate effectively across many languages is of utmost importance. Nevertheless, the process of translating writings in several languages frequently presents obstacles that hinder the precise alignment of specific thoughts or expressions. The reciprocal ...
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In our interconnected global society, the ability to communicate effectively across many languages is of utmost importance. Nevertheless, the process of translating writings in several languages frequently presents obstacles that hinder the precise alignment of specific thoughts or expressions. The reciprocal relationship between culture and language elucidates the reason why, throughout the act of translation, we invariably encounter both the cultural context and the original language. In this scenario, the translator, acting as a cultural middleman, should align the source culture with the language. Thenovel "Al-Nazzara al-Sauda" by Ihsan Abdel Quddous was chosen for analysis to determine the translatability of its linguistic and cultural words and phrases. This examination was conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner. Upon careful examination of the expressions, we have discovered numerous instances in both the realms of linguistics and culture that defy translation. The translator is thus faced with the task of rendering words and sentences in a manner that aligns with the language and culture of the source (Persian) while remaining comprehensible to the intended audience. Consequently, the translator has predominantly relied on the "role equivalent" method to translate parts that cannot be translated directly.Keywords: Literary Translation, The Concept of Untranslatability, The Process of Equalization, Al-Nazzara al-Sauda, Ihsan Abdel Quddous.Introduction"Al-Nazzara al-Sauda" is a renowned work that explores the intricate themes of love, identity, and self-awareness. This narrative offers a profound understanding of the human condition within a conventional Middle Eastern society. Ihsan Abdel Quddous has adeptly employed linguistic tricks, cultural allusions, and poetic metaphors to convey the intricate elements of the text, although these pose difficulties when it comes to translation. Hence, the writers were motivated to explore the concept of untranslatability in the current novel due to the imperative of comprehending the intricacies and subtleties of language, culture, and translation, as well as devising strategies to overcome language barriers and enhance intercultural communication. Literature ReviewAn extensive study has been conducted on the topic of translation studies, specifically focusing on the untranslatability of literary texts. In the following, we will highlight a few notable studies on this subject.Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kadkani wrote the 2013 essay "On the Untranslatability of Poetry," which is a source for other papers with the same title."The Inability to Translate Scientific Theories Using Different Terminology" (2017) the author of this essay is Mohammad Mahdi Hatef. This article presents a clear definition of translation words and addresses the issues raised by critics. Fatemeh Rakei's article, titled "Reflection on the Aspects of Translation (un)acceptability of Contemporary Persian Poetry" (1400), explores the translatability and translation of contemporary Persian poetry into English. The article aims to investigate this specific aspect of translation in this field. The results collected demonstrate that certain elements, such as content and expressive innovations, metaphors, symbols, and cultural and societal issues, can be effectively translated. However, aspects such as weight, rhyme, pun, and meaning are found to be untranslatable.Another work by Nosrat Hijazi and Rouya Shirin is "Translatability and Acceptability of Cultural Elements in Audio-Visual Texts: A Case Study of French Subtitles of the Iranian Television Series Der Cheshm Bad" (2019). This article examines the process of transferring and translating cultural aspects into audiovisual texts using subtitles.Alireza Nazari, Fatemeh Ferozan Qalabin, and Muhaddezah Samiiwrote the article "Analysis of the Role of Linguistic Factors in the Untranslatability of the Text of the Qur'an (a Comparative Study of Verses from Surah Yusuf in Four Famous Translations of the Qur'an)" (2014).In this article, the authors focus on the specific role of linguistic factors in the verses of Surah Yusuf and subsequently analyze these factors in four well-known contemporary translations of the Qur'an.The paper titled "Difficulty of Translatability of Kitab al-Mubin as a Literary Work" was authored by Abolfazl Hari in 1386. This essay analyzes the Qur'an as a piece of literature and concludes that while its rhetorical and linguistic intricacies are not entirely impossible to translate, they are indeed challenging to translate.Based on the authors' thorough investigations, no previous independent research has been conducted specifically on the issue of untranslatability in Ihsan Abdel Quddous’ novel "Al-Nazzara al-Sauda." Consequently, the writers have chosen to introduce a novel contribution.Research MethodologyLiterary translation is considered the most aesthetically pleasing form of translation. This is as a result of the translator carefully choosing the most appropriate and harmonious language in accordance with their literary preferences. The presence of various verbal and spiritual arrangements is clearly apparent in literary translation (Marouf, 1384:17).Linguistics and societal customs: When considering the connection between language and culture, it may be argued that language serves as an integrated system that represents and propels culture. According to this, all text elements might have a cultural aspect since language is inherently connected to culture as a distinct and autonomous entity (Hijazi and Shirin, 2019: 71).Intranslatability: The presence of linguistic diversity can provide obstacles to the process of translation, particularly when it involves words, phrases, or cultural nuances that are difficult to effectively convey. An obstacle that might hinder accurate communication is untranslatability, as it directly affects the interpretation of the message. Several theorists have discussed the concept of untranslatability in the process of translation, and each of them has put forth ways for achieving accurate translation. Hermans and Santos argue that untranslatability encompasses both the linguistic structure and the interplay between language and culture. They propose a division of untranslatability into two categories: "linguistic untranslatability" and "cultural untranslatability" (Hermans, 2019: 602; Santos, 21:2006).David Harvey, a different scholar, has put out four approaches for rendering features that cannot be translated:Equivalent role (functional) 2: A visual representation of the same meaning in language 3- Loaning 4: Translation that provides an explanation and description of the text (Khairkhah and Sajjudi, 2013:24).ConclusionThis research has served as a paradigm and a reference to prevent the occurrence of untranslatability, aligning with one of David Harvey's proposed solutions. Consequently, based on the categorization and detailed analytical examination of the excerpts extracted from the novel, it can be concluded that translators are obligated to offer a recommended translation that is compatible with the linguistic structure. In the majority of instances, Farsi employs the approach of role or function to convey desirable linguistic and cultural concepts to the reader. However, it also utilizes other techniques, such as descriptive translation, to achieve the same objective effectively.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Zohreh Ghorbani Madavani; Ehya Komasi
Abstract
The phenomenon of linguistic relativity has long posed a significant barrier for translators, arising from the diverse life experiences of language users. Cultural underpinnings, encompassing practices, ideas, and social phenomena, are intrinsically linked to linguistic notions, drawing from the collective ...
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The phenomenon of linguistic relativity has long posed a significant barrier for translators, arising from the diverse life experiences of language users. Cultural underpinnings, encompassing practices, ideas, and social phenomena, are intrinsically linked to linguistic notions, drawing from the collective experiences of language users. The term "organ names" refers to the terms that describe the various parts of the human body, such as eyes, head, and ears. These names can encompass cultural and cognitive notions, including knowledge, perception, emotions, and conventions. Conversely, there exists asemantic correlation between the physiological principles (pertaining to the structure of body parts) and the notions of sociology. An exploration of the cultural and cognitive foundations of these phrases, along with consideration of the speakers' background and lived experiences, can serve as a valuable tool for translators to comprehend the precise meaning and then convey it accurately in the target language. The significance and placement of organ names in language, together with the frequent usage of hand-related terms in Arabic and its dialects, have motivated us to conduct a descriptive-analytical investigation on the word "hand" and its variations. Let's explore the linguistic and cultural conceptualizations of it. In order to examine the semantic and linguistic aspects of this term, we need to select its Persian equivalent and translate it accordingly. The use of formulation in both the source and destination languages can have an impact on the translation and presentation of concepts, which is a significant finding. Sometimes, the translation is based on a shared formulation, while other times it is based on a different formulation. When there is overlap in the translation, it can convey the cultural background and worldview of the source language. Linguistic relativity arises when concepts cannot be effectively conveyed through overlapping translations. In such cases, heterogeneous translation, also known as concept translation, must be employed. This approach ensures that the translation aligns with both the cultural norms of the source language and the cultural norms of the target language.Keywords: Linguistic Relativity, the Names of Hand Organs, Translation, Cultural Foundations. IntrodcutionOne of the enduring obstacles faced by translators throughout history is selecting precise equivalents and effectively conveying concepts from the source language to the target language. Several linguists argue that the translation and equivalency of words do not provide an exact representation of the original language. This is due to the varying cognitive and cultural experiences of language speakers over history. The findings of linguistic studies conducted over a long period of time indicate that each language possesses its own distinct formulations and conceptualizations. Consequently, speakers of different languages have varying perspectives and worldviews.The research inquiries are as follows: What are the linguistic terms and cultural ideas associated with the naming of different parts of the hand in the Arabic language? How might the linguistic relativity arising from the conceptualizations of hand and limb be applied to the Persian language? The research hypothesis posits that there exists a form of linguistic relativity in the conceptualizations of the name of the hand organ in the Arabic language that cannot be adequately conveyed by translation into the target language.Literature ReviewExtensive research has been conducted in several languages about the nomenclature of organs and the examination of their cognitive and cultural concepts, as well as their translation.Ildiko (1990), a researcher in the field of English language, has demonstrated that the utilization of organ names can enhance the breadth of vocabulary in language. Gibbs and Wilson (2002) argue that the human body serves as a cognitive resource in our metaphorical language.Yu (2000), a Chinese researcher, compared the names of the palm and finger organs in the Chinese and English languages. He posits that the conceptions derived from the names of the organs are universally shared cognitive experiences among all humans.Researchers in the field of Persian language also made significant advancements in studying the names of organs and conceptual metaphors. One notable research study is the work of Veisi Hisar and colleagues (2013), titled "Metaphor and Culture: A Cognitive Approach to Two Translations of Khayyam's Quatrains." Saad-allah Homayoni and Maryam Fuladi wrote the article (1401) titled "Analysis of the Role of Linguistic Formations and Cultural Domains in the Translation of Metaphorical Compounds from the Perspective of Cognitive Linguistics."Ali Ganjian Khanari and Ahya Kamasi (1402) have authored an article titled "Cultural and Cognitive Structure of the Singular Nasal and Synonyms in the Arabic Language in the Context of Cultural Linguistics and Wang Li's Theory." This article partially aligns with the objectives of the ongoing research.Research has been conducted to explore the Arabic names of organs and their equivalents in the Persian language. The presence of relativity in the translation of Arabic into Persian has not been thoroughly examined. Research MethodologyThe forthcoming article is based on a cognitive-cultural approach. In order to accomplish the intended objective, we shall employ the principles of cognitive-cultural linguistics as a means to progress the research. This study explores the utilization of hand part names in the Arabic language and subsequently investigates their corresponding counterparts in the Persian language.ConclusionBased on the study of the research data, the following conclusions can be drawn: The semantic domains in Arabic and Persian are established around the concept of "the hand as a tool for measuring and determining direction." This suggests a cultural and biological shared experience among speakers of both languages. Nevertheless, it is undeniable that relativity is present in certain formulations and conceptualizations of the limbless hand, particularly those that are based on experiences derived from the material world.Overlapping translation refers to the identification of linguistic structures that arise from shared experiences. However, when attempting to discover suitable replacements for language structures that arise from the diverse experiences of language users, a process of heterogeneous translation emerges. When translating various and diverse expressions, the translator must consider the cultural norms of both the original and destination languages. Linguistic relativity manifests in various forms, making it difficult to transfer concepts through overlapping translations. Heterogeneous translation, on the other hand, refers to a type of translation that effectively conveys the concepts of the source language while also aligning with the cultural norms of the target language.
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Rezvan Beyranvand; Ali Nazari; Seyed Esmaeil Ghasemi Mousavi
Abstract
Translation evaluation and quality assessment have always been crucial in the field of translation studies. Among the several models and theories proposed for assessing translation, Juliane House's context reconstruction model is widely recognized as one of the most renowned models. The concept of translation ...
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Translation evaluation and quality assessment have always been crucial in the field of translation studies. Among the several models and theories proposed for assessing translation, Juliane House's context reconstruction model is widely recognized as one of the most renowned models. The concept of translation can be categorized into two distinct types: overt and covert. In an overt translation, the text and its elements are oriented towards the culture of the source language, and the recreation of context is evident. However, in a covert translation, the norms and culture of the target language are clearly apparent, and context is being generated. This study seeks to assess the quality of Alireza Baqer's Persian translation of the novel Fardghan by Youssef Zaidan. The research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical approach, with the Julian House Translation Quality Assessment model serving as the foundation for the study. The translation quality was assessed by comparing the source text (ST) with the target text (TT), and both obvious and hidden faults were examined. The resulting data was then displayed in the form of tables and graphs. The results indicate that the translator made efforts to employ strategies such as incorporating terms and proverbs from Persian culture and colloquial language, as well as utilizing omission as a common translation strategy to align the translation with the target language and culture. However, the prevailing strategy observed was open translation.Keywords: Youssef Zaydan, Translation of Fardghan’s Novel, Julian House, Evaluation of Translation Quality, Alireza Baqer.IntroductionFardqan, written by Youssef Zaydan, is a novel that recounts the imprisonment and exile of Avicenna, the renowned Iranian scientist, to Fardqan, a well-known stronghold in Hamedan. It is worth noting that Alireza Baqer translated this novel into Persian. Throughout the history of translation, the assessment and appraisal of translated materials have consistently held significance. Given the particular significance of translating literary writings, the evaluation of the quality of these translations has been of even greater relevance. Julian House (1997) proposed the translation quality evaluation model as one of the methodologies and models for translation evaluation. This model aims to assess the worth of translation, particularly in the context of literary translation, by employing defined and practical criteria instead of relying on subjective judgments of taste.The objective of this study is to analyze the translation of Alireza Baqer, the initial published translation of the esteemed novel "Fardqan" by a prominent Egyptian author, employing House's model. The present research focuses on a translation that has undergone textual modifications. The chosen translation is of significant importance due to Zaydan’s novel. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to examine this translation. The research focuses on studying and critiquing the Persian translation of a modern novel that explores the life and contributions of the great Iranian scientist Avicenna. The study aims to answer the following questions: The Persian translation of the novel "Fardqan" is being evaluated based on the House model. The translator's tendency towards covert and open translation is being analyzed, specifically in which parts of the novel. Alireza Baqer's translation of "Fardqan" leans more towards open translation strategies in general, indicating that it is an open translation. Is it seen as explicit or concealed?Literature ReviewValuable research has been conducted in recent years in both English and Arabic language and literature to evaluate the quality of translations using House's model. Researchers have sought to employ House's comprehensive model for precise and scientific translation criticism. Several research studies have been conducted using this paradigm. Some notable examples include:In his master's thesis titled "The Application of Julian House's Translation Quality Assessment Model Regarding the Persian Translation of the Book (Prophet) Gibran-Khalil-Jibran by Meshya Barzegar," Eskandari Durbati (2014) compared these translations and found that Barzegar's translation is highly intricate and abstract in Farsi, while Daryabandari's translation is structurally more understandable.In his master's thesis, Vakili (2014) evaluates the quality of the translation of the book "Be a Follower of Your Heart" by Andrew Matthews, conducted by Vahid Afzalirad and Zahra Nabi, using the House model. The focus of the study is on comparing the explicit translation tactics employed by the two translators. The translator has determined that Afzali's translation is more faithful to the essence of the original text and therefore more suitable.Salimi and Ansari (2019) conducted a study titled "Examination of the Translation Quality of Nahj al-Balaghah based on House's Role-oriented Model (a case study of Allameh Jafari and Shahidi's translation of the ghost sermon)". Their conclusion, based on House's model, was that both translations are clear.In his master's thesis titled "Utilizing the House Model to Assess the Quality of Two Persian Translations of Charles Dickens' Book 'Great Desires' by Yonsei and Akhwan," Ahmadi Darani (1400) conducted an evaluation of the translation quality. The findings indicate that Yunsi's translation of Akhwan is characterized by greater clarity and accuracy, while also noting the removal and alteration of cultural elements due to the influence of the cultural filter.Despite extensive study, the writers did not uncover any studies that assessed the quality and critique of Alireza Baqer's Persian translation of the novel "Fardqan" or attempted to analyze the translation's quality using the Julian House model.Research Methodology This research has used Julian House's model to find answers to the aforementioned questions. It aims to analyze the text profile by considering the genre of the text and the context of the speech, including the discourse range, agents, and style. Furthermore, it examines the style of discourse by identifying both obvious errors and hidden translations, such as the removal of certain parts of the text. This also encompasses incorrect selection and cultural filtering in the translation process, as well as the use of direct or indirect discourse. By analyzing these factors and compiling the relevant data, the research aims to determine the style of Alireza Baqer's translation of Fardqan’s novel.ConclusionUpon careful analysis and comparison of the source and destination texts, it can be concluded that this translation is congruent with the source text. Both of them are widely recognized and embraced in terms of their shared topic and societal impact in the original and final texts. Both books exhibit a sophisticated discourse style when it comes to media style. The translation successfully maintained the historical-romantic genre and the contextual elements of the original text. Upon analyzing the comparisons, we also examined evident errors, and the evaluation findings indicate that the number of evident errors in translation is greater than concealed errors, suggesting that the translator has a preference for translating overtly.Based on the conducted studies, it can be concluded that translators often employ covert translation strategies by manipulating frames and utilizing cultural subtleties in areas of the text that are intricate and perplexing for the reader. This is done to express an equivalent representation of the target language culture and ultimately achieve the objective of role equivalence. The text has been imbued with an indigenous essence, and via thorough examinations, 59 instances of the translator's adherence to cultural authenticity were identified.The translator employed phrases and proverbs that align with Persian folk culture to effectively translate the cultural aspects requiring concealed translation.Furthermore, the translation maintains the genre of the source work. However, modifications have been made in the discourse, a component of context, without compromising the substance of the subject. The source text employs both direct and indirect speech, and the translation adheres to the same approach. In several sections, the translator opted to employ direct speech rather than indirect speech, as found in the original text. The apparent objective of this alteration is to allure a larger audience and render the narrative of the novel more palpable.By analyzing the characteristics of the source and destination texts and scrutinizing both the concealed and evident mistakes, it has been seen that in certain instances, the source text has been disregarded. This disregard encompasses actions such as deletion, addition, erroneous selection of equivalents, doubtful acceptance, and irregularities, all falling under the category of obvious errors. From a statistical standpoint, deletions have the highest frequency, constituting about two percent (0.2) of the entire text. Conversely, the translator has inserted words and phrases into the text where ambiguity has been eliminated or replaced with alternative words and phrases. Incorrect equivalences were made in certain sections, resulting in the detection of 19 instances of such errors during the investigations. These errors were entirely incorrect and led to the failure to accurately transfer the message from the source text to the destination text.According to Julian House's model, Baqer's translation can be categorized as a combination of hidden and open translations. While Baqer has incorporated elements of cultural purity, his translation mostly adheres to the role and norms of the source text, resulting in a clear and faithful rendition in the target language.As Julian House explained in his translation of the book (Fardqan), Baqer used two translation techniques, namely hidden and open translation. However, it is worth noting that the majority of the translation was conducted openly.
