Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Sajjad Esmaili; Mohammadreza Keshavarz
Abstract
Abstract Gideon Toury, a leading theorist in linguistics and translation, contested the source-oriented approach to translation and introduced a target-oriented model that includes three categories of norms: initial, preliminary, and operational. This methodology was a crucial advancement in the standardization ...
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Abstract Gideon Toury, a leading theorist in linguistics and translation, contested the source-oriented approach to translation and introduced a target-oriented model that includes three categories of norms: initial, preliminary, and operational. This methodology was a crucial advancement in the standardization of translation. This study intends to apply this model by employing a descriptive-analytical approach and consulting library resources to evaluate and analyze the Persian translation of Naguib Mahfouz's novel "Zuqaq al-Midaq," translated by Mohammad Reza Marashi-Pour. This study's findings indicate that, regarding the initial norm, the translator emphasizes the linguistic standards of the target language, guaranteeing that the translated text operates efficiently and is well received within the cultural and linguistic framework of the target audience. The translator follows operational standards, adhering to structural norms like the insertion or exclusion of words, sentences, and footnotes, while also integrating linguistic norms, such as equivalence and stylistic elements. The translator has effectively produced a fluent and clear interpretation of the content.IntroductionHistorically, diverse civilizations and cultures have utilized writing and storytelling to articulate their situations and experiences. Stories, owing to their narrative characteristics and imaginative features, significantly contribute to the communication of written truths, realities, and cultural aspects. In this context, the art of translation is crucial for conveying fundamental facts and cultural features to other cultures. Translation facilitates the dissemination of a nation's culture. Nevertheless, due to the distinct cultural foundations inherent in each language, translation encounters specific problems. As a result, translation theorists have suggested multiple theories to address these issues. Among these theorists are Even-Zohar and Gideon Toury, who, adhering to the principles of formalism and the target-oriented approach, posited that translation cannot completely correspond to the original text, nor can equivalences be accurately determined. Such an outcome is due to the distinct textual, literary, and linguistic frameworks inherent to each language, rendering perfect translation unattainable in the target language. Their thesis posits that languages are distinct, with each writing style differing both structurally and culturally, hence complicating the attainment of universal acceptability (Gentzler, 2014: 163). Gideon Toury proposed a model based on translation norms. He said that a translator must follow standards that make the translation acceptable, lively, and alive in the target language. This promotes cultural growth and the development of language and literature (Toury, 2014: 85). Consequently, it can be asserted that a primary method for enhancing concept transmission and ensuring the fluency of a translated text is to focus on the structure and linguistic conventions of the target text, which should take precedence over the source text for the translator.Naguib Mahfouz is an Egyptian author who has portrayed the reality of Egyptian society across several epochs in his writings. His works have been translated into other languages, including Persian. Mohammad Reza Marashi Pour is an Iranian translator known for translating the works of authors including Naguib Mahfouz. He has translated significant works such as Palace of Desire, Sugar Street, The Beggar, and "Zuqaq al-Midaq" into Persian, therefore successfully presenting Mahfouz's literature to Persian-speaking audiences. Assessing the Persian translation of the novel "Zuqaq al-Midaq" with Toury's normative paradigm can significantly contribute to evaluating the quality of this translation. It is essential to formulate a thorough inquiry in this context:How is the Persian translation of the novel "Zuqaq al-Midaq" assessed according to Tory's normative model concerning initial, preliminary, and operational norms?Literature ReviewNumerous research studies have examined the applicability of Toury's normative paradigm to Arabic and Persian literary texts, a selection of which is succinctly summarized below: Afzali and Madani's article "The Application of Gideon Toury's Norms Theory in Evaluating the Quality of the Arabic Translation of Forough Farrokhzad's Poems" was published in the Journal of Comparative Studies of Persian and Arabic Literature in 2020. It looked at the Arabic translation of Farrokhzad's poems using Toury's notion of norms.Fazel Abbaszadeh (2021), in an article entitled "Critique of Shourabi's Poetic Translation of the First and Third Ghazals of Hafez Based on Gideon Toury's Model," published in the Journal of Criticism, Analysis, and Aesthetics, examined the translation of Hafez's first and third ghazals through the lens of Toury's target-oriented model."Examining Toury's Initial Norms in Audiovisual Translation (Case Study: Specific Cultural Elements in the Animation 'Prince of Rome')" was Mahdieh Alizadeh Ghouzzani's master's thesis from 2022. It looked at the audiovisual translation of the animation Prince of Rome using Toury's normative framework.Recently, numerous research studies have been undertaken on the novel Midaq Alley, including the following: Hassan Abdollahi and Omid Izanloo (2012), in their essay "Sociological Analysis of Naguib Mahfouz's Novel Midaq Alley," published in the Journal of Arabic Literary Criticism, examined the characters, socio-cultural framework, and realistic methodology of the narrative.Yahya Ma'ruf and Moslem Khazli (2016), in their article "Psychological Analysis of Naguib Mahfouz's Novel 'Zuqaq al-Midaq,'" published in the Journal of Contemporary Arabic Literary Criticism, analyzed the characters through a psychological lens, exploring the personality types within the novel and the motivations behind Mahfouz's character development.Jahanbakht and Parmas (2020), in their article "The Function of Non-Verbal Actions in Naguib Mahfouz's Novel 'Zuqaq al-Midaq,'" published in the Journal of the Iranian Association of Arabic Language and Literature, examined non-verbal behaviors and their roles in character development within the narrative.According to these studies, "Zuqaq al-Midaq" has mostly been looked at through the lens of narrative, with no research being done on the Persian translation or how it relates to Gideon Toury's normative paradigm. Consequently, analyzing the Persian translation of this novel according to the previously specified framework constitutes a significant contribution to the discipline.Research MethodologyWe employed a descriptive-analytical strategy to achieve the primary goal of this study. This task entailed the selection of Toury's normative paradigm and the examination of pertinent literature regarding this model. The subject of analysis is the Persian translation of the novel "Zuqaq al-Midaq." We examined both the Arabic and Persian versions of the work, extracting and evaluating instances using Gideon Toury's normative paradigm.ConclusionIn translating literary texts, especially novels, the translator must not only convey content and concepts but also consider cultural nuances and literary subtleties, ensuring fidelity to the original while presenting the literary language optimally. This is the essential understanding obtained from Gideon Toury's normative model. The assessment of the Persian translation of "Zuqaq al-Midaq" indicated, according to this model, that the translator employed a target-oriented strategy, prioritizing the Persian-speaking audience as the principal beneficiaries. The examination of the examples revealed that, in alignment with the original standard, the translator delivered a translation that is satisfactory in the target language. According to the first standard of translation policy, the Persian translation of "Zuqaq al-Midaq" was executed due to the cultural affinity between Iran and the Arab world, along with the imperative to familiarize Persian speakers with significant works from the Arab region. The translator, while conforming to structural and grammatical norms, integrated aspects such as the addition and exclusion of words and phrases, sentence restructuring, footnotes, transference, equivalence identification, and stylistic features into the translation. In conclusion, the translator effectively identified suitable replacements for terms and, while ensuring maximum fidelity, accurately communicated the material to the audience.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Peyman Karimi; Mahmood Shahbazi; Sayed Abolfazl Sajady; Ghasem Azizi Morad
Abstract
Abstract In contemporary linguistics, the structure of information in language is considered an important topic. It scrutinizes the relationship between sentence structures and the language or extralinguistic contexts in which they function. This domain of research examines the cognitive states of both ...
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Abstract In contemporary linguistics, the structure of information in language is considered an important topic. It scrutinizes the relationship between sentence structures and the language or extralinguistic contexts in which they function. This domain of research examines the cognitive states of both the speaker and listener, the organization of information, and the communication features of language. Marked and unmarked structures are fundamental concepts in this field, each serving a distinct function in meaning transmission. Religious writings, especially the Qur'an, which employs intricate linguistic frameworks, accentuate the importance of this subject. Any change in the order of elements or departure from established norms can reveal hidden meanings and nuances. To properly represent this in the target language, one needs to have a deep understanding of language and information structure. This study utilizes a descriptive-analytical approach to examine instances derived from Fouladvand's translation of the Qur'an. The research findings reveal that the ḥāl (circumstantial clause) structure in the Qur'an has diverse marked and unmarked forms, each fulfilling distinct functions. Nevertheless, the translator has frequently failed to effectively convey these structures and associated informational disparities in meaning. An examination of current translations indicates that utilizing contemporary linguistic theories, such as Lambrecht's information structure theory, can effectively analyze and more properly convey Qur'anic principles in the target tongue. This methodology expands opportunities for the examination of translating religious literature.IntroductionThe informational structure of language is a significant topic in contemporary linguistics, garnering the interest of numerous critics and academics. This discussion encompasses focalization, topicalization, theme, and rheme, as well as unmarked and marked structures. The examination of informational structure originates from the linguistic research conducted by the Prague School. Linguists such as Halliday (1981), Givón (1984), Vallduví (1990), and Lambrecht (1994) have focused on informational structure, each offering distinct meanings. A general definition can be articulated as follows: The informative structure analyzes the correlation between phrase constructions and the language or extralinguistic settings in which these sentences are employed (Behmardi Sharifabadi, 2021: 20).In the domain of informational structure, issues arise about the cognitive states of both the speaker and the listener, partly due to language grammar and analysis at this level. In this field, linguists examine informational structures and the communicative dimensions of language (Lambrecht, 1996: 1). Informational structure influences all significant levels of the grammatical system of language (Lambrecht, 1996: 6). Understanding the meaning of a text requires more than just knowing the rules of grammar. It also requires being aware of how the informational structure of sentences is derived from the way grammar is organized in the language and looking at the functional meanings of sentences in both linguistic and nonlinguistic contexts (Akbarizadeh et al., 2019: 154).This study aims to address the following questions:What are the consequences of the ḥāl construction in syntax and its representation in the Quranic translations of Surah Al-Baqarah according to Lambrecht's theory of informative structure?In what manner have Quranic translators addressed the informative structure in the translation of the ḥāl construction?What is the function of the ḥāl construction in the process of meaning-making and the establishment of diverse semantic layers?Literature ReviewIn his 2008 work called "The Role of Informational Structure from Functional and Psychological Perspectives in Translation," Shokoohi looks at the linguistic and discursive factors that affect the informational structure of a text, such as thematic information, topicalization, contrastive focus, and passive voice, and what these factors mean for translation. He underscores that maintaining the components and rhetorical techniques of the source text is a fundamental obligation of the translator. Rassekh-Mahand (2008), in “The Role of Informational Structure in Translation,” examines the parallels and variations in the informative structure of sentences in English and Persian, as well as the transmission of these patterns through translation.Arsalan Golfam and his colleagues wrote an article in 2010 called “A Study of Semantic Changes and Informational Structure of Marked Constructions in the Translation Process from English to Persian.” In it, they look into how the translation process changes the semantic and informational structures of marked constructions, such as equational, inverted, and pre-posed structures. Employing Halliday's systemic functional grammar and its three metafunctions, they examine chosen instances from ten English-to-Persian translated works.Kazemi (2020), in his essay “A Study of Informational Structure (Clitic Left Dislocation) in Persian Translations of the Holy Quran,” analyzes the influence of clitic left dislocation on sentence informational structure and the alterations it experiences throughout the translation process. He also discusses translation options employed to convey this structure in the Quran. The results of this investigation indicate that substantial changes arise when translating the distinctive structure of clitic left dislocation. Although Persian possesses a flexible word order, it encounters constraints in expressing the semantic nuances of clitic left dislocation.In his 2011 paper “Informational Structure and Its Translation in the Quran,” Jahromi examines the informative structure of Arabic nominal beginning constructions and their translations into Persian and English, with an emphasis on Quranic verses. He observes that Persian, owing to its more flexible word order relative to English, provides greater grammatical alternatives for enhanced information dissemination. This research is among the limited studies undertaken on the translation of the informational structure in the Quran. Nonetheless, none of this research has explicitly examined the translation of the "ḥāl" structure, a syntactic style that is among the most commonly employed in Arabic grammar and the Quran. Nevertheless, investigations into the "ḥāl" structure have been conducted, as illustrated below:In his thesis, Arjangian (2011) analyzed the informational structure in Quran translations. His findings suggest that in certain passages, it is impractical to maintain the shape of the designated Arabic structure in Persian translation. Translators have endeavored to integrate the emphatic significance in the Persian translation, observing that neglecting the marked nature of the structure results in very slight detriment to the text. In his dissertation, Karimiān (2016) examined the ḥāl structure in sentences and semi-sentences inside the Quran, investigating its attributes, relationships, and rhetorical roles.The ḥāl structure is among the most commonly employed structures in Arabic and the Quran. Notwithstanding its significance, none of the previously mentioned research has examined the translation of the ḥāl structure or the conveyance of its semantic dimensions in Quranic translations. This study intends to analyze the translations of this grammatical pattern in the Quran via the lens of the informational structure approach. Surah Al-Baqarah has been used as a case study for this purpose.Research MethodologyThis study analyzes the translations of the ḥāl structure in Surah Al-Baqarah through the lens of Lambrecht's theory of informational structure, employing a descriptive-analytical methodology. The findings also suggest a potential translation for this structure.ConclusionThis study analyzes the informational structure of the ḥāl construction in Surah Al-Baqarah as translated by Fouladvand, leading to the following conclusions:The translator has inadequately addressed the translation of the ḥāl construction in several verses, notably verses 8, 25, 85, and 92 of Surah Al-Baqarah, where the structure is indicated. In these instances, the ḥāl has been rendered as unmarked, resulting in a modification of the implicit meaning of the verses and a divergence from the speaker's original intent.We observe inconsistencies in the translations of similar constructions. The translations of verses 8 and 22 of Surah Al-Baqarah exhibit a like pattern; yet, the translator has interpreted them distinctly. This contradiction indicates that the translator has, at times, insufficiently considered the linguistic and extralinguistic elements or the semantic connections of the source text.Despite Fouladvand's attempts to deliver a fluent and accurate translation, insufficient consideration of the informational structure of the ḥāl construction has led to an inability to adequately express the semantic nuances of the original text.The results demonstrate that a comprehensive grasp of informational structure and its implementation in translation is crucial for accurately transmitting meaning in religious texts. This study underscores the necessity of acquainting translators of religious writings with contemporary linguistic theories to get translations that are more accurate and aligned with the original text's intended meaning.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Abdolbaset Arab Yousofabadi; Noura Mahboubeh
Abstract
Abstract Pseudo-translation refers to texts that seem like translations but do not have a source in other languages, so they lack any real linguistic transfer or translation connection. Such works represent a compelling subject for researchers engaged in translation studies. It is essential to identify ...
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Abstract Pseudo-translation refers to texts that seem like translations but do not have a source in other languages, so they lack any real linguistic transfer or translation connection. Such works represent a compelling subject for researchers engaged in translation studies. It is essential to identify the motivations and techniques of pseudo-translation within the literary framework of the target society. A notable instance of pseudo-translation is the novel "Adame Zende," translated by Ahmad Mahmoud. In the novel's introduction, Mahmoud identifies the author as an Iraqi named "Mamduh bin Atal Abunazal.". However, an analysis of the textual, genre, and discourse levels of the novel unequivocally indicates that Mahmoud is its creator. The study uses a descriptive-analytical approach to look into where the fake translation of "Adame Zende" came from. The main methods are based on Toury's (1995) target-oriented model and Liu's (2019) three-level analysis framework. The research findings indicated that Ahmad Mahmoud, motivated by the desire to convey progressive topics and critique politicians, employed an innovative method of characterization and endeavored to present his work as a translation by emulating the text and paratext of authentic translation works. These procedures have partially shielded Mahmoud from the incisive scrutiny of auditors and literary critics.IntroductionMany experts regard the novel "Adame Zende" by Ahmad Mahmoud as a pseudo-translation. In the novel's preface, he identified the author as an Iraqi named "Mamduh bin Atal Abunazal" and acknowledged that he translated the work from Arabic into Persian. Through an examination of the text, paratext, and discourse of the novel, one can assert that this work was not translated from Arabic to Persian; instead, Mahmoud is the genuine author of this novel. He selected Iraq, a nation socially and politically akin to Iran, as the setting for the narrative and published the book under the pseudonym "Mamduh bin Atal Abunazal" to address particular issues and circumvent censorship. Mahmoud's modifications in this work underscore the intentional Arabicization of the narrative style, which scholars in Arabic translation recognize via their analysis of this text. The primary objective of the research was to demonstrate that this work constitutes a pseudo-translation at the levels of text, paratext, and discourse. To attain this objective, we sought to address the following inquiries: What are the primary reasons contributing to the emergence of pseudo-translation in "Adame Zende"? What are the key tactics employed by Ahmed Mahmoud in translating this work?Literature ReviewDespite extensive research on pseudo-translation across numerous countries and perspectives, just a single paper addressing this topic exists in the Arabic language within the fields of literary and translation studies. This research is an Arabic translation of the English article titled “Inter-temporal translation within a single language as a relevant category in translation studies” (2016) by Hila Kars, translated by Idris Mansour, which presents the principal theories of pseudo-translation articulated by Kars. Conversely, numerous research studies have been undertaken in both Persian and English about pseudo-translation, a selection of which is outlined below:In his 2005 book "Transliteration and Pseudo-Translation," Ahmad Okhovvat compiled a series of articles, highlighting that authors often employ pseudonyms to obscure their identities, thereby eliciting increased discussion about themselves while remaining unseen. Okhovvat introduced works known as pseudo-translations.In the article "Pseudo-Translation as a Sub-Branch of Literature," Mohammadi Dehchashmeh (2013) scrutinized the authenticity of the Persian translation of Charlie Chaplin's letter to his daughter, analyzing it from economic and sociological perspectives. He attributed the inauthenticity of this translation to censorship and suppression.In the article "Pseudo-translation on the edge of reality and fiction," Gursaglar (2014) analyzed the pseudo-translation of Swedish author Hanna Hindbeck's memoirs of an Ottoman police officer, contextualizing it within the historical developments of the Ottoman era and demonstrating how Hindbeck employed pseudo-translation to intertwine narratives and historical facts.In their 2017 article "Zabihullah Mansouri and the Mystery of Pseudo-Translation," Mahmoudzadeh and Vahidikia assert that the majority of Zabihullah Mansouri's works are original texts disguised as translations, attributing this phenomenon to Mansouri's distinct perspective on the translator's role as a narrator within the texts.Research Methodology The factors and motivations behind the pseudo-translation of "Adame Zende" were analyzed in various aspects, including evasion of censorship, commendation and condemnation of characters and policies, the creation of an alternative character, and alterations in writing style. Following the demonstration of Ahmad Mahmoud's scientific and logical motivations for translating this work, the strategies employed in the text of "Adame Zende" to simulate a translation were scrutinized. The answers were analyzed at three levels: text (syntax, loanwords, grammatical errors, and stylistic aspects), paratext (title, author's name, introduction, and footnotes), and discourse (cultural, political, and social context). We prepared the modifications in this study based on the topic, objectives, and research inquiries. Finally, we categorized and analyzed the data to present the most significant research findings.ConclusionIn addressing the initial research question, it is evident that Ahmed Mahmoud's primary purpose for presenting the novel "Adame Zende" as a translated work is to circumvent censorship. In this work, he critiques issues such as managerial corruption, political demagoguery, and populist flattery. Mahmoud appears to have attempted to evade the scrutiny of the audit by framing these subjects as pseudo-translation. The author's secondary motivation is to both commend and criticize the characters inside the narrative. In this composition, Mahmoud commends the narrator's integrity while denouncing the hypocrisy and dishonesty of politicians and their affiliates. His tertiary motivation is to develop new characters. In contrast to Mahmoud's other works, the characters in the novel "Ademe Zende" exhibit complexity, unpredictability, and ambiguity. By employing this pseudo-translation, Mahmoud ostensibly sought to dissociate himself from his customary style of depiction. Conversely, the lexical, syntactic, and rhetorical characteristics of this work appear to resemble those of his prior produced works. It appears that Mahmoud did not endeavor to establish a new writing style and employed the same linguistic approach as in his prior works for this piece as well.Concerning the second research question, the results showed that Ahmed Mahmoud tried to write a novel at the textual level by using techniques like borrowing, calque, linguistic blending, grammatical errors, fragmented writing, and adding ironies from the source language to give his work the essence of the translation. An analysis of the work's paratext revealed that the title of Mahmoud's translation was selected to closely align with Arabic language and culture, thereby signifying its nature as a translation. The purported author of the original text is also fictional and denotes Ahmed Mahmoud himself. In the preface of his pseudo-translation, Mahmoud provided ambiguous details regarding the author and attempted to deter people from pursuing the author's identity. In the footnotes of the book, Mahmoud endeavored to render his pseudo-translation credible by highlighting the author's writing and stylistic errors, while also incorporating the remarks of the purported author. Conversely, the analysis of the discourse features in "Adame Zende" revealed that the author incorporated cultural elements and social circumstances from Arab countries into his translation to enhance its authenticity. Additionally, this work addresses progressive topics including liberty, justice, and the struggle against corruption. The design of these progressive ideas appears to be Mahmoud's primary impetus for producing the work "Ademe Zende."
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Sobhan Kavosi
Abstract
AbstractThe translation of poetry, a particularly intricate domain of literary translation, consistently encounters the challenge of preserving the uniqueness and profundity of notions, as it seeks to convey the semantic nuances and aesthetic qualities of the source language into the target language. ...
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AbstractThe translation of poetry, a particularly intricate domain of literary translation, consistently encounters the challenge of preserving the uniqueness and profundity of notions, as it seeks to convey the semantic nuances and aesthetic qualities of the source language into the target language. Consequently, numerous hypotheses have arisen in this domain. Gideon Tori's idea of norms is a crucial framework in poetry translation, focusing on the translation process or the act of translation itself. Mohammad Nuruddin Abdul Moneim has translated numerous Persian poems into various languages, including the Arabic translations of the Gilani collection. The poetry in Gilani's book encompasses distinct emotional and cultural issues, necessitating meticulous care and attention in translation. This research focuses on the translation of the poem "Khaneh Wiran" by Golchin Gilani, aiming to meticulously analyze and assess the Arabic translation of cultural categories, metaphorical concepts, and the melodic structure inherent in Persian poetry. The research emphasizes adherence to original meanings, precision in translating cultural expressions, coherence, and tonal execution. Furthermore, it delineates strengths and shortcomings in the translation and offers recommendations to enhance the quality of analogous literary translations. The research indicates that Mohammad Nuruddin Abdul Moneim's Arabic translation effectively conveys the principal meanings and feelings of Persian poetry; nonetheless, there are instances requiring greater clarity in cultural interpretation and the use of suitable terms. Utilizing more exact terminology and descriptions can enhance clarity and effectively communicate the primary meanings.IntroductionTranslation significantly contributes to exchanges among many cultures and civilizations by effectively transmitting ideas and promoting cultural interchange. In the contemporary world, nations, alongside their indigenous knowledge, also pursue the accomplishments and literature of other nations. Since the mid-20th century, the increasing interest in Iranian studies within the Arab world has resulted in significant attention to contemporary Persian poetry, prompting the translation of numerous works by Persian poets into Arabic. These translations have familiarized Arab audiences with the techniques and themes of modern Persian poetry, thereby reinforcing the cultural connections between Persian and Arabic speakers. As a result, poets like Forough Farrokhzad, Sohrab Sepehri, Parvin E'tesami, Ahmad Shamlou, and Golchin Gilani have attained significant recognition among Arabic-speaking audiences.Nevertheless, poetry translation has distinct problems, as poetry consists of three fundamental elements: music, structure, and meaning, all of which are difficult to communicate accurately in the target language. In translating Persian poetry to Arabic and vice versa, the translator must balance authenticity to the original literary form with accessibility for the intended audience. Notable discrepancies in translators' methodologies make this difficulty evident in contemporary translations of Persian poetry into Arabic. Certain translations prioritize transmitting the basic message, neglecting creative features like metaphors and rhythm, whereas others strive to maintain the original style and structure while remaining true to the lyrical essence.Contemporary translation theories provide significant insights into comprehending translation obstacles, categorizing them, and suggesting effective strategies to mitigate these issues (Mahdipur, 2009: 15). Gideon Toury's Norm Theory, a fundamental framework in literary translation analysis, is based on Itamar Even-Zohar’s notion of “polysystems” and James Holmes’ “descriptive approach.” Gideon Toury initially presented his idea in 1980 in the book In Search of an Idea of Translation and subsequently revised it in 1995 in Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. This theory conceptualizes translation as a cultural process, highlighting the disparities in languages and textual traditions, in contrast to theories that prioritize total equivalence in translation (Gentzler, 2014: 63).Literature ReviewThe preliminary endeavors to present Persian literature to the Arab world commenced in the early 20th century. Wadia Bin Faris Al-Bustani was the inaugural translator of Omar Khayyam's quatrains from English to Arabic, succeeded by Ahmad Rami, who translated them directly from Persian to Arabic, publishing his translation in 1924. Subsequently, Abdul Wahhab Azzam, a professor at an Egyptian institution, rewrote and reintroduced Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh—initially translated by Abu al-Fath al-Bandari in the 13th century—with a preface titled Al-Shahnameh: The Great Epic of the Persians. These initiatives markedly heightened the interest of the Egyptian and Arab literary communities in Persian literature (See: Kazemi Najaf Abadi & Rahimi Khoygani, 2017: pages. 121; Jamal al-Din, 2008: p. 131).The subsequent studies have examined this domain:The Utilization of Gideon Toury’s Norm Theory in the Qualitative Evaluation of the Arabic Translation of Fereydoon Moshiri’s Poems, by Afzali, Ali, and Madani, Akram (Journal: Comparative Studies in Persian and Arabic). This study analyzes portions of Fereydoon Moshiri’s poetry as translated into Arabic in the book Mukhtarat Min al-Shi’r al-Farsi al-Hadith by Mohammad Nour El-Din Abdul-Moneim. This analysis employs descriptive, process-oriented translation studies based on Gideon Toury’s Norm Theory.Analysis of the Arabic Translation of Sohrab Sepehri’s Poetry According to Gideon Toury’s Norm Theory, by Afzali, Ali, and Madani, Akram (Journal: The Iranian Association of Arabic Language and Literature). This study examines segments of Sohrab Sepehri’s poetry as translated in the book Mukhtarat Min al-Shi’r al-Farsi al-Hadith by Mohammad Nour El-Din Abdul-Moneim, utilizing Gideon Toury’s Norm Theory and a descriptive, process-oriented approach to translation studies.Evaluation of Shuarabi’s Poetic Translation of Hafez’s First and Third Ghazals According to Gideon Toury’s Framework, by Abbaszadeh, Fazel (Journal: Critique, Analysis, and Aesthetics of Texts). This study analyzes Amin Al-Shuarabi’s poetic translation of Hafez’s first (Alā Yā Ayyuhā Sāqī...) and third (Agar Ān Turk-e Shirāzī...) ghazals through the lens of Toury’s target-oriented approach.A Semantic Analysis of Conceptual Metaphors in the Poetry of Khalil Mutran and Golchin Gilani, by Sadeghi et al. (Journal: Comparative Literature Studies). This study examines conceptual metaphors (orientational, structural, and ontological) in the poetry of Khalil Mutran and Golchin Gilani to assess their prevalence and the poets' inclination in utilizing these images.Comprehensive Examination of Emotions and Themes in Golchin Gilani's Poetry: An Analysis by Hasanabadi, Mahmoud, and Sajjadi, Zahra (Journal: Research Journal of Lyric Literature). This descriptive study offers a concise biography of Golchin Gilani and analyzes themes and emotions in his poetry, including love, sadness, hope, despair, memories, homeland, fate, life and death, and the enigma of existence, accompanied by examples.The article "The Efforts of Mohammad Nour El-Din Abdul-Moneim in Promoting Persian Language and Literature in Egypt" by Behrouz Ghorban Zadeh (2016) separately analyzes Abdul-Moneim's contributions to the promotion of Persian in the Arab world, especially in Egypt.An examination of current research on the translation of modern Persian poetry into Arabic indicates that there is a lack of books, articles, or independent studies focusing on the qualitative analysis of Golchin Gilani’s poetry translation into Arabic via the lens of Gideon Toury’s Norm Theory.Research MethodologyThis research uses a descriptive, analytical, and comparative approach based on Gideon Toury's Norm Theory to look at the Arabic translation of some poems by Golchin Gilani that can be found in the book Mukhtarat Min al-Shi'r al-Farsi al-Hadith (Selections from Modern Persian Poetry). The study aims to investigate the musical, cultural, and metaphorical aspects of the translator's work, along with the degree of faithfulness, cultural precision, and effective conveyance of tone and coherence in the translation. The objective is to ascertain the strengths and flaws of these translations and offer ideas for enhancing the quality of analogous translations.ConclusionAbdul-Moneim’s Arabic translation effectively communicates the essential concepts and descriptions of the original Persian text. Nonetheless, there exists potential for enhancement in the use of terminology and descriptive phrases. Enhancing integrity to the original text and its emotional depth can be achieved by focusing on exact descriptions, logical linkages, and appropriate word choices.The translator has achieved an accurate translation that aligns with the source text through meticulous linguistic and structural choices. However, slight modifications in syntax and diction could significantly enhance the tone, style, and artistic effect of the original work. The significance of cultural disparities in translation has been emphasized, as the translator has sought to faithfully convey metaphors and implicit meanings from Persian to Arabic. Nonetheless, cultural and emotional subtleties are occasionally overlooked in direct translations, impacting the reader's perspective and emotional involvement.The translator has concentrated on the symbolic imagery and its representation in the target language, making selections that occasionally lead to minor alterations in tone, rhythm, and emotional expression. Abdul-Moneim has adeptly encapsulated the fundamental meanings and emotions of the Persian text, effectively conveying the character's shock and bewilderment. His translation conforms closely to the fundamental and essential standards of translation.Utilizing more detailed descriptions to highlight the character's inner emotions and the poet's reflections may have yielded an exemplary translation. This may have been accomplished by incorporating supplementary phrases to improve clarity and more effectively communicate the original meanings.Another feature of Newmark's theory applicable to the analysis of this translation is the notion of "modified literal translation." This perspective posits that the translator may employ a translation method that adheres closely to the linguistic structures of the source text while implementing slight modifications to maintain fluency and meaning. This strategy may facilitate a more precise conveyance of the concepts and emotions inherent in the original text. It would have been especially helpful in areas where the Persian structure presented difficulties in translation into Arabic, facilitating a balance between preserving the authenticity of the source text and adapting to the target language.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Sayed Hasan Tabatabaee; Habib Keshavarz; Ali Zeighami
Abstract
Abstract A significant and intriguing subject for translation science theorists is the profound relationship between culture and language. Numerous translators and theorists regard these two as essential for text translation. Language constitutes a significant component of culture, and the interplay ...
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Abstract A significant and intriguing subject for translation science theorists is the profound relationship between culture and language. Numerous translators and theorists regard these two as essential for text translation. Language constitutes a significant component of culture, and the interplay between culture and language is reciprocal. Even Zohar's concept of cultural reserves views language as a microculture-based cultural reserve. This theory examines, on one hand, the interaction among various cultures, and on the other hand, the interplay between culture and language. In literature, stories and novels serve as profound repositories of a language's culture. This article employs the descriptive-analytical method, grounded in Even Zohar's theory, to examine the localization solutions of cultural elements in the Arabic translation of Jamal Mirsadeghi's novel "Length of the Night" by Ahmed Yusuf Shatta. This study shows that the translator used methods like cultural analysis, cultural mixing, cultural reform, and cultural adaptation to make cultural elements more relevant to the target audience. These methods were influenced by language borrowing, cultural exchanges, shared social issues, religious unity, and similar religious practices. This text identified a total of 829 cultural components. The findings of the translation of these cultural elements indicate that the two strategies of objective transfer (45%) and deculturalization (37%) exhibited the highest prevalence. The frequent occurrence of these two solutions indicates the author's negligence in localizing cultural elements and in transferring the source culture to the target culture.IntroductionCulture serves as a foundation for the development of sustainable social behaviors, the primary source for the establishment of values, identities, education, art, literature, and cultural distinctions. It is among the most utilized and intricate notions in the social and human sciences, encompassing a collection of ideas and values. It pertains to the requirements, habits, customs, knowledge, art, technology, thoughts, emotions, attitudes, actions, and other elements collectively shared by a group of individuals in specific contexts. The profound relationship between culture and language has long been a significant focus, particularly in the realm of translating cultural elements. Numerous translators and theorists regard this connection as essential for effective text translation. Language undeniably constitutes a significant aspect of culture, and culture and language exert reciprocal impact on one another. Language serves as a primary medium for humans to convey information, thoughts, and emotions. Languages have developed in many manners based on geographical location and temporal context. The variety and scope of languages, coupled with the necessity for comprehension, have prompted translation scholars to focus intently on this discipline. Language is a profound and intricate sign of culture and civilization that has captivated numerous philosophical perspectives. Language serves as a conduit for conveying thoughts, emotions, and experiences throughout society; it functions not merely as a social instrument but primarily as an intellectual and philosophical framework of considerable depth and scope. The abundance of languages and cultures today makes it impossible to know them all. To master a language thoroughly, one must comprehend and assimilate the culture of its speakers. Familiarity with many cultures enhances language acquisition by providing greater insight and fostering a better comprehension of words and terms. Furthermore, it serves a significant function in interpersonal communication. This is a context in which an individual may comprehend all languages and cultures through the application of translation techniques, wherein the translation of cultural components enhances the accessibility of the text for readers.Translation is the process of transferring text from one language to another, serving as a communication bridge across diverse languages and cultures. Its primary objective is to convey thoughts across languages, acknowledging that each language possesses its structure, terminology, and cultural nuances. The technique is recognized as intricate and demanding, warranting careful consideration in translation. Certain concepts and terminology may pose challenges in translation owing to cultural and historical disparities among languages. Language and translation are fundamental components of human communication, significantly facilitating the exchange of knowledge, culture, and interaction among individuals and cultures. The translation of literary works across languages significantly contributes to the enhancement and evolution of the culture and language of other societies. However, this influence might also have some negative consequences. Among these detrimental effects, the proliferation of foreign lexicon in the target language might be noted. To address these issues, it is essential to develop solutions that enhance the quality of translation. The material should be comprehensible to the reader with minimal disruption and without the inclusion of foreign terminology. To this end, theorists like Ivir and Itamar Even-Zohar have suggested several alternatives, including enhancement, objective transfer, localization, elaboration, elimination, and deculturalization.Research methodologyThis research is conducted utilizing library sources and a descriptive-analytical methodology, grounded in Even Zohar's idea of cultural reserves. Thus, microcultures are initially detected in the source language. The localized translation of these microcultures in the target language is delineated, followed by the articulation of the most successful technique for the localization of cultural aspects, accompanied by justification. Literature ReviewEven Zohar's theory of cultural reserves hasn't been studied much, and the novel "Length of the Night" and its Arabic translation haven't been looked at from a cultural point of view either. Because of this, this topic is seen as new and different.In her 2013 dissertation titled "Examination of Story Elements in Three Works by Jamal Mirsadeghi (Length of the Night, The Winds Herald the Change of Season, Ibrahim's Anxieties)," Masoumeh Nemati analyzes the narrative components and concludes that the author employs these story elements in his works. He employs authentic narratives in characterization and dialogue. All three novels exhibit a pyramidal structure (beginning-middle-end) and are permeated with hopelessness and melancholy. An analysis of three novels reveals that Mirsadeghi's writing style has evolved considerably, with Ibrahim's anxiety novel attaining a superior status in structural quality and literary artistry relative to the other two works.Binazir Khajepour (2014) authored a thesis named "Zohar Cultural Reserves." This paper looks at the theory behind microcultures in translation and how they are used in the novel "My Uncle Napoleon" and its English translation. It does this by looking at microcultures in both the source and target languages and using the theory's translation strategies. This concludes that the translator's primary method for Iranian microcultures was initially deculturalization followed by localization. The paper "Theory of Zohar Cultural Reserves and Analysis of Translation Strategies of Microcultures" stems from this thesis. The research case about the novel "Napoleon's Uncle" in relation to the English translation was extracted and published in 2016.The essay "Analysis of the Translation of Phonemes from Persian to Arabic: A Case Study of the Novel 'Length of the Night' by Jamal Mirsadeghi" by Khosro Jangharban and Ali Bashiri (1400) only analyzed the translation of phonemes from a linguistic perspective. The outcome of this investigation was the producer.ConclusionThe novel encompasses cultural components such as lexicon, terminology, proverbs, and poetry. The novel's primary focus on religion has afforded the translator comprehensive authority over the narrative themes, due to the religious parallels between the two civilizations. The translator's expertise with Persian language and culture enhances the significance of the translation. In a dependable translation, the translator has employed terminology that, alongside eloquence, effectively conveys the semantic and cultural nuances of the microculture. Equivalents utilized in the target language serve as appropriate replacements. While the translator endeavors to revise the text to reflect the transitional and cultural significance of the words, he occasionally alters them to align with cultural elements. To achieve cultural amalgamation, he examines these elements, translates their meanings, and elucidates the cultural aspects of the translation. The translation appears lifeless and lacks literary structure. Although he has attempted to mitigate this problem with appropriate equations, the limitations of literal translation have nonetheless diminished its aesthetic appeal.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Masoud Salmani Haghighi; Abbas Ganjali
Abstract
Abstract The critique and assessment of text translations, particularly literary works, and the provision of suitable translations for diverse concepts and aspects in the target language have consistently garnered interest. A significant topic in translation studies is the untranslatability of cultural ...
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Abstract The critique and assessment of text translations, particularly literary works, and the provision of suitable translations for diverse concepts and aspects in the target language have consistently garnered interest. A significant topic in translation studies is the untranslatability of cultural features. Malcolm Harvey is an authority in this domain. He has suggested strategies including functional equivalent, linguistic equivalent, borrowing, and descriptive-explanatory equivalent for the translation of cultural aspects. This article employs a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the translation by Seyyed Mahdi Hosseini Nejad of Haifa Bitar's novel "Yumiyat Motalaga," assessing it according to Malcolm Harvey's strategies for translating untranslatable cultural elements and the extent to which the translation adheres to this framework. The study's results show that the translator has tried to keep linguistic and cultural nuances and rules, as well as the traditions and customs that go along with the structure of the Persian language. He has also tried to deal with cultural and linguistic elements that can't be translated and make his translation match the parts that Harvey pointed out, though there are times when it could have been better, as shown in the examples.IntroductionCurrently, translators encounter numerous hurdles and issues in translating cultural notions and aspects between the source and destination languages. The array of methodologies offered by translation theorists has paved the way for translators and those engaged in the profession, equipping them with solutions to navigate the hurdles of translating culturally untranslatable materials. Malcolm Harvey is a prominent theorist in the domain of untranslatability. Theorists such as Newmark (1988), Harvey (2000), and Godler (2000) have offered strategies for the translation of cultural notions. Harvey has given four ways for translating culturally untranslatable elements, which are also relevant to linguistically untranslatable elements. The four strategies are: 1. Role-comparable (functional). 2. Formal linguistic equivalence 3. Loan Acquisition 4. Explanatory-descriptive (Harvey, 2000, pp. 1-9). Harvey's proposed strategies to address the issue of the untranslatability of cultural aspects align with certain methods from Peter Newmark. Localization, borrowing, compensation, acceptable translation, temporary translation, substitution, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, synonym, reduction and expansion, rewriting, content analysis, notes, annotations, additions and explanations, and the combined method are some of the ways that Newmark suggests that cultural elements can be translated. This study employs Harvey's (2000) four-fold classification. Harvey's theory is more constrained than Peter Newmark's thesis and encompasses fewer methodologies. The models proposed by Newmark exhibit overlap, and simpler, more realistic strategies may be more effective. Harvey's thesis represents one of the most contemporary frameworks in the domain of cultural element translation, favored by translators for its extensive applicability. This study intends to present Harvey as a successor to Newmark's methodology and to implement and assess his theory on a text translated from Arabic. The rationale for employing Harvey's theory instead of Newmark's 17 ways is because the translator's rendition of the novel aligned more closely with Harvey's four methods.The novel "Yumiyat Motalaga" was translated by Ruhallah Rahimi and Seyyed Mahdi Hosseini Nejad. This article critiques and evaluates the translation by Seyyed Mahdi Hosseini Nejad of the novel "Absolute Diaries," selected randomly due to the presence of Harvey's four-fold equivalence, utilizing Malcolm Harvey's theory to uncover the nuanced meanings embedded in words, phrases, and idioms. Additionally, it is worth mentioning that the functional or functional equivalent component has been given more examples in the translator's version, resulting in a difference in the number of examples analyzed compared to the other components (linguistic equivalent and borrowing). Rahimi's translation may likewise be subject to discussion and analysis based on the aforementioned notion.Independent study has been undertaken in the realm of translatability and untranslatability of numerous texts, with several studies referenced herein:_ The article titled “The Untranslatability of Cultural Elements in Audiovisual Texts: A Case Study of French Subtitles of the Iranian TV Series In the Eye of the Wind,” authored by Hejazi and Shirin (2019) and published in the Journal of Language and Translation Studies, investigates the Iranian TV series In the Eye of the Wind through the lens of Polish theorists' cultural morphology and analyzes the translator's strategies for conveying cultural concepts. The discussion's findings reveal that the translation of "small cultural elements" and the nuanced allusions within a text do not operate as a closed system. Instead, they make it easier for the message to be reproduced in the target text by giving up some semantic, discursive, or stylistic values from the source language. This promotes "intercultural understanding" through the processes of open translation modification._ The article titled “Translating Cultural Elements in the Arabic Translation of 'The School Principal' by Jalal Al-Ahmad” The study, "Based on the Harvey Model (2003)" by Keshavarz (1400), published in the journal Shahriar Studies, examines the techniques employed by Adel Abdul-Moneim Ali, the translator of Jalal Al-Ahmad's novel "The School Principal," in the Arabic translation of cultural themes according to the Harvey model. According to the research, the translator mostly used the functional equivalent method. They also used the descriptive equivalent and borrowing methods, but not as much. The translator predominantly employed the functional equivalent method owing to his inclination to localize the source text.The article titled “An Investigation into the Arabic Translation of the Cultural Components of the Novel ‘The Buyer of Love’ Based on Newmark’s Theory,” authored by Salimi et al. (1400), published in the journal Translation Studies in Arabic Language and Literature, reveals that the translator primarily aimed to convey meaning, neglecting the author's emotional nuances. Consequently, the literal translation of phrases often resulted in ambiguity, and in several instances, the meanings of terms or allusions were misinterpreted, or unsuitable equivalents were selected for translation. Among Newmark's cultural components, cultural goods and products, proverbs, and ecology are the most prevalent in the novel "The Buyer of Love."The article titled “Approaches to Avoiding the Untranslatability of the Novel Al-Nadzareh Al-Sawdaa by Ihsan Abdul Quddus,” authored by Khafaja Karimoui et al. (1402), published in the Journal of Translation Research in Arabic Language and Literature, analyzes the translatability or untranslatability of the words and sentences in the novel Al-Nadzareh Al-Sawdaa by Ihsan Abdul Quddus. The research shows that there are many things that can't be translated into English, both in terms of language and culture. This means that the translator has to use words and sentences in a way that is true to the source language (Persian) and easy for the audience to understand. Consequently, the translator has predominantly employed the "role equivalent" method to render untranslatable material.This research differs from the article “Approaches to Avoiding the Untranslatability of the Novel Al-Nadzareh Al-Sawdaa by Ihsan Abdul Quddus” in that the work remains untranslated, and the writers have just analyzed their literal and recommended translations. The distinction between the current research and the article “Translating Cultural Elements in the Arabic Translation of Jalal Al-Ahmad’s ‘The Headmaster’ Based on Harvey’s Model (2003)” is that the former investigates the Arabic translation of the Persian text of The Headmaster. Consequently, no research to date has scrutinized or evaluated the Persian translation of an Arabic novel, particularly the work "Absolute Diaries," utilizing Malcolm Harvey's methodologies, which represent a revolutionary approach in their own right.Research MethodologyThis study employs a descriptive-analytical strategy to evaluate and analyze the chosen topic. Furthermore, the study collects data using both complete and incomplete inductive methods. An imperfect inductive method was used to collect samples for this study. A selection of samples based on each of Harvey's components were then looked at, which showed what traits each component had in common.ConclusionsNewmark and Harvey's theories are largely analogous, with the primary distinction being that Harvey briefly outlined four methods for translating untranslatable cultural elements, whereas Newmark proposed nearly 17 methods, most of which are closely related. The translator has endeavored to maintain and respect the linguistic and cultural nuances and principles while also conforming to the traditions and conventions of Persian language structure. Furthermore, he has sought to address the untranslatability of cultural and linguistic elements and align his translation with the components identified by Harvey, although there are instances where his performance could have been improved, as noted in the examples. Moreover, among Harvey's translation strategies, the functional or role equivalence method is the most frequently employed, likely attributable to the translator's distinctive approach and style, along with his awareness and preference for the role equivalence technique in rendering words and phrases. In the section on role or functional equivalence, it should be stated that the translator, utilizing the linguistic and cultural attributes of the target language while considering the elements and structure of the Persian language, has employed the appropriate role equivalents for each word and sentence, achieving success in this endeavor.The translator has achieved moderate success in the borrowing and formal equivalence section by translating selected examples and addressing the untranslatability of cultural elements through this method. However, in certain instances, greater success could have been attained with more comprehensive explanations of the terms used. In the segment concerning the identification of explanatory-descriptive equivalents, the translator has effectively employed this technique in the translation of the pertinent examples. By offering explanations and descriptions for words and phrases, he has satisfactorily fulfilled his responsibilities in the translation process.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Reza Nazemian; Ahmad Mortazavi
Abstract
Abstract The significance of speakers' objectives in political writing renders the techniques utilized by authors especially important. The translation method is essential because of the strong relationship between persuasive tools and factors such as the author's or narrator's reputation, their role ...
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Abstract The significance of speakers' objectives in political writing renders the techniques utilized by authors especially important. The translation method is essential because of the strong relationship between persuasive tools and factors such as the author's or narrator's reputation, their role in shaping ideas, and the vision created in the audience's mind to attain certain objectives. Ethos is a rhetorical strategy that facilitates text comprehension and ensures precise translation. This study employs a descriptive-analytical method, focusing on three primary axes: the text creator, the audience, and the complex influence of ethos on text production and reproduction. It is vital to employ a suitable technique in replicating the text to guarantee that the primary point is communicated clearly and articulately. This is due to the significant emphasis on the author's position and standing, the representation of their cultural identity, the translator's methodologies, and the satisfaction of the readers' anticipations of the communicated message. This analysis focuses on a work by Alaa Al-Aswany, a modern Egyptian writer, titled Our Advice to the Butcher. Findings show that paying close attention to the author's subtleties and nuances in word choice, such as the choice of conjunctions, as well as finding equivalents for vocabulary and grammatical structures, appealing to the reader's emotions, and using clear and effective language during the translation process are all very important for a successful outcome.IntroductionIn rhetoric, the speaker or writer aims to create an image that captivates the audience and persuades them, fostering a reciprocal communication exchange between the writer and the listener. We discover a collection of strategies and techniques when we analyze the works of orators and novelists that emphasize raising awareness and addressing public opinion while meticulously using the expressive potential of language. These methods and techniques are utilized to facilitate effective communication with the audience and to persuade them to embrace the intended concepts.Ethos, as a language strategy, has a historical foundation, and analyzing this idea might facilitate a clear comprehension of certain texts. It is very proficient in generating a valuable and suitable translation of the material while effectively expressing the nuances pertinent to the audience. Without knowledge or attention to this topic, the primary message of the text may not be adequately conveyed to the audience. By emphasizing pivotal words and terms that activate the audience's psychological elements, the translator can facilitate their gradual acceptance of the knowledge and the adoption of the intended actions. This method enhances the audience's viewpoint, the reinterpretation of the text, and their resolve to embrace or dismiss the concepts presented.Statement of the ProblemThe point of this study is to look into ethos as a persuasive tool and how it works in translation, as well as how it shows up in the steps of figuring out equivalence and choosing preferred language and expressions. The narrative "Our Advice to the Butcher" (originally "Nasihatuna ila al-Jazzar"), extracted from the anthology "Do We Deserve Democracy?" (originally "Hal Nastaḥiq al-Dimuqratiyah?"), functions as the case study for this analysis. Employing the ethos method, we examine the linguistic features and translation techniques of the Arabic text into Persian. Literature ReviewResearch in linguistics is a longstanding and comprehensive discipline. The same applies to text translation and its diverse methodologies, which have garnered the interest of numerous contemporary professors, students, and researchers. The domain of rhetorical techniques has been the subject of numerous books and studies. The primary source in this domain is Aristotle's (1979) Rhetoric. In this book, Aristotle characterizes ethos as a picture that emerges subsequent to discourse within the context of rhetoric. The rhetorical triangle, a notion established by the Greek philosopher Aristotle, encompasses three essential components of persuasive arguments: logos, ethos, and pathos. Numerous essays and theses have been written analyzing the works of the renowned contemporary Egyptian novelist Alaa Al-Aswany; however, none have examined the translation of his works through the lens of the ethos method. Consequently, the present study represents the inaugural endeavor in this domain. No article has yet been published regarding the application of the ethos technique in translation, and, to the researchers' knowledge, it remains unexamined.MethodologyThis study employs a descriptive-analytical methodology grounded on structuralism and incorporates the theories of substitution and collocation. It analyzes different forms of ethos as a potent discursive strategy in communicative processes that influence the subconscious to perform speech acts and achieve pragmatic goals. Furthermore, it examines the function of ethos in the text translation process and analyzes diverse methodologies.ConclusionThe ethos strategy highlights three primary dimensions: the text creator, the audience, and the diverse effects on text generation and replication. It is vital to employ a suitable technique in replicating the text to guarantee that the primary point is communicated clearly and articulately. This is due to ethos placing significant emphasis on the author's position and standing, the translation of their cultural identity, and the satisfaction of readers' expectations for the imparted message.The element of symbolism is notably evident in the collection Do We Deserve Democracy? by modern Egyptian novelist Alaa Al-Aswany. The author contends that democracy in Egypt operates solely as a façade and lacks any substance.The ethos method relies on convincing the reader. Therefore, to maintain the original author's stance and cultural identity, the translation must align the grammatical structures of the source text. The translated text must be believable and persuasive to the audience.The translated material must employ clear and compelling language, necessitating alterations in verb forms and tenses. Linguistic tools are essential for conveying the meaning, subtleties, and complexity embedded in the original text by the author. Every language has distinct powers and potentials, and the translator must comprehend the linguistic tools of Arabic to identify parallels in Persian. This guarantees, firstly, that the tools and grammatical structures of the source language do not encroach upon the target language, and secondly, that Persian readers experience a sense of familiarity and intimacy with the translated text, rendering it credible as though they are reading a text in their own language.Idiomatic expressions, phrases, and the names of locations and cultural situations must be translated to maintain the authenticity of the original author and to accurately represent their cultural identity in the target language text.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Ali Najafi Ivaki; Mohaddeseh Haddadi
Abstract
Abstract The famous Mukhtarnameh series includes a lot of everyday language, such as idioms, ironies, assimilations, colloquial terms, slang, prayers, curses, and broken up prose, which helps the writers get their ideas across to the readers. This series has garnered a positive reception from the audience, ...
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Abstract The famous Mukhtarnameh series includes a lot of everyday language, such as idioms, ironies, assimilations, colloquial terms, slang, prayers, curses, and broken up prose, which helps the writers get their ideas across to the readers. This series has garnered a positive reception from the audience, having been translated into Arabic and broadcast on numerous stations across the Islamic world. The presented question is about what the translator or group of translators did while translating the given parts and the methods they used to translate and match them. Because these parts are very common in the Mukhtarnameh series and their Arabic equivalents haven't been studied in depth from this point of view, the research aims to make progress by finding, extracting, and grouping them. Use a descriptive-analytical approach to look at their Arabic equivalents and, if necessary, suggest the best replacements while sharing the research results with the public. The result shows that in the interpretation of the common components of the studied series, more than anything else, conceptual equivalence has been used and a large amount of the equations presented suffer from the problem of insufficiency.IntroductionThe creation of an exceptional work is laudable and reflects the artist's identity. Following the construction of a valuable and esteemed work, it is crucial to disseminate and showcase it beyond its initial confines, broadening its audience reach. It is clear that smart policy and smart investment are important in this situation, especially when it comes to growing the audience. These things can also be seen as good for the language and culture of origin. The Mukhtarnameh series is among the artistic-drama works that have gained popularity in our country in recent years, receiving acclaim from domestic audiences and attracting the attention of viewers in other Islamic nations, particularly Arabic-speaking ones.This series employs several tactics to express the intended thoughts, including proverbs, irony, similes, and folk components such as idioms, assimilation, colloquial language, profanity, prayers, curses, and cursive writing. The series effectively executes the notion transfer process by utilizing various linguistic techniques. The presence of such strategies, particularly the vernacular elements, whether in the source language or Persian, plays an undeniable role in the credibility and persuasion of the audience. The question arises regarding the position and function of these components in the Arabic translation. What is the intended concept, and do these components bear the same significance in the translated text as they did in the original language? Because this issue is so important and we need to protect Persian culture and language, as well as look at how Persian art is translated into other languages and fix mistakes that happen in similar works in the future, this study tries to find, extract, and group the vernacular elements used in the Mukhtarnameh series. Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology, it analyzes the translator's performance regarding these elements, thereby illuminating both the strengths and weaknesses of their work for the audience.Literature ReviewTo date, numerous studies have been conducted in the domain of vernacular language; however, no research has been provided to assess the film, particularly the Mukhtarnameh series, from the standpoint of vernacular language elements. However, some studies related to vernacular language have been conducted: 1. Elahe Sattari and colleagues' 2018 article "Examination of Principles and Standards of Translation from Vernacular Language: The Case of Studying Vernacular Arabic Language" looks for good solutions for vernacular interpretations. They come to the conclusion that vernacular equivalence is better than semantic translation as a way to translate. They are aware.2 In 2018, Marzieh Rabiei et al. wrote an article called "Equalization of Iranian Folklore Categories: Arabic Translation by Noon Wal Qalam Jalal Al Ahmad." In it, they used Peter Newmark's methods to look at and compare the cultural parts of this story and its translation. Their conclusion indicates that cultural and functional equivalence predominates in the translation of this text.A study by Maryam Hajizadeh et al. (2018), called "Evaluation of Methods for Translating Satirical Expressions in the Series 'General Manager' and Its Persian Dubbing Based on Gotlib's Strategies," looked at the satirical expressions in this series, focusing on a certain group of parts. Overall, they have compensated. Their findings indicate that the substitution of materials and rewriting have been the paramount techniques employed by the translator or translators in the dubbing of this series.They looked at the meanings and vernacular lexicon in Arabic and how it is localized in their 2020 study called "Reflection of the Effect of Vernacular Elements in Translation: The Collection of Love Stories on the Hilltop of Al-Haram." Upon categorizing and reviewing the examples, they determined that the translator predominantly employed the displacement approach during the translation process.Research MethodologyThe current research methodology is descriptive-analytical and statistical; hence, following the examination of the selected series, the slang meanings are extracted, categorized, appraised, and analyzed. ConclusionLooking at the translations for the colloquial parts of the Mukhtarnameh series shows that the spoken language structure of the source text has been replaced by formal written language, with no signs of the spoken language remaining in the target text. This is especially clear in the cursive writing and the repeated words. This issue has reduced the prominence and role of vernacular elements in Persian, which have been shaped by Arabic influence. This outcome does not imply that the translator is obligated to preserve the vernacular characteristics of the source language in the target language.It was clear from the statistical and content analysis of the equivalents that the translator put more effort into conceptual and communicative translation and less into finding functional and equivalent words in the target language.The translator mostly used two methods to find words that would match strong language, insults, and curses: "elimination" and "softening." The goal was to make these words less harsh and rude in the target language, thereby addressing verbal impropriety. Or maintain a greater purity of expression than that found in the original language.4. The research shows that the translator's greatest strength in equating popular idioms is his ability to convey the idea from the source language to the target language, while his greatest weakness is his inability to do so. A substantial number of Arabic counterparts exist.5. To sum up, the research shows that the translation quality of the popular parts of the series being looked at is poor, which means that many expressions need to be revised and fixed. Consequently, although expressing gratitude and appreciation for the translator, who diligently presented the nation's cinematic achievements beyond its borders, his translation is deemed mediocre.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Sayedeh Zahra Mosavi; Hossein Mirzaieniya; Mohammad Rahimi Khoigani
Abstract
Abstract Translation, regarded as a medium, facilitates communication across many cultures and nations. It also functions as an intercultural phenomenon for governments and organizations to articulate the reality of the world. Throughout this journey, it is evident that translators are significant individuals ...
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Abstract Translation, regarded as a medium, facilitates communication across many cultures and nations. It also functions as an intercultural phenomenon for governments and organizations to articulate the reality of the world. Throughout this journey, it is evident that translators are significant individuals who translate vocabulary and phrases and construct narratives in people's daily lives based on their ideas and established regulations. Mona Baker's narrative theory emphasizes the significant role of translators as key figures in global narratives. This study employs both descriptive and analytical methods to scrutinize the Arabic translations of speeches delivered by the slain Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi, as they appear in diverse news sources with varying ideologies. The study employs narrative theory, specifically focusing on "framing" tactics. The data analysis showed that "Narrative" and "Framing" are very important in both translating and reproducing the image of the original text. This is because the media twists speech using language to get their policy and ideology across. This research seeks to demonstrate that framing tools are interconnected and mutually dependent. Translators use techniques such as selective appropriation, causal emplotment, player repositioning, and temporal and spatial framing to structure and present a speech, thereby guiding the reader's understanding. The gathered data indicates that the tactics of selective appropriation and omission are more prevalent in the framing of speech translation.IntroductionMona Baker is the inaugural individual to integrate narrative theory from the realm of social sciences with translation studies. In 2006, she sought to elucidate and analyze the conduct of translators as social activists in her work titled Translation and Conflict: A Narrative Account. Mona Baker posits that narratives depict reality and contribute to its creation and formation. Baker posits that translation transcends mere word conversion into another language; it involves the re-narration of events and characters in a different linguistic context (Baker, 2014: 159). By making framing the most important part of this theory, written translators and interpreters work with publishers, editors, and other middle-men to change content, highlight certain parts of a story, or change the text and its context, which changes social reality (158). Baker identifies framing as the key narrative instrument by examining Erving Goffman's writings and the literature pertaining to constructivist social movements. Textual and meta-textual tools that can be used in framing include tone, typography, visual elements like color and imagery, and linguistic tools such as verbs, indicative terms, and descriptive phrases. Framing highlights four primary instruments for connecting narrative and text. Baker identifies the following tactics or strategies: temporal/spatial framing, selective exposure framing, framing through labeling, and altering the location of actors. According to Baker's view, the translator possesses the ability to alter the text to align with the interests of the government, organization, or media for which they are translating. This research seeks to analyze the framing of Ebrahim Raisi's address, the deceased president of Iran, delivered at the Arab-Islamic summit on February 11, 2023. Six Arab media outlets with varying ideological perspectives translated the speech. According to Baker's theory, the study will look at how close these translations were to the original text of the late Iranian president's speech. It will also look at how far they were from the original, revealing any changes or manipulations made to the main text. Baker's theory hasn't been used to look at many speech translations, so the speech of the martyred Ebrahim Raisi was chosen because of its diplomatic importance and the summit in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, where presidents and leaders of Arab and Islamic countries talked about current events around the world, like the Gaza conflict. The examination of this speech offers an appropriate framework for understanding how various media convey a meta-narrative. Literature ReviewSince Mona Baker introduced the story theory in 2006, other scholars, including those from Iran, have examined and assessed it through practical investigations of political disputes and other contexts.In their 2021 article, "Renarration through Translation: The Case of Islam in Iran," Bolouri and Bolouri examine how translator Karim Keshavarz and commentator Mohammad Reza Hakimi employ paratextual elements, such as the introduction and explanatory notes, to reinterpret the events depicted in the primary text.In their 2021 article titled "Manipulation of Narratives in Translated Political Texts: The Reflection of Iran’s Political News in the West-Supported Media," Mehdi Latifi, Shireh Jieni, and Mahmoud Afrooz concluded that narratives can subtly guide an uninformed audience toward a predetermined objective, with selective exposure being the most effective framing strategy.Mona Rafat Eltantawi (2021) authored an article titled "Transcultural Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences," which exclusively examines the theoretical aspects of Baker's approach, elucidating Baker's theory, its methodologies, the concept of framing, its various types, and the challenges encountered by researchers pertaining to this theory.Research MethodologyThis research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, narrative theory, and the concept of framing to examine the translation of Ebrahim Raisi's speech across six Arabic media outlets. These outlets include the Al-Alam news network, Al-Mayadeen network website, and Yemen Press website, which represent resistance axis media. In contrast, the CNN Arabic website, France 24 news website, and Al Arabiya Network website are positioned outside this axis. The study aims to elucidate the processes of framing and renarration facilitated by translators' activism. The primary text of the martyred Raisi's speech and its Arabic translation were meticulously scrutinized multiple times. First, the original text and its translations were looked at separately. Then, the translated parts were put next to the original text to see how the discourse was framed in the Arabic versions. Information about the original texts, along with their translations and framing, was put into tables. The different types of framing were named after the techniques and strategies they were used with were explained.ConclusionThe translation of political news, encompassing the remarks of government officials, undergoes selective examination, albeit lacking comprehensive information. The media adhere to a narrative structure. Translators and editors can elucidate the context of interpretation and emphasize the subjects presented in the primary text of the speech through selective exposure and the incorporation of patterns. They can additionally exclude some commendable or derogatory terms and phrases from the primary text and categorize them based on the politics and ideology of the target document. Subtle modifications in the translated text, arising from the spatial and chronological framing and positioning of the players, might enhance the goal narrative. The change from singular pronouns to third-person singular pronouns shows that the roles of the actors have changed. This changes the way readers interact with the events and characters in the target language. This study emphasized that framing strategies, such as plotting, repositioning characters, selective exposure, and labeling, are connected and overlap; the details of one can be used to describe the others without any problems. This overlap is significant in interpreting the discourse of the martyred Ebrahim Raisi. According to Baker's analytical model, the deletion pattern in selective exposure is the most common way to reframe speech text and make sure the reader is on the same page with the translation. Baker's theory, with its diverse tools and textual as well as metatextual strategies, provides researchers the opportunity to analyze various translation texts. Furthermore, the tools of this theory remain subject to detailed analysis in new articles, as they continue to evolve.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Ghezel Mansour; Bahar Sedighi; Ahmadreza Heidaryan Shahri
Abstract
Abstract Antoine Berman is a French translator, philosopher, historian, and translation theorist. His notion of foreign vocabulary studies seeks to illustrate "skewed tendencies" in translation practices. Antoine Berman's thesis, predominantly focused on the text or the author, is acknowledged today ...
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Abstract Antoine Berman is a French translator, philosopher, historian, and translation theorist. His notion of foreign vocabulary studies seeks to illustrate "skewed tendencies" in translation practices. Antoine Berman's thesis, predominantly focused on the text or the author, is acknowledged today as a significant academic framework for analyzing translation. This study aims to implement Berman's theory in the translation of the novel Wahadha Shagarat al-Romaan ("Pomegranate Tree"), written by Iraqi author Sinan Antoon and translated by Sattar Jalilzadeh. The author concentrates on seven facets of Berman's thesis. These elements encompass: rationalization, clarification, embellishment, qualitative diminishment of the text, quantitative diminishment of the text, obliteration of terminology and phrases, and redundancy. This article utilizes a descriptive-analytical approach to investigate the biased tendencies in the translation of "Only the Pomegranate Tree." The research findings reveal that qualitative weakening, quantitative weakening, term destruction, clarification, and rationalization are the most significant skewed tendencies in translation, whereas redundancy and embellishment occur with the least frequency among these tendencies. Moreover, the translator's propensity to elucidate ambiguities in the source text (Arabic) for the reader has resulted in the adoption of biased tendencies favoring the target language (Persian), enabling the reader to forge a more profound and sensory connection with the novel's world.IntroductionIn the extensive domain of global literature, translation functions as a conduit between cultures, languages, and concepts. This fragile bridge transmits not only words but also embodies the spirit and essence of the text on a difficult journey to its destination. Translation, as a cultural activity, holds a crucial responsibility: to maintain and convey meanings and concepts not only to another language but also to a distinct culture that may exhibit considerable variances from the original language and culture. This intricate and delicate process necessitates the translator's highest level of accuracy and vigilance, since even a minor error can significantly change the overall meaning of the work and result in a distortion of the text. The novel "Only the Pomegranate Tree" by the accomplished Iraqi author Sinan Antoon intricately weaves themes of existence, suffering, aspiration, and communal memory. This work, by narrating the poignant and optimistic tales of the Iraqi populace, offers an extensive depiction of the nation's social, historical, and cultural reality. Sattar Jalilzadeh's translation of this book into Persian acquaints Persian-speaking readers with the profound realm of this story. This research primarily aims to analyze how the Persian translation of "Only the Pomegranate Tree" embodies Antoine Berman's idea of skewed tendencies. This study seeks to examine the impact of translation on the essence and significance of the original work, assessing if the Persian translation has effectively transmitted all cultural, linguistic, and spiritual nuances. This book is selected for analysis because of its linguistic and cultural richness and its importance in current Iraqi literature, rendering it a pertinent subject.Furthermore, it presents contemporary and sophisticated methodologies for translation analysis, which can aid researchers and students in familiarizing themselves with novel tools and approaches for assessing and analyzing translations for their own studies.This research offers comprehensive and scientific analyses that enhance students' and translators' comprehension of the translation process, hence improving translation quality and increasing awareness of the associated problems. Furthermore, it aids in deepening the comprehension and awareness of the translation process and its effects on the transmission of culture and literature. Its objective is to enhance the cultural and literary connections between two distinct languages and civilizations, facilitating more precise and effective translations in the future.Literature ReviewAntoine Berman's theory of translation serves as a prominent and successful framework for analyzing books translated between Arabic and Persian. Significant research in this domain encompasses the Master's thesis entitled "Critique and Analysis of the Translations by Mahdieh Davoodi and Sattar Jalilzadeh of the Novel 'Habibi Daeshi' by Hajar Abd al-Samad Based on Antoine Berman's Deconstructive Theory" (1400) authored by Sougal Aghazadeh.- Hamed Poudqnejad's Master's thesis titled "Evaluation and Quality Assessment of the Persian Translation of 'The Thief and the Dog' Based on Antoine Berman's Deconstructive Tendencies" (1401). The research findings reveal that the elements of "qualitative weakening," "rationalization," and "clarification" occurred most frequently, resulting in a deviation and distortion of the translation from the source text to favor the target language.The Master's thesis titled "Translation of the Novel 'Only the Pomegranate Tree' by Sinan Antoon and Examination of Its Translation Challenges" (1402) authored by Maedeh Yazdi at Kashan University. The author emphasizes translation issues without examining them through the lens of translation theories. The work titled "Comparative Analysis of the Narrative Structure of the Novel 'Only the Pomegranate Tree' by Sinan Antoon with Greimas's Narrative Theory" (1403) is by Mohsen Yousef and collaborators. This study intends to assess Sinan Antoon's novel through a descriptive-analytical methodology grounded in Greimas's narrative theory.Consequently, a significant void exists in study that particularly investigates the translation of Sinan Antoon's novel "Only the Pomegranate Tree," translated by Sattar Jalilzadeh, through the framework of Antoine Berman's theory of skewed inclinations. This research is significant due to its focus on practical features rather than theoretical components, frequently offering recommended translations to underscore the practical importance of the idea. Research MethodologyThis study is conducted based on the theory of skewed tendencies utilizing a descriptive-analytical methodology. This study seeks to critically evaluate the quality of Sattar Jalilzadeh's translation of Sinan Antoon's novel "Only the Pomegranate Tree," employing seven components of translation analysis: rationalization, clarification, redundancy, embellishment, destruction of phrases and terms, and qualitative and quantitative weakening. These elements function as essential analytical instruments within Antoine Berman's theory of skewed tendencies, enabling a detailed and comprehensive examination of the translation process and the identification of any deviations from the original text.A meticulous line-by-line analysis of the source text of "Only the Pomegranate Tree" in conjunction with its translation can impartially evaluate the biases or divergences from the translation rules articulated in Antoine Berman's theory. This approach entails a meticulous examination of every sentence and word in the original text, juxtaposing it with the translation to precisely discern grammatical, cultural, and semantic discrepancies. These differences may encompass alterations in sentence structure, cultural connotations, and variations in the author's tone and style that arise throughout the translation process.ConclusionThe frequency of deviations from Antoine Berman's seven criteria is among the seven aspects of skewed tendencies. Qualitative Deterioration of the Text or Qualitative Deficiency: This denotes the failure of the translated text to sufficiently express the semantic, aural, and visual subtleties of the source language. It leads to a reduced quality and standard of the literary and substantive elements of the original text. This is the most prevalent distortion about skewed tendencies in the target text, and it is also the most harmful to the content and literary quality.The forthcoming rating identifies the distortions from the specified perspective as quantitative attenuation or deprivation of the text, signifying the exclusion of words or phrases from the source text in the target text. In numerous instances, the translator has eliminated phrases or sentences from the source text that may have conveyed particular meanings if they had not been omitted.The destruction of idioms and expressions denotes the insufficiency of phrases and idioms utilized in connection to the institutions of the target material, failing to accurately represent the expressions and idioms of the source text. The translator must endeavor to faithfully render the idioms from the source text. In such instances, translators typically employ two methodologies: some choose to render the phrases from the source text verbatim, irrespective of their comprehensibility in the target text, while others favor equivalence. In the latter scenario, if the new idiom becomes entrenched in the text, it can aid in preserving existing idioms.Clarification entails offering additional explanations to eliminate ambiguities in the original content. Rationalization entails the alteration of the grammatical and syntactic conventions of the source material. Redundancy and ornamentation lack a defined sequence or quantity among these four elements. These denote the infrequent skewed tendencies in the translation of the novel "Only the Pomegranate Tree," suggesting that the translator has not significantly diverged from the subject text's volume, nor compromised its clarity, and has eschewed verbosity. Conversely, the translator has demonstrated minimal propensity to embellish the source material, as the original lacks poetic nuance, with the author's emphasis on the ramifications of sectarian extremism within the backdrop of ISIS, a thematic concern.The translator's primary method has favored the target text, specifically the Persian text, over the original Arabic text. The translation prioritizes the reader over the author or the text itself.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Akram Madani; Sa’dollah Homayouni; Masoud Fekri; Javad Asghari
Abstract
Abstract Qasim Amin, the Egyptian reformer philosopher, examined women's issues—specifically the topic of veiling in Egyptian society—in his two publications, Tahrir al-Mar’a and Al-Mar’a al-Jadida. These works were translated during the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi I under the ...
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Abstract Qasim Amin, the Egyptian reformer philosopher, examined women's issues—specifically the topic of veiling in Egyptian society—in his two publications, Tahrir al-Mar’a and Al-Mar’a al-Jadida. These works were translated during the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi I under the directive of the governing authority. Amin aimed to contest prevailing notions of veiling by reinterpreting Islamic jurisprudence, with the objective of reconstructing and institutionalizing novel social norms. This study utilizes Teun van Dijk’s Critical Discourse Analysis to investigate the correlation between social occurrences and discursive propositions as actions, while also assessing the translations of Amin’s works as translational actions within the theoretical framework of Skopos theory. The findings reveal that at the syntagmatic level, diverse types of signification—including alterations in linguistic patterns, omissions, notable additions, and changes in modality—were identified in relation to the source text. Selection processes were apparent in the choice of language, terminology, and linguistic structures, indicating semantic differences from the original text. The tactics of meaning and selection in the translated texts served to replicate sanctioned information, bolster ideologically endorsed beliefs, and foster attitudes, norms, and values consistent with state authority and hegemonic goals. This approach specifically legitimized the unveiling law and institutionalized it as a legal norm within society.Keywords: Qasim Amin, Power, Translational Action, Critical Discourse Analysis, Skopos.IntroductionThe works of Qasim Amin distinctly represent a reformist viewpoint and propose an alternate framework for tackling women's issues within the Islam/West dichotomy. He develops a dynamic and performative narrative centered on fundamental topics such as veiling, education, marriage, and divorce within Egyptian society. Notwithstanding its resistance to dominant epistemic and cultural frameworks, this discourse has significantly included cultural agents, mobilizing half of Egyptian society—namely women—as primary participants in this socio-cultural domain and establishing them as agents of change.Ahmad Mohazab's Persian translation of Amin's works arose under the unique political and social context of pre-revolutionary Iran. This study investigates the translation of Amin's writings in Iran as a translatum, utilizing Van Dijk's cognitive-social theory and Vermeer's Skopos theory to assess the selected shaping of the translation with particular purposes. Furthermore, it examines how Reza Shah, in light of the dominant Islamic, intellectual, social, and cultural currents within Iranian culture, astutely utilized the translation of Amin’s two works on Egyptian women to overtly support and validate his policy of uncovering Iranian women.Literature Review- Jafarian's article "Veiling: From Religious Arguments to Social Arguments (A Journey through the Reflection of Veiling Debates from Egypt in Iran, A Report on Farid Wajdi's Views on the Matter)" (2021 CE) posits that the discourse surrounding veiling and women's rights evolved beyond its conventional parameters and, shaped by Western ideologies, progressively transitioned towards social arguments. - The article "Parvin E'tesami and Her Influence by the Ideas of Qasim Amin, the Advocate of Women's Freedom in Egypt" (2011 CE) by Ibn al-Rasul and Mohammadī Feshāraki contends that the modern Persian poet Parvin E'tesami was significantly impacted by the writings of Qasim Amin, which were translated by her father. The research demonstrates the profound intellectual influence of Amin's ideas on E'tesami's lyrical and ideological perspective.The article "The Issue of Veiling and the Influence of Qasim Amin’s Ideas in Iran" (2001 CE) by Jafarian critically analyzes the viewpoints of individuals who have opposed Qasim Amin's thoughts on veiling. The paper examines the intellectual reactions to Amin’s position, evaluating the critique of his views on veiling and their impact on Iranian discourse.Research MethodologyThis research utilizes Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) based on Teun van Dijk’s cognitive-social theory and Vermeer’s Skopos theory. Understanding that content analysis is a crucial element of any critical evaluation, the text underwent a methodical procedure of coding, categorization, and conceptualization, consistent with the theoretical underpinnings of both methodologies. The analysis progresses through a critical examination of essential propositions, engaging dialectically with both the text and its extratextual surroundings. The study rigorously examines the formation of power in translation, followed by a systematic investigation of the content of key statements. This dual method for a detailed and thorough analysis of the ideological and power dynamics inherent in the translation process.ConclusionThe translation of Amin's works in Iran was conducted from a standpoint of political authority, expressly intended to legitimize the law of unveiling and connect society with Reza Shah's modernist goal. This strategy aimed to reframe the understanding of veiling, thus consolidating the authority of the governing power. The translation of these two works clearly reproduced both power and ideology as performance gestures.The translator adeptly utilized grammatical and semantic structures to articulate the desired ideological connotations at both language and semantic levels. The linguistic significance of the translated texts was deliberately crafted to include aspects that would fulfill the ideological aims of the governing regime. Thus, the prevailing ideology, along with the objectives of the translation commission, was articulated using diverse linguistic constructs to shape the audience's understanding of the pertinent issues, so facilitating the hegemonic reinforcement of the governing authority's intentions.
Research Paper
Translation in Arabic language and literature
Eenayatallah Fatehinejad
Abstract
AbstractThe Divan of Hafez’s ghazals was first translated into Arabic in the mid‑20th century by Ibrahim Amin al‑Shawarbi. Since then, figures such as Muhammad al‑Furati, Ali Abbas Zulekha, and Salah al‑Sawi have rendered either the entire collection or selected portions into Arabic. In ...
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AbstractThe Divan of Hafez’s ghazals was first translated into Arabic in the mid‑20th century by Ibrahim Amin al‑Shawarbi. Since then, figures such as Muhammad al‑Furati, Ali Abbas Zulekha, and Salah al‑Sawi have rendered either the entire collection or selected portions into Arabic. In this article, the author seeks to critically examine the translations by Amin al‑Shawarbi and Ali Abbas Zulekha. The primary weaknesses in both translations arise first from an erroneous reading of the verses and a flawed interpretation of the intended message, and second from the use of inappropriate or occasionally incorrect lexical equivalents. The translators’ insufficient familiarity with the spirit of the Persian language—especially their inability to grasp Hafez’s elegant, captivating metaphors, similes, and often ambiguous or intricate expressions—has frequently hindered their ability to convey the original message accurately, resulting in textual distortions.Furthermore, the mode of expression and transmission of concepts, particularly in Zulekha’s translation, not only fails to match the enchanting, robust, and almost miraculous quality of Hafez’s language but at times diverges significantly from it. In several instances, neither translation succeeds in transferring the profound thoughts, sublime ideas, and cryptic meanings of Hafez—presented in the most exquisite forms—to the target language and its audience. Instead, the rendering of weak or even trivial interpretations has, in effect, reduced Lesan al-Ghayb (the Tongue of the Unseen)—who epitomizes Persian literature, culture, and the very soul of the Persian language—to that of an ordinary, or even nonsensical, poet in the eyes of Arabic readers.Keywords: Hafez’s ghazals, Critique, Arabic translations, al‑Shawarbi, Zulekha.IntroductionThere is no doubt that translating poetry—a medium imbued with human emotions and sentiments—is an exceedingly challenging task, and the deeper the poetry, the more formidable its translation becomes. This is particularly true for Hafez’s Divan of ghazals. Through creativity and innovation, Hafez employs a language of symbols and exquisite metaphors, crafting a linguistic style that is uniquely his own. His artistry lies in the manner in which words in his poetry depart from their literal meanings and, much like actors on a stage, assume roles far removed from their inherent definitions. Words that in everyday usage might carry negative or vulgar connotations—such as those for taverns, drunkenness, or rogue mystics—are, in Hafez’s poetic realm, endowed with a refined and unexpected beauty. Conversely, terms associated with sanctity and spiritual elevation—like mosque, khanqah (Sufi lodge), Sufi, ascetic, and pious sheikh—are stripped of their hallowed character and sometimes burdened with negative or trivial implications.Thus, if the translator of Hafez’s poetry—known as Lesan al-Ghayb (the Tongue of the Unseen) and who, as he himself asserts, composes his verses through divine inspiration—fails to familiarize himself with the poet’s distinctive language and does not fully apprehend the symbolic nuances, lofty themes, and profound ideas expressed in the most elegant forms, the resulting translation will inevitably convey weak or even absurd concepts to the reader. The research methodology of this article is descriptive-analytical, grounded in a detailed critique of the translated verses.Literature ReviewIn recent years, several theses and articles have been published critiquing the Arabic translations of Hafez’s ghazals. These include:A Short Critique of Salah al‑Sawi’s "Diwan al‑Ishq" by Professor Nader Nezam Tehrani (Literary Text Research Journal, Vol. 2, No. 6, Winter 1998);Ibrahim Amin al‑Shawarbi and Muhammad al‑Furati’s Reception of Hafez Shirazi’s Eighth Ghazal by Dr. Hojjat Rasouli and Maryam Abbasalinejad in Research in Comparative Literature (No. 16, Winter 2014);A Critique and Analysis of the Arabic Translations of Hafez’s Ghazals by Mohammad Reza Azizi in Arabic Language and Literature Journal (Issue 11, Fall/Winter 2014);Ibrahim Amin al‑Shawarbi’s Reception of Hafez Shirazi’s Poetry (20 Ghazals as Samples), an article derived from Manijeh Teymouri’s MA thesis under the supervision of Seyyed Fazlollah Miraqadri, University of Shiraz, 2013;A Comparative Study of Abbas Zulekha’s and the Researcher’s Reception (The First 20 Ghazals of the Divan), an article derived from Fatemeh Barzegar’s MA thesis under the supervision of Seyyed Fazlollah Miraqadri, University of Shiraz, 2016.Additionally, Dr. Azartash Azarnoush, in his article “Hafez in the Realm of the Arabic Language” published in The Great Islamic Encyclopedia (Vol. 19, pp. 677–680, 2011), surveys the work and efforts of Arab scholars in Hafez studies and critiques various aspects of the Arabic translations of Hafez’s Divan.ConclusionBoth Ali Abbas Zulekha and Amin al‑Shawarbi, in certain instances, either misunderstood the original message or misread the verses, thereby failing to adequately convey the concepts and meanings of Hafez’s poetry. In some cases, such misinterpretations have led to distortions of the original text.Even when both translators managed to comprehend the source text, their translations often fell short in effectively communicating the intended concepts to an Arabic-speaking audience, resulting in a noticeable lack of equivalence and balance between the source and target texts.In many instances, al‑Shawarbi—owing to his deeper familiarity with the Persian language and the idioms, expressions, and metaphors inherent in Hafez’s Divan—was more successful in selecting appropriate lexical equivalents and delivering a more acceptable translation.Zulekha, on the other hand, does not adhere to a consistent translation methodology. At times, he employs a source-oriented approach, adhering to a literal, word‑for‑word translation in an attempt to remain completely faithful to the original text; at other times, he adopts a target-oriented approach, favoring a freer, more communicative style. In contrast, al‑Shawarbi has attempted to strike a middle ground by balancing fidelity to the source text with the selection of a more eloquent language for conveying its meanings—although this balance has not always been achieved successfully.
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